Tindzaba ezincwadini: isakhiwo, izimfuneko ivolumu indzaba

Eminyakeni yamuva, zemfundo ephakeme kuleli zwekazi amakhono zezenhlalakahle esihlobene ifa othisha isiRashiya ziye ngokuya ezidinga abafundi ukuba babhale ngezinga elithile uhlobo olusha imisebenzi ebhaliwe - Tindzaba.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lolu hlobo isitatimende esibhaliwe imicabango yakhe siqu sifana izingoma ezivamile, abanye umehluko omkhulu Usekhona. Izidingo, isakhiwo, ukuma, ivolumu Tindzaba - kuyinto nje uhlu olungaphelele lwezici isici.

Kuyini i-eseyi

Igama elithi "indzaba" livela isiFulentshi (essai), iphinde ibeke phambili "okusalungiswa", "uhlaka", "Isifundo", "isampula". Ngokuvamile lolu hlobo imibhalo wathola phakathi zobuciko. Nokho, azikho Tindzaba kuphela izincwadi: ebhaliwe agumenti ezivamile ifilosofi, i-social science, umlando, kukhulunywa izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, wezifundo zezombusazwe kanye nezinye izihloko eziningi.

Umcondvo lomcoka endzabeni nobe indzaba njengoba umsebenzi

Tindzaba kusho isethulo khulula imibono. Nokho, ngokuhambisana nezimfuneko ezithile eziphathelene indzabambhalo, isitatimende kungenziwa wangabaza. Ikakhulu, i-uthisha enikezwa ngevolumu tindzaba tekuticambela ezimweni eziningi - yisihloko salo. Yilokhu kuphambene yencazelo yasekuqaleni wenkululeko. Yini ke ukuthini elithi "indzaba"?

Salt wonke umsebenzi ukuthi iphepha umfundi ngokuzimela ziveza imicabango imibono yabo kule noma ukuthi isici, ephatha sengqondo somuntu siqu ukuze izinkinga ezithile futhi uchaza ukubukwa. Ngokuqondene nalokhu uhlobo indzabambhalo bungabi lowehlukile - a esibucayi, zefilosofi, lesibonwa.

izinzuzo ezingokoqobo

Tindzaba, uye iminyaka eminingi yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo e Western zezemfundo, kuyasiza ukuhlela imicabango yakho, ukubeka ngokucacile ngokubhaliwe, ukucabanga kanye kunomthelela ukunwetshwa khathizwe abafundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo yokubhala kubonakala imbangela yezinkinga egqanyisiwe preconditions nesenzakalo yayo, engaba nokuthi ukuba sizigweme. I mfundi usethola uxabana imicabango kanye sifika eziphethweni ezithile. Ikakhulukazi abatelekile maqondana nalokhu izibonelo indzaba kwezenhlalo, ezomlando nesayensi zezombusazwe.

imphawu letibalulekile

. Ngo-2004, usosayensi Russian M. Yu Brandtom babe khona uwedwa futhi uchaza iningi ngokunembile izici eziyisisekelo indzaba:

- ocacile ezihleli yonke imisebenzi yakhe;

- ukuqonda inkinga futhi umbono oqondile ngakho ngumlobi yena;

- ivolumu elincane Tindzaba;

- isakhiwo khulula;

- lelandzisako - free, asigcini nje ngokubona okubonakala nohlaka esiqinile;

- ukutholakala yasekuqaleni futhi okungezona eziwubala-copyright izahlulelo;

- ngokuqhubeka umqondo lelandzisako;

- akuphelele, okungukuthi ukungabi khona ukuhlolisiswa oluphelele lwazo enesiphetho ethize.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye Tindzaba izincwadi, noma yiphi into kumele babe emzimbeni wakho ukuhlaziywa ngezinto ezitholakala kule ndaba, kanye ezinye izibonelo efanekisa.

Ngokungafani coursework, ema-eseyi, indzaba

Ukwahlukana kusuka kwamanye ama-eseyi imisebenzi ebhaliwe aqukethe ikakhulu izici zako ezisemqoka. Cabangela lezi zici kabanzi:

1. Ukwakheka. umsebenzi Course has ukuze ngokuqinile ngokomthetho: ikhasi lesihloko, ithebula lokuqukethwe, isingeniso yochungechunge okunengqondo, kuhlanganise ikhanda, izigaba kanye izigaba, isiphetho, izinkomba, nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ifomu wokubonakalayo akuhloselwe kanye nohlaka eqinile. Imininingwane siqala wakhonza ngendlela ehlelekile, kodwa ngaphandle ubufakazi wokuphuthuma yenkinga, ngaphandle kokubeka imigomo ethize kanye nezinhloso.
2. Stylistics. Sokuphrinta, amaphepha okuhlolwa anemibuzo Tindzaba zilotshiwe kuphela ngesitayela ezesayensi noma zezemfundo. I-eseyi futhi inikeza ulimi khulula, kodwa iziphakamiso kufanele zikwazi ukufunda nokubhala, futhi - uhlelwe kahle.
3. ulwazi oluthile. Uma ngokuchichima izifundo zesayensi izinombolo, izinsuku, iziphakamiso (ngokuvamile kuyadingeka kakhulu), wamukelekile, ngamaphuzu izincwadi noma yimuphi omunye isihloko kuyoba okwanele ukuze nje izibonelo ezimbalwa, kodwa ecacile kakhulu futhi emnandi.
4. Ukungabikho yokubhalwa nezinkomba. I-eseyi khulula izingcaphuno malodopustimy: khumbula ukuthi indzaba yethu - imibono siqu nemicabango.

Abanye othisha esanganisa abafundi, ebiza Indzaba. Lokhu akulona ngempela kuyiqiniso. Esikhathini samanje indzaba ithoni okuxoxa, isihloko ngokucace Ixoxwa, tekstovka ehlotshiswe aphorisms, nokwahlulela kungase ngokuvamile kungqubuzane.

isakhiwo

indzaba ngayinye kungenzeka ukwaba ezinye isakhiwo, okuyinto, ngokuvamile, akukho ezilungisiwe, kodwa usenayo indawo.

A uhambo olufushane ku yodaba olucutshungulwayo yenza entry okunemibandela ku ndaba. Kusukela ngokuvamile uye akukho izigaba engaphezu kwemibili, ithatha cishe 15-30% of lonke indzaba bese kugandelelwe ngemvelo yenkinga. Kubalulekile ukwenza entry kangangokuba umfundi nesithakazelo eyamenza okwengeziwe nitadisha isihloko.

Okufakiwe kufanele kube ingxenye eyinhloko indzaba. amazwi Lokufuduka kwalolu cezu kufanele okungenani 50% of the umbhalo. Ingxenye esemqoka ukwahlulelwa lembula umbhali, kuba agumenti olufanele nezibonelo. I licace uzobe efanekiselwa umqondo nobe indzaba, ngcono uzoboniswa ukuvumelana onekhono kombhali achazayo ukuba ngicabangisise ngezinto nokuba agumenti ukusekela ngenkulumo yakhe.

Ingxenye yesithathu kanye wokugcina sihloko ngasinye - esiphethweni. Iyona emfushane - mayelana 10-15% kuphela. Ekugcineni avunyelwe ukugcizelela umcondvo lobalulekile, sifinyelela iziphetho mayelana nenkinga embuzweni bese kafushane fingqa, kusale kweswela okuncane.

Ukulandela zonke izimiso ezichazwe lapho ebhalela indzaba, uyoba zidonse ukunaka kwanoma uthisha ukuzenza bahle.

ivolumu

Baningi impela kwenzinye izingxabano imibuzo mayelana kufanele kube kungakanani kwemaphutsa. Konke kuncike nezidingo nguthishela, kanye isihloko esihlokweni ngokwaso. Ngiyavuma ukuthi ukuhlaziywa eqondile inkondlo imbongi kuthatha amakhasi okuningi esingaphansi ukwahlulela ngomsebenzi wakhe wonkana.

indzaba Standard kuthatha cishe ezintathu amashidi A4, egcwele ngesandla esisodwa. Nokho, le ndaba ingase kahle ibekwe kokubili ekhasini elilodwa, futhi eziyisikhombisa. Umthamo Tindzaba futhi kuncika ikakhulu ikhono lombhali kanye imikhuba yakhe izyasneniya.

izidingo indzaba

Ngenxa yokuthi esikhathini uhlelo yokuncintisana yokuvuma Tindzaba ngokwethukela kufakwe njengoba ithuluzi ukuqinisekiswa, kubalulekile ukwazi amanye izimfuneko ezisebenza nabo iningi amanyuvesi wezwe.

Omunye izindima eziyinhloko eyadlalwa isici womuntu. Ngamanye amazwi, lo indaba ngeke ihlolwe uthisha ukuthi ubani okungaba cishe engazazi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngaphandle umsebenzi wakho, kuzomele ukusingatha ezihlukahlukene nezinye izihloko. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibono ukubukwa sokuhlolwa, kubalulekile kuye umxhwele, ukuze "hook" ukunakwa.

Kule ndaba, kutuswa ukuba agqoke umbhalo ema-eseyi sibi. Iziphakamiso kumele ifinyetwe ibuye futhi lihlaba esikhonkosini. Gwema izingxoxo ezinde, cha thikazisa kusukela sihloko. Bhala mayelana naleli cala, kodwa hhayi kancane kakhulu. Ngokulandela lokhu elula obusa amathuba ukuthi indzaba yakho, uchubeke ufundze uyofika ekugcineni, bayanda kakhulu. Oku-ihlanganiswe uhlelo izosiza ukuhlela imicabango kanye kwakha indzima emfushane ezithakazelisayo kokuqukethwe yayo.

Zilungiselele yokuthi ungasetha njengoba subject ethize, futhi uvumela uhlelo search esizimele lodaba. Njengoba ukhetho ezivamile yesibili, thatha lezo zinkinga ukuthi kukhona lokutsite labafuna kukusho. Ngisho kangcono, uma yokuthi abathathi hlangothi - ke okucabangayo noma ukugxekwa akunakwenzeka kuphambana imibono weKhomishani.

Uma ngokuphelele akakwazi ukucabanga ukuthi ungakwazi ukutshela kuya kulesitfupha ngesihloko unikezwa, zama ukuba sifunde ezibonelweni. Tindzaba on social science noma ukusakaza ifilosofi ukuthola lula kunalokho kwezomnotho noma umthetho, kodwa ngemva kokufunda mathiriyeli imodeli efanayo esihlokweni sesikhathi esizayo isazoqhubeka eqala ukuvela.

Ngu umsebenzi ofanayo sina futhi uzilungiselele zingathathi izinto kalula. Zama ukuthola ulwazi oluningi ngezindaba ethintekile. Hlola ngezindlela ezahlukene kanye nezisusa zalabo abathintekayo - lokhu kuzokusiza ukwakha isithombe ephelele kunayo siqu umbono wabo ezweni kanye ebaluleke kunazo okuchaza e Tindzaba esizayo.

Ukulungiselela nekubhala

Ukuze lula umsebenzi wakho bese efakwa oda imibono ezokwenza kamuva zibekwe phezu waleli phephandaba, le abalobi ukuncoma cabanga ngala macebiso alandelayo ekulungiseleleni nokubhala indzaba:

- yenza iplani le ndaba;

- ukudala inguqulo okusalungiswa umsebenzi;

- Umqondo ngamunye itholakala isigaba ahlukene;

- ukwelekelela okuholela amavesi entsha indaba emfushane;

- ulungise i-oda zokubukwa;

- Khuphuka onentshisekelo, zahlala enkumbulweni yami unhlokweni.

Ngokuphathelene izici yenhlangano, ukusabalalisa izigaba umsebenzi, ungazami ukwenza konke ngosuku olulodwa, uma umsebenzi sasivumela eside. ulwazi, musa overload ikhanda lakho futhi khumbula okulotshwe ngosuku olwandulela indaba uzobe ukufunda ekuseni ngalokwehlukile kunendlela ngokushesha ngemuva kwamahora eside lomsebenzi.