Udizili umkhonyovu: Ukucaciswa kanye nokubuyekeza

Omunye amaphutha enkulu Russian embonini yezimoto ukungabi mass udizili izimoto. Uma kucatshangelwa abakhiqizi basekhaya kufanele usebenzise nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi motors waqala engxenyeni kwekhulu elidlule yesibili, futhi ukhetho mass namanje aliveli. Okulandelayo, sicabangela izimoto udizili Vaz.

izimfanelo

Eyokuqala zokuhlola udizili izimoto uvele eYurophu 30s. ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Ngo-USSR, lokhu kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu, ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

Okokuqala, la amayunithi amandla ezibalulekile kunzima akhiqize ukuqhathanisa ngophethiloli nozakwabo.

Okwesibili, diesels sikhathi kakhulu abasasilele emuva ukusebenza.

Okwesithathu, izinjini Local wayethé ukusebenza okungekuhle: okusezingeni eliphezulu umsindo ezingeni, izinkinga ukuqalisa ikhompiyutha, ongaphakeme nobungane kwemvelo.

Okwesine, ngesikhathi uphethiloli zazitholakala kalula kakhulu, ngakho ngisho ezinye imishini esindayo kwaba ifakwe likaphethiloli izinjini. Ngokusho diesels izizathu ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa ku imishini esindayo, lapho kwakuyibona ukubaluleka kakhulu kunalokho uphethiloli izinjini ngenxa ephezulu torque engu.

Omunye wabantu bokuqala Soviet ugibele imoto, uthole injini diesel, kuye kwaba Gaz-21, futhi ukuthekelisa Analogue yayo: ku 60s. umshini Belgian eline embodiments eziningana izinjini asemkhathini ukwakhiwa angaphandle.

Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 70. Yaqala ukusakazwa asebenzayo ka-diesel izimoto ezincane kanye amakilasi ophansi. Isizathu esiyinhloko kwaba obumbi amandla ka 1973 Izimoto Motors Local by savela kakhulu. Bangcono kunabangewona Petrol nozakwabo ngokuya kahle futhi ihlala isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1.5-2, ngenxa amandla enkulu ezingxenyeni. Ukusebenza futhi ithuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa imishini kagesi.

udizili Okokuqala vazovskiy

On the iVolga Automobile Plant ukuthuthukisa diesel abagibeli onobuhle lwaluqala 80s. Abaklami, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe imoto nge uphethiloli ezivezwa yezingxenye ubuchwepheshe, iphrojekthi kungase kutholakale on 2108. Phambi kwabo kube nenkinga yokuntuleka kobufakazi imishini kukawoyela diesel ukuze izimoto ezithwala.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngesisekelo block 2103 wadala powerplant asemkhathini Vaz-341 ivolumu 1.45 amalitha futhi 55 amalitha. a. It ahluke precombustion design okusho hhayi carburetion piston ndawo, futhi egumbini elihlukile. Electronics lingekho. Ukusatshalaliswa uphethiloli amasilinda eyenziwa umfutho ophakeme fuel futha. Ngu design, udizili Vaz efana Ford Motors kanye Volkswagen ekuseni 80-yalolucwaningo. Lithi injini kanye isampula zokugcina likhishiwe sokuthuthukisa.

Ngokusho imiphumela yokuhlolwa waqinisekisa ukuthi akuvumelekile ukusebenzisa ejwayelekile "uphethiloli" izingxenye. Udizili Vaz, njengabanye motors yohlobo libhekene imithwalo anda ngenxa ephakeme zlib isilinganiso. Ngenxa yalokhu eziningi izakhi entula amandla, ikakhulukazi indlela crank futhi piston iqembu. Okwenza isimo sibe sibi yi ongaphakeme ngokunemba yokukhiqiza.

Ngokusekelwe lokhu, ngo-1984, kwanqunywa ukuba adale esebenzisa udizili 1.7 litre based Vaz-2106 usebenzisa izakhi 21083.

Ngo-1986 wadala inguqulo turbocharged we 3411 nomthamo 65 amalitha. a. futhi 114 Nm, futhi wadedelwa ezimbili ifakwe ke, "Niva" nge Inkomba 21215. Noma kunjalo, awahlelanga ngokushesha.

Noma kunjalo, Vaz-2105 nge motor 341-m wathola Inkomba 21055, isidlulile ukuhlolwa wombuso 1986-1988 Nokho, naphezu ubunye motor ne uphethiloli, imoto ayizange iphele ekukhiqizeni. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yezizathu ezithize. Omunye main - ukuntuleka isimo ukusekelwa ngokwezimali.

uchungechunge diesel

Ngokuzayo sokuthuthukiswa diesel umkhonyovu wathatha ngo-1996 ne "Barnaultransmash". Imigomo nokubambisana babecabanga ukuthi isitshalo yesibili uyoveza amandla amayunithi ukuthuthukiswa Vaz. umndeni ka izinjini ezintathu ziye zadalwa.

Yaba incwadi yokuqala motor 341-th, lakhuphuka lafika ku-1,52 amalitha ivolumu. Okuningi kahle injini 343 waba ivolumu 1.8 amalitha. Inketho ezinamandla kakhulu - ke kuyafana udizili Vaz ifakwe IHI ophephela, ne Inkomba 3431. Le izinjini wathola imishini fuel Bosch.

Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo wazakhela uhla udizili ukushintshwa onobuhle ejwayelekile. izinjini okunjalo kuhlelwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ku izimoto utilitarian. Ngakho, 21045 futhi 21048 izinqola kuhlelwe ukuhlomisa aspirated embodiments 341 kanye 343, ngokulandelana. On the "Fields" 21215-50 futhi 21215-70 ukufakwa 1.8 litre ngokwemvelo aspirated futhi turbocharged izinjini, ngokulandelana, phezu Vaz-21315 - 3431 kuphela.

Ngu 2000 Barnaul Plant kahle ukukhiqizwa diesel, idatha, kanye ngokusebenzisa umshayeli ukukhiqizwa iqale ngo ukufakwa udizili Vaz-2104 futhi 2105. Lezi zinqola ekhiqizwa ngamaqoqo amancane.

Naphezu kahle, imoto kusondela izimoto. Ukuze uthole nesizotha ukusebenza likaphethiloli amandla iyunithi ukwehla Dynamics kwakungeyona ikakhulukazi abalulekile lezi onobuhle, kodwa umnotho liye landa ngokuphawulekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo injini kwadingeka inkinga ofana nowokuqala 341 th udizili Vaz: ngenxa amandla ongaphakeme mechanical iqembu piston kwaba okwesikhashana kakhulu. ukuphila Engine aba yizinkulungwane 30-40. Km. Lapho ufika edingekayo mileage yokulungisa enjalo udizili Vaz, owakhiwa esikhundleni uMbhalo ndawonye neqembu piston.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkinga eziningi zobuchwepheshe sezixazululiwe, okuholela ekwandeni kwabantu injini ngokuqina. Nokho, ngo-2003, Vaz-21045 ususiwe ukusuka ekukhiqizeni. Labo abasele abanga-izinjini 500 Vaz-341 efakwe sedans, wathola Inkomba 21055. Ubude ekhiqizwa mayelana 6,000 udizili izimoto eminyakeni engu-3.

Izizathu ngokwehluleka

ekukhiqizweni udizili izimoto ezithwala zehlulekile ukumisa, ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. The main wabo - the unprofitability ukukhululwa izinjini ezifana ngenxa design kakhulu yisikhathi. I izinjini wayenamandla precombustion isikimu efanayo sibonelo wokuqala 341-th, futhi kakhulu abasasilele ngemuva nozakwabo yesimanje ukusebenza nobungane kwemvelo. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza eyamukelekayo kwakudingekile ukuba wakha injini design ehlukene. ukuthuthukiswa Independent kubhekwe ezingenanzuzo, futhi ozakwethu lobuchwepheshe lena kwakungeyona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo zidayiswa kahle Vaz futhi ngaphandle udizili.

izinjini waboleka

Njengoba yayingekho efanele umgibeli mass udizili Vaz ngokuphindaphindiwe waboleka motor ohlangothini.

Ngakho, ngo-1981, kube kubhekwe ukuthi kungenzeka zokuguqula uphethiloli injini Vaz-2121 e-iqhaza udizili Porche.

Kusukela 1987 kuya ku-1990 nomkhiqizi ngokuhlanganyela ongenisa German Deutsche Lada lisungule uhlelo ukudala inguqulo zokuthumela le Niva nge-Volkswagen amandla iyunithi. Nokho, le nkampani yenqaba ukuzivumelanisa 1.9 litre yayo injini yesikhulumi Niva.

Ngo-1993 wakwazi ukusungula nokubambisana ngendlela efanayo ne-Peugeot. Olugunyazwe French ongenisa Jean Nakuba nomkhiqizi uye wenza ushintsho kuleyo 1.9L XUD-9L injini ukufakwa kule Vaz-2121. imishini umkhiqizi waziphatha "Lada-Export". Kukhona evamile zilethwe "Niva", kanye motor ejwayelekile salandelwa French. Ubude ekhiqizwa izimoto mayelana 6,000 anjalo eFrance, eSpain, e-Italy kanye nezinye izimakethe European.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Italy, "Martorelli" ifakwe "Niva" motor VM kanye FNM.

Nokho, lapho umuntu eba zokunakekelwa kwemvelo Euro-2 ukukhiqizwa yabadobi udizili "Neve" igcwaliswe.

Ngo-1998, kanye Peugeot futhi "Martorelli" Vaz wazama usethe ukukhiqizwa "Fields" nge motor Peugeot XUD-9SD. Nokho, umsebenzi nalo kumisiwe ngenxa ukwethulwa kwamazinga Euro-3.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-1997 injini PSA TDU5 kusukela Peugeot 106 Citroen Saxo nge nezinamathiselo third-party futhi esuke ifakwe yasekuqaleni obandayo Samara emakethe French namazwe Benelux.

ucwaningo lwamuva nje

Ngo-2007, Chevrolet Niva ku ngabanye ukufuna "Theme Plus" ubeka motor FNM.

Ngo-2014, Lada 4x4 bazama nge 1.3 litre 75 hp. a. motor Fiat Multijet. Kulokhu, kwakungeyona iyahambisana ukudluliselwa torque nokukhawulela noma nge-analog busebenze wiring for CAN-ibhasi.

izimoto Super uhlole ukuthi kungenzeka Isilungiselelo "Lada" 4x4 1.5 litre udizili kusukela Renault idasta ngu 2015. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto zokuhlola sidaliwe 100-amahhashi-1.8 litre engine.

Umklamo-diesel

Basic amandla iyunithi uchungechunge adalwe ngcono kuqala injini 341-th Vaz: udizili ukuthi kwenyuke ngo-4 mm piston unhlangothi (84 mm). Nge leli nani liye lenyuka lisuka 1.45 ukuze 1,52 amalitha. Emqulwini ikhanda eyenziwe aluminium, le bushing Umhlahlandlela, esihlalweni umphini - of elixutshiwe cast iron ifaka omlilo emakamelweni - we superalloy. Negesi ukusatshalaliswa indlela lathathwa Vaz-2108. indlela Ukusebenza wangenela valve ebusweni elektropereplava. Crankshaft - kusukela 2103 lenyuka ukuqina tolerances ukusakaza uhamba. rigidity ekhulile yemiphumela thusi isakhiwo 2103. Kufakiwe esikhipha amakhandlela. Motor ukuziqalela ifakwe nomthamo 1.7 kW (1.9 e Vaz-21055). Lokhu kwakudinga ephezulu umthamo webhethri (AA 60 noma 65 amahora). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifakiwe Bosch fuel futha kanye futha cleaner ukwakha cleaner ku booster ukubopha.

Kube deforsirovan ukuguqulwa 3413 eyenzelwe tractor icwecwe futhi drive kagesi. Kusukela evamile motor 341-th kuyophela ezahlukene ijubane esiphezulu kuya ku-3000 esikhundleni 4800.

1.8 litre izinjini wadala ngokwandisa ububanzi cylinder kusuka 76 kuya 82 mm.

Kube turbocharged yokwahluka 1.45 ilitha injini 341 (3411) kanye Vaz-343 (3431 ne ophephela IHI)

izici lobuchwepheshe

Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, ngenxa yokwakhiwa akusebenzi Vaz-341 has a umkhiqizo ongaphakeme njengoba kuqhathaniswa analogs ngalezo zikhathi. umthamo Its 54 amalitha. a. at 4600 rev / imiz, torque - 92 Nm at 2300 rev / imiz. Okungukuthi, ngisho inkomba yesibili, inikeza indlela injini kaphethiloli (103 Nm ngesikhathi Vaz-21043). Iningi ephezulu torque engu ngesivinini aphansi okunikezwe abanye ihluzo ukusebenza enciphile igiya isilinganiso.

Inguqulo 3413 derated 32 amalitha. a. at 3000 rev / imiz.

Ngokwemvelo, ikhiqize kakhudlwana 1.8 L udizili Vaz: Ukucaciswa ukwenza 65 amalitha. a. at 4600 rev / iminithi futhi 114 Nm at 2500 rev / imiz.

samuntu Turbocharged eba 80 l. a. at 4600 rev / imiz 147 Nm at 2500 r / imiz.

diesel izimoto

Ukufakwa udizili i Vaz-2104 kwenziwa eMnyangweni nokugcinwa nokulungiswa Vaz izimoto. ukukhiqizwa Pilot waqala ngo-1998, ukukhulula kwinqwaba imishini 50 nge 341-m udizili (21045).

Kamuva Bamvivinya umshini nge injini 343-th (21048) futhi lapho ibukezwa (isisetshenziswa wazama ukwandisa kuze 150 ayizinkulungwane. Km). Kwakuhlelwe ukuba usethe ukukhiqizwa ngo-2005, kodwa ihlulekile.

Vaz-21315 abakulungiselweyo ukukhululwa in 2002, kodwa futhi egijima.

Izici

Udizili enqoleni izici ezinye izici design kuphethiloli Vaz-2104. Udizili ngenxa mass enkulu yafuna ukusungula kwagcizelela phambi ukumiswa entwasahlobo. pair Main yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ethi 4.1 kuya 3.9. Ukuze bavale isikhala umsindo lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba injini diesel ukufakwa injini gumbi ezengeziwe umsindo ukwahlukanisa (ukuvikela hood kanye lezindlu). Exhaust ipayipi zihambisana iluphu ukuze ugweme ukungcoliswa ilungelo isibani umule. Kuyi-dashboard lapho kwaba kukhanya ipulaki Ukushisa isibani ukhiye kukaphethiloli isihlungi heater (kulesi simo akusiyo ku isibani).

Izibuyekezo

Ngokushesha ngemva izintatheli "isondo" inqola wazibonela Vaz udizili. Izibuyekezo ukukhombisa ukuzinyeza yokusebenza injini at revs ongaphakeme. Ngakho, ngisho ukungena ngaphansi indlela kungaba igiya 5th, futhi 30 km / h iqala wagxila bushelelezi. Lapho ushayela imoto ngesivinini esikhulu, kunalokho, kufanele ushintshele kaningi ngaphezu imoto uphethiloli, ngenxa mfushane pair main. Ngakho kunoma isiphi isimo Dynamics imoto udizili ikude ngemuva. Kuphela ngesivinini aphansi, inzuzo okuncane.

I ukusheshisa kuya ku-100 km / h Gasoline Vaz-2104 ngokushesha 8. Ngaphandle udizili umshini wawungaphansi ngesivinini esiphezulu 13 km / h. Lapho kuyashesha yisifo sohlangothi kusuka 20 kuya ku-90 km / h esingaphansi igebe (3 imizuzwana). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyekezwa izincwadi "Auto", esebenzisa udizili behlisa yokusabela kuya isinyathelo igesi.

Ngokuphathelene okusezingeni eliphezulu umsindo ezingeni, ngokuvamile libhekene i injini enjalo, udizili Vaz kakhulu emsindweni ngesikhathi engenzi lutho (6-8 dB (A)). Nge linemibhikisho okwandisa umehluko kuyehla 3.1 dB (A), bese inyamalala.

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa izintatheli wathola 10% umehluko isilinganiso petrol ezimweni okuxubile. Nokho, inzuzo yezimali ka usebenzisa injini udizili intengo motor fuel ngesikhathi ekuhlolweni kwaba 36%. Izintatheli ibalwa ukuthi enkulu $ 1,300 izindleko umshini usuthela kwezinsuku ezingu-180 eziyinkulungwane. Km.

Impendulo ekwazini le Vaz-21048, ke siye saba olinganiselayo okuningi futhi, sibonga ngaphezulu ephezulu torque, kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe ingasaphathwa.

Nge injini efanayo afanekisa uqobo "Niva", ikakhulukazi off-road.

Vaz-3411 kuvuliwe motor efanayo uhlamvu 2121. Njengazo injini kaphethiloli, kuba ububonisa engcono ngokwayo ngesivinini. Uma ngejubane ongaphakeme wagxila lingaphansi ngisho kunewemakhono Vaz-21213, ukuthi uphinyiswa Turbo lag.

ukusebenza

Ngenxa isisindo asindayo injini yemoto Vaz-21045 lande laba ngu-1.06 m (40 kg kuqhathaniswa 21043), inani - up 1,515. Ngokusho umenzi, ukusheshisa kuya ku-100 km / h 23 sec (6 ngaphezulu), isivinini esiphezulu - 125 km / h (ngaphansi kuka-18 km / h). Fuel ukusetshenziswa ka 5.2 amalitha ngo-90 km / ihora, 7.5 litre at 120 km / h futhi 6.2 l endaweni ezisemadolobheni (7 9.9, 9.8 L e 21043, ngokulandelana).

Umshini ne 343-m motor Dynamics eduze uphethiloli esiteshini enqoleni Vaz. 1.8 litre Udizili inikeza ukushesha kuya ku-100 km / h amasekhondi 19 kanye ngesivinini esiphezulu 133 km / h.

Ukusheshisa Vaz-21215-50-100 km / h 25 s, velocity obuyisilinganiselo 127 km / h ngokumelene 19 futhi 137 km / h babe 21213.

Vaz-21215-70 ngoba Dynamics ukusheshisa ilingana Petrol "Ensimini" futhi lags ngejubane esiphezulu 7 km / h.