Ubuchopho cerebellum. Ukwakheka nemisebenzi cerebellum

Cerebellum ( "ubuchopho encane") isakhiwo elisemnyango ingxenye esemuva zobuchopho ngasesinqeni se cortex occipital namanoni aphezu yesikhashana. Nakuba cerebellum futhi cishe 10% umthamo ebuchosheni, iqukethe ezingaphezu kuka-50% inani eliphelele izinzwa ngaphakathi kuwo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside babekholelwa cerebellum womuntu motor isakhiwo, ngoba kuholela kulimaze abanokukhubazeka ukubambisana, ukulingana umzimba.

Isibalo ngenhla kubonisa ubuchopho. I cerebellum kuboniswa umcibisholo.

Nakhu ubuchopho ezincane esigabeni cross.

I cerebellum kuyinto ubuchopho nemisebenzi elandelako.

Ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela nokuma komzimba

I cerebellum kubaluleke kakhulu ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kule umzimba womuntu. It uthola idatha kusuka receptor vestibular futhi proprioceptive, bese modulates nemiyalo yokuthanda Izinzwa sengathi ebaxwayisa izinguquko isikhundla umzimba noma umthwalo ngokweqile imisipha. Abantu nge cerebellum zacekela uhlushwa ibhalansi iziyaluyalu.

kusebentisana ukunyakaza

ukunyakaza kakhulu umzimba ezihilela amaqembu eyahlukene imisipha ukuthi basebenzisane ndawonye. It cerebellum kuyinto nomthwalo wokuxhumanisa ukunyakaza futhi emzimbeni wethu.

yokufunda motor

I cerebellum Kubalulekile ukuqeqeshwa kwethu. Kufeza indima ebalulekile lithathelwe futhi ukulungiswa motor izinhlelo ukwenza ukunyakaza okunembile ngenqubo amaphutha (isibonelo, ukuqeqeshwa baseball nezinye imidlalo ezidinga ukunyakazisa umzimba).

izinqubo yezengqondo (engqondweni yethu)

Nakuba cerebellum is kubhekwe kakhulu ngokuya iminikelo yayo kuze kube Idivayisi yokulawula ezinyakazayo, it is zihilelekile imisebenzi ethile engqondweni yethu, olufana nolimi. Lezi nemisebenzi cerebellum zobuchopho ingakamiswa wafunda kahle ngokwanele ukuze bakwenze kungasenza usitshele kabanzi.

Ngakho, cerebellum is ngokomlando kubhekwa njengengxenye uhlelo injini, kodwa umsebenzi walo akugcini lapho.

Isakhiwo cerebellum

It liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zixhunywe isibungu (zone Intermediate). Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zigcwele into emhlophe, camera nge ungqimba ezondile cortical grey ndaba (cortex cerebellar). Futhi kule ndaba elimhlophe khona namahlukuzo amancane grey daba - ikhenela. Emaphethelweni worm kuyinto obuncane - amalaka cerebellar. It uhlanganyela nokudidiyela ukunyakaza, kuyasiza ukuba sihlale silinganisela. Sinikeza sihlolisise nokwakheka cerebellum.

I cerebellum ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningi ezincane, ngamunye ephethe igama lalo, kodwa sihloko sizodingida kuphela ingxenye enkulu.

Isibalo okubonisa cerebellum. Lezi zinombolo ubheke Nenkabazwe cerebellar nangale:

1 - Lobe anterior; 2 - i-ubuchopho obuphakathi; 3 - Pons; 4 - share Klochkova-nodular; 5 - ufa posterolateral; 6 - namanoni aphezu posterior.

Izinombolo zivumelana:

1 - vermis cerebellar; 2 - namanoni aphezu anterior; 3 - ufa Main; 4 - Nenkabazwe; 5 - ufa posterolateral; 6 - share Klochkova-nodular; 7 - namanoni aphezu posterior.

ingxenye cerebellum

imifantu ezimbili ezinkulu egijima mediolaterally, cortex cerebellar sehlukaniswe ukwabelana ezintathu. ZaseLaki Posterolateral ehlukanisa ingxenyenamba Klotchkov-nodular zobuchopho yomzimba, futhi kuqhuma esikhulu uhlukanisa umzimba cerebral ku anterior kanye posterior Lobe.

Brain cerebellum sagittally futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ezintathu - hemispheres amabili ngezintambo ezinqamula futhi isilinganiso (impethu). Worm yisici Lesisemkhatsini phakathi ama- ezimbili (imingcele ecacile morphological phakathi esifundeni esimaphakathi futhi akukho ama- lateral, cerebellum amygdala esiphakathi worm kanye ama-).

nuclei cerebellar

Zonke cerebellum amasignali ubuchopho okuhambisa ngosizo we nuclei ezijulile cerebellar. Ngakho, umonakalo nuclei cerebellar nomphumela ofanayo njengoba umonakalo Imininingwane e yonke cerebellum. Kunezinhlobo eziningana cores:

1. Kanti i-nuclei wetende - nucleus kakhulu medially elise we cerebellum. Zithola amasignali kusuka afferents (nerve amaza) we cerebellum, yenethiwekhi vestibular, somatosensory, sokuzwa, kanye nokwaziswa ezibukwayo. Kuhunyushelwe ikakhulukazi kule ndaba elimhlophe worm.
2. buka Landelayo nuclei cerebellar zihlanganisa ezimbili nje izinhlobo cores - eyindilinga futhi probkovidnye. Futhi amasignali kusukela zone Lesisemkhatsini (impethu) kanye afferents cerebellum ukuthi sesibuyela emuva, somatosensory, sokuzwa, kanye nokwaziswa ezibukwayo.
3. nucleus Dentate kukhona elikhulu cerebellum futhi ahlelwe ohlangothini uhlobo odlule. Zithola zimpawu kusuka ama- hlangothi nakuloluya cerebellum afferents ukuthi zinokwaziswa kusukela cortex cerebral (a nuclei ubuchopho nge ibhuloho).
4. nuclei Vestibular angekhe cerebellum, e le oblongata medulla. Ngakho awayona ngokuqinile nuclei we cerebellum, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi usebenza okulingana lezi nuclei, ngoba izakhiwo zabo ayafana yini. nuclei Vestibular amasignali kusuka nodular Klotchkov-ingxenyenamba futhi kusukela uxhaxha vestibular.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zimpawu, wonke cores futhi zonke izingxenye cerebellum ukuthola ekhethekile umfutho ekhona ye-umnqumo kuthathelwe le oblongata medulla.

Cacisa ukuthi indawo ezicacile zomzimba nuclei cerebellar luhambisane kwizingxenye cortex, which they amasignali. Ngakho, umnyombo phakathi ngokufanele Shart pulses eyatholakala kusukela worm ephakathi nendawo; probkovidnye hlangothi nakuloluya nuclei eyindilinga ukuthola ulwazi kusukela ohlangothini zone Lesisemkhatsini (worm efanayo); kanye core iningi igiya uhlangothi uthola amasignali kusuka omunye Nenkabazwe we cerebellum.

Imilenze cerebellum

Imininingwane kuya nuclei kanye nuclei we cerebellum idluliselwa nge imilenze. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama izindlela - afferent futhi efferent (uya cerebellum nokusuka, ngokulandelana).

1. Lower umlenze cerebellar (obizwa nangokuthi intambo umzimba) sicuketse ikakhulukazi le micu afferent kusukela oblongata medulla, futhi efferents nuclei vestibular.
2. Isilinganiso umlenze cerebellar (noma ehlombe ibhuloho) ikakhulu yakhiwa afferents kusukela nuclei we Pons.
3. Engaphandle unyawo cerebellar (noma elihlangana ehlombe) ngokuyinhloko yakhiwa Imicu yotshani efferent kusukela nuclei cerebellar futhi abanye Imicu yotshani afferent kusukela ipheshana spinocerebellar.

Ngakho, ulwazi cerebellum ngobulili ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa peduncle eziphakathi nendawo cerebellar, futhi cerebellum ka ngobulili ngokuyinhloko, ngokushintshana elingenhla umlenze cerebellar.

Kukhona ziboniswa kabanzi ingxenye cerebellum. Figure ithumba ngisho isakhiwo ubuchopho, ngokunembile, isakhiwo se-ubuchopho obuphakathi. izinombolo:

1 - etendeni nucleus; 2 - futhi probkovidnye core eyindilinga; 3 - nucleus dentate; 4 - grubokie nuclei cerebellar; 5 - the colliculus ephakeme ephakathi; 6 - bigeminum aphansi; 7 - elingenhla useyili ingqondo; 8 - elingenhla umlenze cerebellar; 9 - maphakathi peduncle cerebellar; 10 - bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi umlenze cerebellar; 11 - tubercle core mncane; 12 - isithiyo; 13 - phansi i-ventricle lesine.

amayunithi Cerebellar obusebenzayo

amayunithi yokwakheka ezichazwe ngenhla, zivumelana amayunithi ezintathu ezinkulu nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa cerebellum.

Arhitserebellum (vestibulotserebellum). Le ngxenye ihlanganisa share Klochkova-nodular kanye uxhumano yayo kanye lateral nuclei vestibular. I vestibulotserebellum phylogeny ingxenye omdala cerebellum.

Paleotserebellum (spinotserebellum). Kuhlanganisa indawo Lesisemkhatsini cortex cerebellar futhi nucleus kwetende, futhi probkovidnye core eyindilinga. Yini sizwisise kusukela gama, uthola izitshengiselo eziyisisekelo kusukela ipheshana spinocerebellar. Uhlanganyela ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi sezinzwa ukuba motor imiyalo, okwenza lithathelwe ngefanelo nangokuvumelana.

Neotserebellum (pontotserebellum). Neotserebellum iyona enkulu kunazo zonke esigabeni sokusebenza ehlanganisa lateral Nenkabazwe cerebellar futhi nucleus dentate. Igama layo livela uxhumano olunzulu cortex cerebral nge nuclei kwebhuloho (afferents) kanye thalamus ventrolateral (efferents). Ubelokhu abathintekayo ekuhleleni isikhathi sokuhamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sigaba ehilelekile umsebenzi engqondweni yethu ye-cerebellum ingqondo.

Histology we- cortex cerebellar

Emagxolweni cerebellum ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezintathu. Isendlalelo kwangaphakathi, luyimbudumbudu, wenziwe ngamangqamuzana angaba 5 x 1010 encane, uvalwe exhunywe ngesimo granules. Isendlalelo phakathi, Purkinje cell ungqimba sakhiwe omunye eziningana ezinkulu amaseli. Olwelwesini, nezinhlayiya eyenziwe axons futhi dendrites we granule amaseli Purkinje amaseli nezinye izinhlobo eziningana cell. Purkinje iseli ungqimba wakha umngcele phakathi luyimbudumbudu futhi izingqimba yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

amaseli granule. encane kakhulu, ezinabantu phama izinzwa. akhawunti amaseli Cerebellar granule kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye izinzwa kulo ubuchopho. La mangqamuzana ukuthola ulwazi kusuka Imicu yotshani mossy bese uyibonisa kuya Purkinje amaseli.

Purkinje amaseli. Ziyakwazi omunye izinhlobo ovelele amaseli ubuchopho mammalian. Bakha fan dendrites esikhulu fake branched izinqubo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi cishe ezimbili ntathu isihlahla dendritic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amaseli Purkinje kuthambekele ngokulinganisa. Le divayisi ine okubalulekile sokusebenza.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamangqamuzana. Ngaphezu izinhlobo ezinkulu (luyimbudumbudu futhi Purkinje amaseli) cortex cerebellar iqukethe ezihlukile interneurons kuhlanganise Golgi cell korzinchatuyu futhi stellate amaseli.

mkhosi

Ngo cortex cerebellar kuyinto elula, stereotyped isignali iphethini ukudluliswa amakhono, okuyinto okufanayo kulo lonke cerebellum. Ulwazi lokungena kuya cerebellum kungaba kwenziwe ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. fibre Mossy akhiqizwa nuclei kwaleli bhuloho, emgogodleni, brainstem kanye nuclei vestibular, bona badlulisele amasignali nuclei cerebellar namaseli luyimbudumbudu e cortex cerebellar. Zibizwa ngokuthi Imicu yotshani mossy ngenxa ukubukeka "tufted" ekuhlanganeni kwabo amaseli luyimbudumbudu. fibre ngasinye mossy innervates amakhulu granulosa amaseli. amaseli luyimbudumbudu ukuthumela axons phezulu ngase ebusweni amagxolo. Ngamunye Axon amagatsha e-ungqimba yamangqamuzana ngokuthumela amasignali bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Lezi zimpawu yilezi ku endwangwini, ababiziweyo parallel ngoba ukusebenzisa kuhambisana pleats we- cortex cerebellar, ngendlela okwenza synapse nge Purkinje amaseli. fibre ngasinye parallel luthelwe amakhulu Purkinje amaseli.
2. Laz Imicu yotshani ekhiqizwa kuphela umnqumo yalutho futhi okuxhunyanwa pulses nuclei cerebellar futhi Purkinje amaseli cortex cerebellar. Zibizwa ngokuthi ukukhuphuka ngenxa ukuvelela Axon futhi ezizungeze dendrites ka Purkinje amaseli - njengomvini othela ekhuphuka. Iseli ngalinye Purkinje uthola kuphela inhliziyo namandla kakhulu ukugibela kusuka fibre olulodwa. Ngokungafani mossy zemicu Imicu yotshani okufanayo, fibre ngasinye baxhumana manway 10 Purkinje amaseli phakathi, okwenza synapse nge cishe 300 kuseli ngayinye.

Purkinje iseli liwukuphela komthombo lokudluliselwa ulwazi kusuka cortex cerebellar (phawula umehluko okhona phakathi Purkinje amaseli ezithwala amasignali kusuka cortex we cerebellum futhi cerebellar nuclei, anikeza lonke ulwazi kusukela cerebellum).

Manje une umqondo walokho cerebellum ingqondo. Umsebenzi wayo emzimbeni kubaluleke kakhulu ngempela. Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uqobo sisesimweni zokudakwa? Ngakho, utshwala umphumela uqine ngokwanele kwi Purkinje amaseli, yingakho, eqinisweni, umuntu ulahlekelwa ukulinganisela kwakhe futhi abakwazi ukuthutha ngokuvamile phakathi utshwala ukudakwa.

Ngisho kusukela Kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi cerebellum ezinkulu (okuyinto oluthatha-10% wezindleko ubuchopho mass) efeza indima enkulu yomzimba womuntu.