Udaba eziphilayo - ke ... udaba eziphilayo kuyinto ... Organic Chemistry

izidakamizwa Organic - ekhuthaza kwamakhemikhali lapho ingxenye carbon likhona. Okuhlukile carbonic acid kuphela, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, ne-carbon oxides.

indaba

Igama elithi "izinto eziphilayo" Uvele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ososayensi at the stage of wezokuthuthukisa kwamakhemikhali. Nakuba ubuswa sinesimo sengqondo vitalistic. Kwakuwusuku phambili isiko Aristotle noPliny. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuncipha pundits babematasa sokuhlukanisa izwe ku Animate eziphilayo nezingaphili. Kulokhu, ngaphandle kokukhetha, izidakamizwa is ngokucacile ihlukaniswe amaminerali kanye organic. Kukholakala ukuthi zamagama compounds ngokuthi "baphila" izinto kudingeka "amandla" ekhethekile. Kuyinto esivela kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi ngaphandle izakhi organic zingase zimiswe cha.

Kuyinto funny yesimanje nesayensi ukugomela wanqoba isikhathi eside, kwaze kwaba ngo-1828 Fridrih Veler empirically it is angigodlanga. Kungaba Inorganic ammonium cyanate bazitholela urea organic. Lokho kwaphoqa phambili emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Nokho, division of izinto eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili futhi kwalondolozwa ngesikhathi sangempela. Kuyinto ngesisekelo ngezigaba. Cishe 27 millionov eyaziwa organic compounds.

Kungani compounds eziningi kangaka organic?

udaba eziphilayo - ukuthi, njengoba ezinye ngaphandle, ekhuthaza carbon. Eqinisweni, lena isici kakhulu. Carbon ungakheka zama-athomu yabo lapha. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo uzinzile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-carbon e organic compounds has a Valence - IV. Kule kusobala ukuthi lesi sici uyakwazi ukwakha ukuxhumana nezinye izinto olulodwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi double futhi kathathu. Nge multiplicities okwandisa, uchungechunge ehlanganisa ama-athomu iba mfushane. Kule ndaba, ukuzinza liyakhuphuka.

Carbon futhi unekhono ukwakha flat, komugqa futhi isakhiwo volumetric. Yingakho ubunjalo izinto eziningi kangaka ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo.

isakhiwo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, udaba eziphilayo - ekhuthaza carbon. Futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. organic compounds kokuba uxhumo lwayo cishe kunoma iyiphi into ishadi lesikhathi. Emvelweni, kaningi Ukwakheka kwabo (ngaphandle kwe-carbon) kuhlanganisa umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, i-sulphur, nitrogen ne phosphorus. Tincenye letisele kukhona lingandile kangako.

izakhiwo

Ngakho, izinto eziphilayo kuyinto ekhuthaza carbon. Kulokhu, kukhona zindlela eziningana ezibalulekile ukuthi kumele bahlangabezane. Zonke izinto Lokudabuka organic babe izakhiwo ezivamile:

1. ekhona phakathi athomu typology ezahlukene ukuxhumana ngempela kuphakamisa isomers. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, akhiwa ngesikhathi molecule carbon kwakwakhe. Isomers - kuyindaba ehluke, nge isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye nokusungulwa, kodwa chemical ezahlukene kanye izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi isomerism.

2. Esinye umbandela - lo mkhuba homology. Lolu chungechunge organic compounds, lapho ifomula engumakhelwane izinto ihlukile esedlule eyodwa CH ₂ iqembu. Le mpahla ebalulekile isetshenziswa materials science.

Yiziphi amakilasi ezahlukene organic compounds?

organic compounds zihlanganisa namakilasi amaningana. Baziwa zonke. It amaprotheni, lipids kanye carbohydrate. La maqembu kungenziwa ngokuthi polymers begazi. Ababandakanyeka umzimba emangqamuzaneni kunoma iyiphi umzimba. Futhi kuleli qembu zihlanganisa nucleic acid. Ngakho singasho ukuthi udaba eziphilayo - ukuthi sidla nsuku zonke ukudla ke, lokho siqukethe.

amaprotheni

Amaphrotheni aqukethe izingxenye zesakhiwo - amino acid. Kuyinto monomers yabo. Amaphrotheni babizwa nangokuthi amaprotheni. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200 izinhlobo amino acid. Bonke atholakala ezintweni eziphilayo. Kodwa amabili kuphela kulo bayizinkulungwane izingxenye amaprotheni. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-eziyisisekelo. Kodwa izincwadi lungatholwa imigomo engaphansi ethandwa - amino proteinogenic acid kanye belokobrazuyuschie. Ifomula alesi sigaba izinto eziningi eziphilayo equkethe Amine (-NH _2), carboxyl (-COOH) izingxenye. Phakathi kwabo, axhunyiwe ngu okufanayo carbon izingqinamba.

Imisebenzi amaprotheni

Amaphrotheni emzimbeni zezitshalo nezilwane imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Kodwa omkhulu kubo - isakhiwo. Amaphrotheni yiwona ezinkulu zohlelo ulwelwesi amaselula kanye organelles kumaseli-matrix. Emzimbeni wethu zonke izindonga imithambo, ama-capillary kanye emithanjeni, imisipha kanye uqwanga, izinwele nezinzipho yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko amaprotheni ahlukahlukene.

Umsebenzi elandelayo - enzyme. I amaprotheni ukwenza njenge-enzyme. Bona catalyze ukugeleza umzimba chemical ukusabela. Ziyakwazi obangela ukuwohloka umsoco ipheshana wokugaya ukudla. Ngo izitshalo, uketshezi awashintsheki carbon isikhundla ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis.

Ezinye izinhlobo amaprotheni khona idluliselwa i umzimba izinto ezahlukene, njengomoya-mpilo. udaba eziphilayo futhi ukwazi ukujoyina kubo. Njengoba ukusebenza kwezithuthi wenziwa. Amaphrotheni zasakazeka ngokusebenzisa imithambo yegazi, metal ion, ama-fatty acid, ama-hormone, kanye, yebo, isikhutha elithwala umoya-mpilo. Ezokuthutha senzeka ezingeni intercellular.

Amaphrotheni compounds - immunoglobulin, ayisiza - obhekene kokwenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Lokhu amasosha omzimba igazi. Ngokwesibonelo, thrombin futhi fibrinogen ezizibandakanyile enqubeni ekunqandeni. Kanjeyana they ukuvimbela ukulahleka enkulu igazi.

Amaphrotheni banesibopho ukusebenza contractile umsebenzi. Ngenxa myosin futhi actin protofibrils njalo usebenze ngokuhambisa ukunyakaza isihlobo komunye nomunye, kukhona ukwehliswa kwemisipha zesivikelo sesifuba. Kodwa ngisho eziphilayo unicellular kukhona izinqubo ezifanayo. Movement flagella webhaktheriya futhi kuxhumene ngokuqondile slidably microtubules, okuyizinto amaprotheni ngokwemvelo.

Namachibi of izinto eziphilayo kudedela semali amandla. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, amaphrotheni zisetjenziselwa izidingo energy ivelakancane. Lokhu kwenzeka uma esitokisini sikhathele siyingcuba. Kungcono awunankinga yokwenze njalo lipids kanye carbohydrate. Ngakho-ke, amaphrotheni ongenza umsebenzi amandla, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

lipids

Futhi izinto eziphilayo kuyinto ekhuthaza amafutha-like. Lipids basonta molecule elula yezinto eziphilayo. Ziyakwazi zingaxazululeki emanzini, kodwa chaza izixazululo nonpolar, ezifana-benzene, elithi ether kanye chloroform. Bayingxenye zonke izinhlayiya zamangqamuzana aphilayo. Amakhemikhali, lipids - kuyinto esters ka alcohols futhi acid carboxylic. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - lamahwahwa. Emzimbeni zezilwane nezitshalo, lezi izinto imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. lipids abaningi kusetshenziswa imithi kanye nezimboni.

lipid imisebenzi

La makhemikhali organic kanye namaprotheni amaseli akha ulwelwesi begazi. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko - amandla. Esikhathini namachibi zishintshe amafutha ezikhishwe izindodla amandla. Uya kumiswa ATP kumaseli. Ngesimo lipids emzimbeni isamba esikhulu amandla izinqolobane kungenziwa zanqwabelana. Ngezinye izikhathi zingabantu ngisho ngaphezu kudingekile ukuphila okuvamile. Lapho izinguquko sokugembula lokugayeka kokudla amaseli ngokuthi "amanoni" iba ezinkudlwana. Nakuba uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lezi zitoko ngokweqile kubalulekile izilwane, yokucashisa nasezitshalweni. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi nezihlahla esikhathini abandayo feed ngenxa yomhlabathi. Eqinisweni, bachitha amasheya amafutha kanye amafutha, okuyinto zenziwa ngesikhathi ehlobo.

Kubantu nasezilwaneni amafutha ongenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Basuke zibekwe izicubu ongama eziyishumi nemitshingo ezizungezile ezifana izinso namathumbu. Kanjeyana they isivikelo esihle ekulimaleni mechanical, okungukuthi zishayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafutha abe conductivity ongaphakeme ezishisayo, esiza ufudumale. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, sikhula kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo ikakhulukazi. Ezilwaneni zasolwandle ongama amafutha ungqimba libuye likhuthaze buoyancy ezinhle. Kodwa izinyoni namanje athwale lipids namanzi-oxosha futhi indawo yezihlanganisi umsebenzi. Wax ihlanganisa izimpaphe zaso sizenza zibe enetjhuguluko. A kugasela efanayo amaqabunga babe zezimila.

carbohydrate

Formula izinto eziphilayo C _n (H ₂ O) _m kubonisa ekhuthaza okuqondene ekilasini carbohydrate. Igama la mangqamuzana ubonisa ukuthi bethule oxygen ne-hydrogen esilinganayo njengoba amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalezi izakhi zamakhemikhali zingase zezakhi, isib, i-nitrogen.

Carbohydrate kukhona iseli oyinhloko iqembu organic compounds. Lezi imikhiqizo eyinhloko yenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Bona zimele ukuqala izinto futhi zamagama ezitshalweni nezinye izinto, ezifana alcohols, acid organic nama-amino acid. Amakhabhohayidrethi nakho kuyingxenye isilwane futhi fungal amaseli. Zitholakala phakathi izingxenye eyinhloko amagciwane lenyama. Ngakho, ngo-eyeseli lwezilwane kusuka 1 kuya 2%, futhi isitshalo inombolo yabo ongafinyelela 90%.

Kuze kube manje, amaqembu amathathu kuphela elingalodwa carbohydrate:

- ushukela elula (monosaccharides);

- oligosaccharides ehlanganisa sebuningini molecule ixhumeke ushukela elula;

- polysaccharides, Ukwakheka yabo ingaphezu 10 molecule monosaccharides nemikhiqizo yabo.

carbohydrate umsebenzi

Zonke izinto eziphilayo kuseli ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-glucose - main umthombo wamandla. It ihlukaniselwe amangqamuzana akha zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi cell kwezimila. Glycogen futhi isitashi bakha main amandla reserve, yinto yokuqala nezilwane, kanti eyesibili - ezitshalweni.

Carbohydrate kanye yenza umsebenzi kwesakhiwo. I-cellulose iyona isici esiyinhloko sokulawula isitshalo cell izindonga. Futhi eyisinambuzane engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa chitin. Futhi, butholakala amaseli isikhunta ngaphezulu. Uma sithatha isibonelo oligosaccharides, bayingxenye ulwelwesi cytoplasmic - ngesimo glycolipids futhi glycoproteins. Futhi ngokuvamile ezitholakele amaseli glycocalyx. Ngo synthesis acid nucleic abathintekayo pentose. Ngakho deoxyribose lithathwa DNA futhi ribose - RNA. Futhi, lezi zingxenye zitholakala coenzyme, isibonelo, mkhuba, NADP futhi nad.

Amakhabhohayidrethi bayakwazi ukwenza emzimbeni futhi umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Ezilwaneni, le heparin izidakamizwa ngenkuthalo kuvimbela okusheshayo igazi ekunqandeni. It ikhiqizwa phakathi kwezicubu ukulimala kanye amabhlogo kumiswa amahlule e imithambo yegazi. Heparin kutholakala inqwaba e insika lamaseli granules.

acid nucleic

Amaprotheni, carbohydrate lipids - ukuthi akubona bonke eyaziwa amakilasi of organic compounds. Chemistry libhekisela lapha okwamanje, futhi acid nucleic. Lokhu phosphorus-equkethe biopolymers. Bona, ukuba kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana futhi cytoplasm kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kanye storage of idatha zofuzo. Lezi izinto ziye zatholakala sibonga Samakhemikhali Ezinto Eziphilayo F. Miescher, owayefundelwa isidoda salmon. Kwaba ukutholakala "ngephutha". Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, i-RNA ne-DNA nazo ezitholakala yonke yezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Futhi, acid nucleic zihlonzwe kumaseli amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta, nama-virus.

Ubude ngokwemvelo athola izinhlobo ezimbili nukleokislot - ribonucleic (RNA) ne-deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Umehluko kucacile igama. Isakhiwo DNA kuhlanganisa deoxyribose - ezinhlanu-carbon ushukela. A RNA-molecule Kutholwe ribose.

Ucwaningo acid nucleic abathintekayo kwamakhemikhali organic. Izihloko ucwaningo kanye imithi okushiwo. Amakhodi DNA kungembula ezihlukahlukene nezifo ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo, ukuthola ukuthi ososayensi Kusafanele kube.