Programming. ezakhiwe Basic algorithmic

Ukuze ukudala izinhlelo ezidingekayo eziyisisekelo design algorithmic. Ukulandela ukhetho elula ukuxazulula izinkinga. Ingasetshenziselwa, isib, umsebenzi izibonelo eyohlobo. Zikhona nezinye izinhlobo: ekhelini kanye loop. Lokho okuzokhulunywa ngazo kulesi sihloko. Kodwa okokuqala kudingeka wazi ukuthi yini i-algorithm ungaphakathi jikelele.

algorithm

Igama elithi "algorithm" zazivela Latin algoritmi. Kusho ukuthini? izwi Qinisekile livela igama wezibalo, imisebenzi ezenzeka ngesikhathi ngekhulu IX. indatshana Ngenxa al Khorezmi isintu wajwayelana uhlobo eziyisisekelo design algorithmic kanye ngokuvamile umqondo jikelele.

ifomu Ngasekuqaleni yesipelingi kwavunyelwana - "algorithm". Manje isetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezithile.

Algorithm - inqubo okusho ushintsha idatha yoqobo, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-izinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo. Nge lo mqondo, umuntu ngamunye ubhekene empilweni, noma ubani ukuthi wayengonjani. Algorithms angachazwa ngokuthi itiye nokudla, ukubuyabuyelela noma kwalokho, ikhambi of zibalo, nokunye. D. Zonke zikagesi inqubo umsebenzi wabo ezenzakalelayo, usebenza ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezicacile ebekiwe imemori processor. algorithm maKristu abizwa yasendlini. Zikhona nezinye izinhlobo. Ake sihlole kubo.

izinhlobo algorithm

izakhiwo algorithmic Basic zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana, okuzoxoxwa kule ndima. Yiziphi?

1. Imininingwane. algorithm okunjalo abasebenza nge esiningi idatha, kodwa ayemane nje ethuswa kucutshungulwa ezincane ubude futhi kube lula.
2. Control. Ukusebenza algorithm ezinjalo lihlotshaniswa ulwazi olukhona emthonjeni othile. Phezu kokuthola wathumela izimpawu ezikhethekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza amadivayisi.
3. Computing. Ngokungafani ubuchule Imininingwane wachaza ukusebenza nengcosana idatha, kodwa ukukhiqiza umsebenzi inqubo ezinkulu.

Eqinisweni, i-algorithm lunembile kuya kulencane imininingwane imfundo. Nokho, akubona bonke idatha efana kungenziwa ngokuthi lichaza umqondo. Ukuze uqonde isiqondiso algorithm noma cha, kufanele kuhlolelwe khona izakhiwo ezithile.

izakhiwo algorithm

Zonke design enkulu algorithmic kumele babe izenzo ukuthi "ukulalela." Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Uma ukulandelela ngokugcwele ukusebenza ubuchule kanye nezici zabo, ungabona ukuthi yini ngempela ukuqonda abalandeli babo, ngokucacile ngokwanele ukuba bakwamukele plan. Umphumela lesifanele etholwe, ngisho noma nje unamathele wayefisa isinyathelo lokukhanda. Kule singaphetha ngokuthi ngenxa yokuntuleka nenjongo imisebenzi ukuqwashisa, i-algorithm kungenzeka ukukhokhela ukuqaliswa kwe-computer. Ngamanye amazwi, amadivayisi ezenzakalelayo adinga ukutholakala kule nqubo.

Yini izakhiwo kumele abe design eziyisisekelo algorithmic for esiphezulu emsebenzini ngobuciko?

1. Ukungaqondakali. Ithimba ngasinye kufanele njengoba ecacile ukugijima into. Kubonakala sengathi akukho lula kunaleyo, isibonelo, bese ubeka ichashazi maphakathi, kukhona, kodwa hhayi lelipelwe iqembu, okuzokwenza ukwenza isenzo, ngeke kwenziwe.
2. Ngempumelelo. Okuchaza ukuthi lokhu impahla? Kuyadingeka ukuthola umphumela. I-algorithm abakwazi kodwa ingaholela hlobo lwempendulo. Ngenxa yephutha, ungathola yi okungalungile ukuthi oyifunayo, kodwa ethanda ukubaphilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele impendulo wathola emva inombolo ethile izinyathelo.
3. IMisa. Noma yimuphi algorithm kufanele kube osebenzayo noma isiphi isigaba zezinkinga. Phakathi kwawo ingahluka idatha input.
4. Ukuqinisekisa. isinyathelo ngasinye kufanele sibe incazelo eyodwa kuphela, hhayi ukunikeza amathuba ukuze ukuqaqwa esuselwe. Okungcono kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singakanani uhlelo wethulwa, umphumela kufanele kube okufanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
5. Leyehlukene. Algorithm - uhambisane ukuqaliswa izinyathelo. isinyathelo ngasinye umyalo ukweqa noma amasha bengayi.
6. Ngokunemba. Noma yimuphi algorithm ligcwaliswa yiluphi uhlobo imisebenzi, kumele kube lesifanele wonke umuntu. Ngo izinhlelo, kukhona ngokuvamile izinkinga awekho izinyathelo ngokubhala, okuyinto ngokuvamile awadingi isikhathi esiningi, futhi ekufezeni zabo zonke izinhlobo imibuzo. Ngakho-ke, yisinyathelo esibalulekile kuyoba ukuze lungisa algorithm. Kungasiza nale kanye nomklamo algorithmic eziyisisekelo, ukuphindaphinda okwakuyoholela nemiphumela engcono.

Incazelo algorithm

Uma sikhuluma kanjani ukubhala algorithm, kufanele ukugqamisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• Verbal. Ngamanye amazwi, ngolimi, okufaneleyo ukukhuluma ingxenye.
• Ithebula. Uma ucabangisisa, algorithm okulotshwe itafula futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa njengoba isici asizayo.
• Formula-ngamazwi. Ngesisekelo esithathwe ngamazwi izyasneniya indlela, kodwa izenzo ezinjalo bubhaliwe izinhlamvu noma zezibalo.
• Graphic. algorithm okunjalo Ubhalwe ngolimi flowchart ekhethekile.

Kuyadingeka ukucacisa iphoyinti lokugcina. Uyini ngempambano? Lokhu komugqa noma algorithm nonlinear, izinyathelo zazo zabhalwa usebenzisa amayunithi ekhethekile. Sinenkosi ukumisa yabo, inhloso, lokuphatselene nesihloko umsebenzi. Endabeni le ncazelo, algorithm ebhaliwe block imidvwebo, okuyizinto imigqa sixhumene. Kufanele futhi babhale isenzo esithile (isinyathelo).

umklamo algorithmic

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ubuchule akudingeki 3 izinhlobo, futhi 4. eziyisisekelo design algorithmic: yomugqa, branched, eyindilinga. Siyini isizathu kuwumbono oyiphutha lowo enjalo, akucaci. Nokho, i-izixazululo ezilula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha algorithm lezi amaqembu amathathu kahle esikhulu. Ake sihlole kubo.

1. Ukuthuthukiswa. Le nqubo yezamakhompyutha ithole leli gama ngenxa yokuthi bonke izenzo kwenziwe ukulandelana yomugqa, lapho isinyathelo ngasinye wenziwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Uma sicabangela uhlelo yenkinga, khona-ke amabhlogo ibekwe eyodwa ngaphezu kwamanye, kuye ngokuthi ukusebenza izinombolo ngokulandelana. algorithm Linear ukusebenza ngendlela yokuthi idatha yoqobo ayishintshi isiqondiso umqondo isinyathelo. izixazululo ezinjalo indlela efanelekayo Computing isamba noma umehluko, bobunjwa square, noma ipherimitha yayo, njalo njalo. N. kuyinto Uhlobo eyinhloko design algorithmic kahle.
2. Ekhelini. Le nqubo yezamakhompyutha kusho khona inkulumo okunengqondo (i LP) kanye nokukhethwa nemibandela (legatsha "false" futhi "iqiniso"). Esimweni ngasinye, siqaphele kuphela elinye lamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu. Azikho izinkinga futhi akukwazi, izoqala ukusetshenziswa zisekhona ezinye izinketho. Uma amagatsha amabili algorithm, kulula, uma engaphezu kwemibili - eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inqubo yokugcina kubonakala kulula ngezithukuthuku ngowokuqala. Uhlobo eyinhloko design algorithmic iphuzu lokuqala kanti eyesibili. Ifomu elilandelayo nalo kulolu hla.
3. Cyclical. Lokhu algorithm lu- isici iyaphindwa, ngenkathi usebenzisa idatha okokufaka ezahlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, inqubo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke design enkulu algorithmic (ezilandelayo, amagatsha, izihibe) kuthiwa kuhlobene nomunye, nakuba ingasetshenziswa ngokwehlukana.

Ukudala izihibe nezinhlobo zabo

Yini edingekayo ukuze udale iluphu?

• Counter iluphu. Lokhu ingukungena ukuthi ichaza ukubaluleka kokuqala, futhi ukuphinda izinyathelo izoshintsha. Kufanele ngempela ungene algorithm. Basic ukwakhiwa algorithmic Uhlaka-uhlobo umsebenzi ngaphandle kwalo ngeke.
• Ukushintsha Inkomba ngenhla kudatha ngaphambi kokuba ukuphindaphinda entsha lomjikelezo.
• Hlola izimo kwikhompyutha wanquma ukuthi aphinde "skrola" loop noma ngaphezulu asikho isidingo.

Imijikelezo Esekela kungaba deterministic futhi iterative. Esokuqala Undo nenani eyaziwa ezinikezwa. umjikelezo Iterative - omunye ephindwa isamba eliku isikhathi kuze isimo kuyiqiniso noma amanga.

I-algorithm eyisisekelo

Kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi izakhiwo algorithmic eziyisisekelo ungafaki algorithm eziyisisekelo. Kuyini lokhu? Lo mqondo ayisekho alitholakali ezincwadini zanamuhla, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi uba khona okhangekayo bese ayisekho. Njengoba sazi ukuthi kungenzeka ikhambi izinkinga kumele ihlangabezane amagatsha amaningana nobe imphindza, esiphethweni elandelayo. Basic ezakhiwe algorithmic (lwento, branched, eyindilinga) kukhona eziyisisekelo. Eqinisweni, abakubonisayo "iyunithi kwesakhiwo" ngayinye imiyalelo okuthiwa.

algorithm komugqa

Njengoba kubonakala kahle ngenhla, omunye algorithm kukhona komugqa futhi non-eqondile. Cabanga samuntu kuqala. Bakwenzelani ukuyibiza ngani? Zonke elula kakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi wonke izenzo ukuthi idlalwa e-algorithm, ngokusobala ukuqaliswa esingaguquguquki zonke izinyathelo lokwelekelela ngezindawo. Ngokuvamile, lezi imisebenzi mancane futhi abe ezingeni eliphansi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Isibonelo algorithm komugqa kungaba inqubo kulungiselelwa itiye:

1. Uthele amanzi embizeni.
2. Beka iketela phezu kwesitofu ukubilisa.
3. Thatha inkomishi.
4. Thela inkomishi yetiye.
5. Engeza ushukela.
6. Ngemva amanzi abilayo batheleka inkomishi.
7. Thatha ngesipuni.
8. Govuza ushukela.

Ukuhlela eziyisisekelo izakhiwo algorithmic - esindayo idili ngokwanele, kodwa uma kuyindodakazi algorithm yomugqa, ngokuvamile kulula kakhulu eyisebenzisa.

ekhelini algorithm

Kanjani ukuba siqonde ukuthi algorithm ekhelini? Kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi une ukukhetha izifundo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu isinyathelo, kuye ngokuthi ukusebenza noma izimo ukwehluleka. indlela ngamunye ngokuthi igatsha.

Isici esiyinhloko ekhelini algorithm ukuba khona igatsha okunemibandela. Kwenzeka ngesikhathi sesivivinyo isisho iqiniso noma amanga.

izimpawu Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi okunengqondo ivezwa "mbalwa kuna", "ngaphezulu", "ngaphansi noma ilingane", "okungaphezulu kophawu noma elilingana", "elilingana", "ayilingani. ' Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona embodiments lapho isimo ezihlobene nomunye ngomyalo kanye (u) noma (noma).

Isibonelo algorithm enjalo kungaba isixazululo senkinga elandelayo: uma isisho ((x + 3) / 1) ilingana inombolo efanele, khona-ke sibonisa Chile esikrinini, uma omubi - ukwazisa umsebenzisi mayelana nephutha.

Simple okwanele umkhuba lokusebenzisa i-design algorithmic eziyisisekelo. Amagatsha ingenye yezindlela ezivamile ukuxazulula.

umjikelezo Deterministic noma umjikelezo esiphikisayo

Ukushintshashintsha kwezinkathi esiphikisayo - umjikelezo esifaka kwenombolo olushintsha nge isinyathelo inani elithile. Isinyathelo kuchazwe ngumsebenzisi noma ebekwe uhlelo lapho ebhalela isofthiwe. Iningi izilimi kulo mjikelezo isebenzisa i-opharetha ngokuba.

Ukuze uhlelo ukubonisa imigqa emibili izikhathi 4:

1. "Uzizwa unjani?"
2. "Awu, ngiyabonga!"
3. "Uzizwa unjani?"
4. "Awu, ngiyabonga!"

Kufanele udale umjikelezo deterministic. Niyayibona injani? Sisebenzisa ulimi "Pascal" ngoba bezibona kangcono design.

1. Ukuze i: = 1 2 do:

- i kuyinto umjikelezo esiphikisayo, inquma inani ezinikezwa ku-loop.

2. Qala (evulekile Ubakaki ojikayo imishwana ezimbili Umjikelezo umzimba kanye okuphindaphindiwe ndawonye.)

3. Writeln ( 'kanjani wena?'):

- izwi lisho writeln isiphetho imishwana ngokutholakala izingcaphuno olulodwa.

4. Writeln ( 'Fine, sibonga').

5. End.

6. i: = i + 1.

Njengoba ubona, kulula kakhulu ngisho ejabulisayo yokusebenzisa design algorithmic eziyisisekelo. algorithm Basic ngempela eyaziwa kahle, ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukubhala izinhlelo.

Cycle nge postcondition

Cycle nge postcondition kungaba liphindwe i nenani elinganqunyiwe eliku-izenzo ngaphandle ekufakeni besokunxele opharetha noma amagama ayingxube. Ngeke abulawe okungenani kanye. It usebenza umjikelezo kuze isimo kungamanga. Yena uyama at kumiswa izinkomba ezifanele. Kulesi algorithm ke yakhiwe. Basic ukwakhiwa algorithmic yalolu hlobo lomsebenzi kule ijubane ethile.

Ukuze Ukuzaliseka umjikelezo kudinga design Phinda A kuze B. Ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "uphinda izinyathelo kuze isimo kungamanga." Ngakho, it is esashiwo A uqobo inqubo ukuphindaphinda ngokusebenzisa B - idatha umphumela kufanele uthathe inani elifanele.

Cycle nge umbandela

Cycle nge postcondition wakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi wenziwa okungenani kanye noma kunjalo. Nokho, zikhona izimo lapho umjikelezo liyadingeka endabeni isimo, futhi akufanele kwenziwe ukungabi khona ukuphinda. Kungenjalo, umphumela uyoba ayilungile. Kuyinto kuleli cala iluphu nge umbandela. Ukwakha kudingekile design «ngenkathi A ukwenza B». Ithimba lokuqala ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "isikhathi eside." A - nemibandela, bese - izenzo kuzophindwa. Lonke design kusho "kuze kube isimo kuyiqiniso, isenzo."

Zonke ezinkulu algorithmic umsebenzi design kuphela ezimweni ezithile. Yiziphi kumjikelezo nge umbandela? Uma uphindwe isinyathelo angaphezu kwelilodwa, kodwa eziningana, kufanele usebenzise noma izitatimende kwakwakhe, noma kubakaki ekhethekile. Umjikelezo Kungenzeka yini abulawe uma isimo akulona iqiniso uma ufaka kuwo. Ngakho, isenzo kuzophindwa uma ilungile.

I-algorithm asizayo

I-algorithm asizayo isetshenziswa nangezinye izinqubo ngokucacisa igama layo kuphela. He is a imiklamo emikhulu algorithmic asisebenzi. Ezilimini izinhlelo inqubo enjalo senzo ngokuthi isimiso. Ukuze iwenze ube lula umsebenzi ikhodi, bese ukuxazulula kalula izinkinga zonke senzo zenziwe eyodwa, okuyinto i-algorithm asizayo. Ngamunye wabo ungase ubuze igama lakhe, okuvumela kamuva ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuxhumana naye.