Sezibalo Perelman kuJakobe: umnikelo isayensi. sezibalo Russian owaziwa UGrigory Perelman

Sezibalo Perelman - umuntu odumile kakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayengenzanga usephila impilo yodwa ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga press. Ubufakazi le Poincaré conjecture wenza bayibeke zilingana nezinhlobo ososayensi omkhulu kunayo yonke emlandweni wezwe. Sezibalo Perelman wenqaba imiklomelo eminingi olunikezwa abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi. Lo muntu waphila nesizotha kakhulu futhi ngokuphelele ezinikele isayensi. Yiqiniso, ngakho bese uvula kubalulekile ukutshela ngokuningiliziwe.

Ubaba UGrigory Perelman

Juni 13, 1966 wazalwa Grigoriy Yakovlevich Perelman, isazi sezibalo. Ake ubone ngeso lengqondo ke in the domain yomphakathi kancane, kodwa futhi elalidume kunawo wonke ethulwa kule athikili. Yazalwa ngo-Leningrad - enhlokodolobha kwamasiko yezwe lethu. Uyise wayengumGreki unjiniyela kagesi. Akazange abe ukwenzani isayensi, njengoba abaningi becabanga kanjalo.

Yakov Perelman

inkolelo ethandwa kakhulu ukuthi uGregory - indodana Yakov Perelman eyaziwa popularizer yesayensi. Nokho, lokhu kuyadukisa ngoba wafa nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad ngoMashi 1942, ngakho akunakwenzeka abe nguyise ka sezibalo esikhulu. Lokhu lendoda yazalwa ku Bialystok, idolobha ukuthi ngaphambili ingeyamakhosi Empire Russian futhi manje eyingxenye ye Poland. Yakov Isidorovich wazalwa ngo 1882.

Yakov Perelman, okuyinto ithakazelisa kakhulu, futhi bakhangwa wezibalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba nesithakazelo kuyisayensi yezinkanyezi, yezemvelo. Lo muntu kubhekwa umsunguli wesayensi bezijabulisa futhi ngomunye wabokuqala owabhala imisebenzi uhlobo of ethandwa isayensi izincwadi. He is umdali "Phila Mathematics" izincwadi. Perelman utlole izincwadi eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izincwadi othathelele yakhe ihlanganisa ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane izihloko. Njengoba incwadi efana "Mathematics Live", Perelman ungaphakathi puzzle yakhe ehlukahlukene ehlobene nale isayensi. Abaningi babo athathe isimo tindzaba letimfisha. Le ncwadi senzelwe ngokuyinhloko kubantu abasha.

Ngenye indlela okubaluleke kakhulu ezithakazelisayo futhi incwadi, lapho umlobi - Yakov Perelman ( "bezijabulisa wezibalo"). Trilliard - Uyazi ukuthi yini le nombolo? Lokhu October ^21. ESoviet Union isikhathi eside, izikali ezimbili okuhambisana khona - "amafushane" futhi "eside". Ngokusho Perelman, "dlala" isetshenziswa izibalo zezimali kanye izinto zansuku zonke, futhi "eside" - emibhalweni nemfundo ephakeme ku-physics kanye isayensi yezinkanyezi. Ngakho, trilliarda ngoba "amafushane" esikalini alikho. Okthoba ²¹ ke ngokuthi sextillions. Lezi izikali musa nemikhuba yazo ihluke kakhulu.

Nokho, thina ngeke ukuchaza kabanzi ngalolu ukumisa bese sidlulela indaba umnikelo isayensi, okwenza Gregory esikhundleni Isidorovich uJakobe, izimpumelelo kabani bebelokhu esingaphansi nesizotha. By the way, uthando isayensi Gregory safaka hhayi namesake wakhe odumile.

Umama Perelman kanye nethonya layo phezu Gregory

Umama usosayensi esizayo wafundisa wezibalo esikoleni sokufundela amakhono omsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumfelokazi violin abanamakhono. Mhlawumbe uthando wezibalo, kanye umculo we-classic Gregory wathatha phezu kwalo ezivela kuye. Kuxoxwa ngokulinganayo bakhangwa Perelman. Lapho sibhekene kukhethwa lapho ukwenza - ku somculo noma lobuchwepheshe esikoleni esiphakeme, akakwazanga ukunquma. Kwazi bani ukuthi ayeyoba Grigoriy Perelman, ngase nginqume ukuyeka ukuhlanganyela uthole imfundo zomculo.

Ebuntwaneni usosayensi esizayo

Kakade ngesikhathi abasebasha yobudala Gregory ezahlukene nokubhala inkulumo, kokubili ezibhaliwe futhi ngomlomo. Wayevame usindwa othisha esikoleni. By the way, zize zifike ebangeni 9 Perelman wafunda esikoleni esiphakeme, ngokusobala ejwayelekile, okuyizinto kangaka ngasonqenqemeni. Bese kuthi-ke uthisha we Isigodlo Amaphayona waphawula insizwa abanamakhono. Wayiswa izifundo izingane onekhono. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni amathalenta esiyingqayizivele Perelman.

Winning kuma-Olympics, iziqu

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqala ukunqoba ingqophamlando Gregory. Ngo-1982 wathola indondo yegolide ngesikhathi Budapest International Mathematical Olympic. It Perelman iqhaza nethimba lezingane zesikole Soviet. Wathola amaphuzu agcwele, kokunquma yonke imisebenzi kahle kakhulu. grade nanye eSt Gregory iziqu ngonyaka ofanayo. Iqiniso iqhaza kulo mncintiswano ehlonishwayo ukuvulelwa kuye iminyango nezikhungo imfundo engcono kakhulu yezwe lethu. Kodwa Grigoriy Perelman kwakungeyona nje kuwo, kodwa futhi wawina wendondo yegolide.

Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi wacela ngaphandle izivivinyo e-Leningrad State University, Mechanics kanye ne-mathematics Faculty. By endleleni, ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide esikoleni uGregory, Isimanga siwukuthi, akatholanga. Lokhu kuvikela nokuhlolwa Sekutivocavoca. Ukuvumela ezemidlalo imithetho ngesikhathi kwaba isibopho sokuba bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nalabo Kunzima ukucabanga ngokwami e isigxobo ukweqa noma ibha. Ngamanye izifundo wafunda ezinhlanu.

Tadisha LSU

Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, usosayensi esizayo baqhubeka imfundo yakhe ngesikhathi LSU. Yena iqhaza kwaphumelela kakhulu imincintiswano ehlukahlukene zezibalo. Perelman wakwazi ngisho ukuthola ohlonishwa Lenin scholarship. Njengoba waba umnikazi ruble 120 - imali eningi ngalezo zinsuku. Kufanele kube, wahlala kahle.

Mangisho ukuthi Mathematics kanye Mechanics of the University, manje esibizwa Petersburg, kwaba kule minyaka Soviet, omunye the best in Russia. Ngo-1924, isibonelo, wathola iziqu V Leontyev. Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuqeqeshwa, wathola uMklomelo KaNobel kwezomnotho. Lokhu isazi sesayensi saze obizwa ngokuthi uyise emnothweni waseMelika. Leonid Kantorovich, kuphela winner ezifuywayo le ndondo, wathola ke ngeqhaza labo kuleli isayensi, kwaba matmeha Uprofesa.

Ukwenezela imfundo, impilo e-US

Ngemva kokuphothula LSU Grigoriy Perelman wangena Steklov Mathematical Institute, ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo iziqu. Ngokushesha, wahamba ngebhanoyi US ukuze ukwethula lokhu isikhungo sakho semfundo. Leli zwe belilokhu kubhekwe isimo wokuba nenkululeko engenamingcele, ikakhulukazi amaSoviet phakathi abakhileyo ezweni lakithi. Ukuze ubone amaphupho akhe amaningi, kodwa sezibalo Perelman wayengeyena omunye wabo. Kubonakala sengathi leso silingo ukuthi kwaqashelwa West ngaye. Usosayensi namanje kwaholela ukuphila okulula, ngisho olukhuni kancane. Akadlanga ushizi sandwich ukuthi bahlanza phansi ne-yogurt noma ubisi. Futhi-ke, sezibalo Perelman kanzima. Ikakhulukazi, wayefundisa. Usosayensi wahlangana zezibalo nabo. Melika iminyaka 6 wayethethelela unesizungu.

Buyela Russia

Gregory ebuyela eRussia ngo-Institute bomdabu. Lapha wasebenza iminyaka 9. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, kufanele kube, futhi waqala ukuqonda ukuthi eya "art oluhlanzekile" ngokusebenzisa ngabodwa, ukuzehlukanisa emphakathini. Gregory banquma hlukanisani ubudlelwane babo nabantu osebenza nabo. Usosayensi wanquma ukukhiya yena eLeningrad efulethini lakhe bese uqale umsebenzi omkhulu ...

yomphindwa

Akulula ukuchaza ukuthi Perelman wazibonakalisa mathematics. abathandi enkulu yalesi isayensi kuphela oyiqonda ngokugcwele kwakubaluleke kangakanani lokhu ayekutholile. Sizozama ulimi kufinyeleleke ukukhuluma mayelana umbono wokuthi wanika Perelman. Gregory wahosha yomphindwa. Kuyinto legatsha wezibalo, ngokuvamile ebizwa nangokuthi i-geometry eshidini zenjoloba. Topology izifundo zeJiyomethri ukuthi kuyagcinwa lapho ifomu uzimisele, basonta, noma sisalokhu. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ngokuphelele elastically zikhubazekile - ngaphandle splices, ukusikeka kanye amakhefu. I yomphindwa ibaluleke kakhulu eyala ezifana physics zezibalo. Inikeza umqondo izakhiwo isikhala. Sikhuluma kuleli cala mayelana isikhala elingapheli, okuyinto sanda, okungukuthi yonke.

I Poincaré Engaqinisekile

Isikhova i-great physics isiFulentshi, sezibalo sefilosofi zh. A. Puankare waletha umbono wokuqala kule ndaba. Yilokho okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi wenziwe ukucabangela, futhi lawo alingeniswanga ubufakazi. Perelman wakwenza Injongo yami ukufakazela lo mbono, ngokuthini ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, isixazululo zezibalo, ngokunengqondo ukubuyisana.

Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa essence yayo, ngokuvamile ziqala kanje. Thatha disc zenjoloba. Kufanele donsa on ibhola. Ngakho, uyoba sphere mgudumbili. Kusemqoka ukuthi obungazungeza disc sebuqoqiwe at iphuzu elilodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ungakwenza nge rucksack ngokudonsa futhi okuxhumanisa intambo yakhe. It uphendulela sithombe. Yiqiniso, thina-ke kuyinto unhlangothi-ntathu, kodwa iphuzu iyimidwebo umbono wezibalo.

Khona-ke baqala projection ezimise kakade nokucabangisisa, okuyinto okunzima ukubona ngomuntu ongenakho okuhlangenwe nakho. Manje kufanele uhlinzeke sphere ngakuthathu, ibhola, welulela phezu into eya esinye isici. sphere Three-ntathu, ngokuvumelana umbono - ekhona kuphela into ngakuthathu, okungase izinkontileka a "gipershnurom" yezinto ngesinye isikhathi. Ubufakazi lokhu theorem kusisiza ukuba siqonde lokho fomu yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonga ke singaphetha ngokufanele ngokuthi yonke futhi kukhona sphere ngakuthathu.

conjecture Poincaré futhi inkolelo-mbono Big Bang

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo mbono iwukuqinisekisa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang. Uma indawo yonke "sibalo" olulodwa, bokuthi okuyinto - ikhono idonsele ngesinye isikhathi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka futhi elula ngendlela efanayo. Lo mbuzo ubuzwa: uma kuyindodana sphere, yini ngaphandle yonke? Ingabe umuntu umkhiqizo yesibili okuqondene planethi yethu okuwukuphela kwayo umuntu Earth ngisho lonke yonke, ukwazi le mfihlakalo? Labo abathanda, ongakunika hlola imisebenzi lomunye sezibalo edumile emhlabeni wonke - uStephen Hawking. Nokho, asikwazi okwamanje wathi kule score into ukhonkolo. Ake bathemba ukuthi omunye Perelman futhi uzokwazi ukuxazulula le puzzle izovela esikhathini esizayo, okuyinto ohlupha umcabango eziningi. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe wena Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu usazokwazi ukukwenza.

UMklomelo KaNobel mathematics

Perelman ayitholanga le ndondo ehlonishwayo ngempumelelo yakhe enkulu. Strange, akunjalo? Empeleni, ungakwazi ukuqhubeka uyichaza kalula uma sicabangela ukuthi akekho le ndondo akusho. wonke legend zezizathu abameleli kaNobel bancishwa lokhu isayensi ezibalulekile yadalwa. Kuze kube namuhla, hhayi uMklomelo KaNobel mathematics. Perelman cishe ngabe ngitholile okwami uma likhona. Kukhona legend ukuthi isizathu kwenqatshwa kaNobel zezibalo okulandelayo: kuba kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu isayensi wamshiya umakoti. Zithanda noma zingathandi, kodwa kuphela lapho kufika 21 leminyaka ubulungiswa ekugcineni wanqoba. Kwakukhona enye ibhonasi for zezibalo. Sitshele kafushane ngomlando walo.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la Prize Institute of Clay?

David Hilbert ngesikhathi International Congress of zezibalo, owawuse-1900 e-Paris, ahlinzekwa uhlu ebandakanya izinkinga 23 ukuba ixazululwe ekhulwini entsha 20th. Kuze kube manje ezivumelekile 21 babo. By the way, owaphothula LSU matmeha YV Matiyasevich ngo-1970 igcwaliswe isinqumo of the 10th lezi zinkinga. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 onjengaye uhlu ngasondelana phezulu ngaphansi kwe-American Institute of Clay, ehlanganisa izinkinga eziyisikhombisa mathematics. Kufanele ukuxazulula ekhulwini lama-21. Umklomelo ayisigidi kwamenyezelwa zesinqumo ngamunye wabo. Ngisho ngo-1904, lapho zavela umuntu Poincaré lemisebenti. Wafaka phambili umbono wokuthi isikhala ezine-ntathu kubo bonke ubuso ngakuthathu, homotypic sphere okulingana kukhona homeomorphic kuso. Ngamagama alula, uma kwamanzi ngakuthathu kufana kwezinye izindlela emkhakheni, kungenzeka yokwelula ke liba. Lesi sitatimende usosayensi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-formula yonke ngenxa ukubaluleka kwayo okukhulu ekuqondeni izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokomzimba, kanye ngenxa yokuthi impendulo kuba umbuzo ukuma yonke. Kumele bathi lokhu okutholakele kudlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni nanotechnology.

Ngakho, i-Clay Mathematics Institute unqume ukukhetha imisebenzi 7 nzima kakhulu. Ukuze isinqumo ngamunye kubo wathenjiswa ayisigidi. Futhi lapha livela ukutholakala esenziwe kuye Grigoriy Perelman. Prize iimbalo Yiqiniso, uya kuye. Yena kwaqashelwa angabacwasi ngokushesha, njengoba yena ngo-2002 eshicilelwe impumelelo yakhe yangaphandle imithombo inthanethi.

Perelman waklonyeliswa Clay Prize

Ngakho, ngo-March 2010, lapho waklonyeliswa umklomelo esasiwafanele Perelman. Prize mathematics kusho ukuthola isimo umxhwele, futhi leyo mali kwaba $ 1 million. Gregory kwadingeka ukuba simenze ubufakazi ka theorem Poincaré sika. Nokho, ngo-June 2010, eyenziwa usosayensi indiva Paris izibalo ingqungquthela ayezoba ukuthatha indawo kokwethula le ndondo. A-July 1, 2010, Perelman yamemezela ukwenqaba kwakhe esidlangalaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali abuzwa wona, akakaze, naphezu kwakho konke izicelo.

Kungani Perelman sezibalo wenqaba umklomelo?

Gregory wachaza iqiniso lokuthi unembeza ayikuvumeli ukuba uthole kwesigidi, wafaka ezinye zezibalo eziningana. Usosayensi wathi izizathu eziningi ezifana ukuthatha imali, futhi akazange uwathatha. Wayengeke ukunquma. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukwehluleka imiklomelo Grigori Perelman, isazi sezibalo okuthiwa ukungavumelani nomphakathi ngokwesayensi. Waphawula ukuthi acabanga isinqumo ngokuphathwa ngokungenabulungisa. UGregory wathi uyakholelwa ukuthi umnikelo ka-Hamilton, sezibalo isiJalimane, ikhambi yale nkinga, akukho esingaphansi kwakhe.

By the way, kamuva ngisho uvele anecdote ngale ndaba: Iimbalo kumelwe ngokuvamile ukwaba izigidi, mhlawumbe othile namanje alinge uwathatha. Ngemva konyaka ukwehluleka Perelman uDemetrios Christodoulou noRichard Hamilton waklonyeliswa Shaw Prize. Ubukhulu balesi umklomelo mathematics ingenye esigidini sama-dollar. Lo mklomelo ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi uMklomelo KaNobel aseMpumalanga. Hamilton ngiyitholile ukuze kwakhiwe umbono zezibalo. It Kwabe sekwenzekani sezibalo yayo Russian Perelman emisebenzini yakhe abazinikele ubufakazi Poincaré conjecture. Richard wathola le ndondo.

Okunye imiklomelo, ka abala Grigoriy Perelman

By endleleni, ngo-1996, Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu waklonyeliswa umklomelo ohlonishwa ngoba zezibalo abasha ezivela emphakathini zezibalo European. Nokho, le ndoda yenqaba ukuyithola.

iminyaka engu-10 kamuva, ngo-2006, usosayensi waklonyeliswa Ezinkundleni Medal ekuxazululeni Poincaré conjecture. Gregory wala kuwo.

Umagazini i-Science e 2006 ebizwa ngokuthi ubufakazi conjecture adalwe Poincaré, ukufohla yesayensi konyaka. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lona umsebenzi wokuqala kwi-mathematics, eye wathola isiqu esinjalo.

David Gruber futhi Sylvia Nasar ngo-2006 lanyathelisa isihloko esithi ezininginingi Destiny. Ithi Perelman, inkinga yakhe isinqumo Poincaré. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihloko sichaza umphakathi zezibalo, futhi phezu isayensi ekhona ka nezimiso zokuziphatha. Linikezwa futhi izingxoxo ezingavamile ne Perelman. Kuningi okushiwoyo mayelana ukugxekwa Shintana Yau, isazi sezibalo Chinese. Ndawonye nabafundi bakhe, wazama inselelo ukuphelela ubufakazi Grigoriem Yakovlevichem. Lapho kuxoxwa, Perelman wathi, "Izihambi awacatshangwa labo abeqa izindinganiso zokulunga lisezingeni isayensi Abantu abafana nami -. Othile ngedwa".

Ngo-September 2011 futhi benqaba ubulungu Russian Academy of Sciences, sezibalo Perelman. Umlando wakhe uvezwa incwadi eshicilelwe ngonyaka ofanayo. Kusukela ke ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani wezibalo, nakuba ulwazi bahlangana kusekelwe ubufakazi besithathu. Umbhali wayo - Masha Gessen. Incwadi uhlanganiswe ngesisekelo interview ofunda nabo, othisha, abalingani kanye osebenza Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Uchitel Grigoriya Yakovlevicha, wathi le ndaba kuye.

Grigoriy Perelman namuhla

Namuhla uphila ukuphila ngedwa. Kakhulu cindezela engayinaki Perelman sezibalo. Kusho beyihlala kuphi? Kuze kube muva nje, uGregory wahlala nonina Kupchino. Futhi ngo-2014 isazi sezibalo esidumile Russian Grigori Perelman kuyinto eSweden.