Prague Chimes: Umlando nokudweba

I-Clock Astronomical Clock (i-Orloj) iyinhlangano yehora lesikhathi esidlule, elibekwe ePrague egcawini lesidala saseKapa. Zitholakala engxenyeni yaseningizimu yombhoshongo weHholo LaseDolobheni Elidala. Ngokweminyaka, amawashi asezinkanyezi ayingxenye yesithathu emhlabeni. Ngendlela, bangokudala, kodwa basebenza.

Ah, yeka ukuthi ama-chimes asePrague amahle kangakanani! I-Orloj inezici ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezibekwe embhoshongweni ngokuqondile. Ingxenye yayo eyinhloko ifakwe ukudayela kwezinkanyezi okubonisa iBabiloni, i-Old Bohemian, yanamuhla (iYurophu Ephakathi) kanye nesikhathi se-stellar, isikhathi sokushona kwelanga nokuphuma kwelanga, izigaba zenyanga, isikhundla sezindikimba zasezulwini phakathi kwamaqembu ezinkanyezi zendilinga yezinkanyezi.

Ezingxenyeni zombili zewashi lezinkanyezi kukhona izibalo ezihamba njalo ngehora. Phakathi kwabo, ovelele kakhulu yi-statuette of Death, ebulawa ngesimo somzimba wesintu. Ngenhla, ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele bezithombe eziphakathi kwamatshe wezingelosi kufakwa amafasitela amabili, lapho ihora ngalinye, lapho kulwa khona impi yama-chimes, izithombe zabaphostoli abangu-12 zivela ngokuhlukile. Ngaphezulu kwesithombe setshe sekherubi iqhude legolide elikhala lapho abaphostoli beqedela ukuhamba kwabo.

Ngaphansi kokudayela kwezinkanyezi kukhona ikhalenda eyodwa, ongayinquma inyanga yonyaka, ngempelasonto, usuku lwesonto, kanye namaholide angashintshi wamaKristu. Ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele bayo futhi izithombe eziqoshiwe.

Ilungelo

Ama-chimes asePrague afakwa embhoshongweni wesakhiwo sase-Old Town. Ngo-1338, abantu baseDolobheni Elidala, uMbusi uJan waseLuxembourg, banikeze ilungelo lokuba nehholo lelidolobha. Ngemva kwalokhu, ngezidingo zangasese, indlu yangasese ithengwe kumthengisi uVolfin waseKamene. Okokuqala, lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa kabusha ngokuhambisana nezidingo zoMkhandlu Womuzi, bese kuthi ngo-1364 kwakhiwe umbhoshongo. Iwashi lafakwa kuyo, okukhulunywe ngaye okokuqala ngo-1402. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yesondlo sokunganaki, maduzane kwakudingeka bawuthathe isikhundla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wadalwa ngu-Orla.

Ngakho-ke, siyaqhubeka sifunda izinkukhu zasePrague. Ukudayela kuyi-watch watch kanye ne-mechanical izingxenye ezindala kakhulu zika-Orloi, ezenziwe ngo-1410. Lezi zakhi zadalwa ngumlindi wokubuka iMadkulash waseKadani emsebenzini we-astronomer kanye nesazi sezibalo uJan Schindel. Ukudayela kwezinkanyezi kunomdwebo oqoshiwe, okwakwenziwa yi-workshop yomdwebi odumile waseCzech nomdwebi uPeter Parlerzha. Ngokokuqala ngqa, u-Orloi ukhulunywe kumqulu we-Okthoba 9, 1410. Kulo, i-Mikulash esuka eKadani ibhekwa njengomlindi ovelele futhi owaziwayo, owadala ama-astraloby chimes endaweni yasendulo yasePrague.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuleli phephandaba uMkhandlu womuzi nabadala bahlambalaza umdwebi u-Albert (owayengumlondolozi wangaphambili) ngokunakekelwa ngokucophelela amahora angaphambilini futhi adumisa uMikoláš ngomsebenzi wakhe ovelele. Le dokhumenti ithi futhi njengomvuzo womsebenzi ochwepheshe bawuthola indlu evela eHael Gate, emzini ka-3,000 we-Prague kanye nesabelo saminyaka yonke esingu-600 groschen.

Iphutha lomlando

Olunye ulwazi lwe-documentary mayelana ne-Orloj luvele ngo-1490. Ngaleso sikhathi uJan Rouget wasePrague, owaziwa ngokuthi unkosikazi kaHanoush, walungisa le divayisi, wanezela isithombe sokuqala sokufa kanye nokudonsela phansi ngekhalenda. Lezi zithuthukisi ezimangalisayo kanye neminyaka engama-80 yokukhohlwa kwabadali bokuqala zathonya iqiniso lokuthi kwakunguHanush inkosi okwakuyiminyaka engama-450 ebizwa ngokuthi uMdali we-Orloi. Iphutha lomlando labonakala ngisho nasendalwaneni, ngokusho ukuthi ilungu lekhansela lasePrague layala ukuthi liphuphuthekise uchwepheshe uGanush, ukuze angaphinde aphinde enze umsebenzi wakhe nakwezinye izindawo. Lolu lwazi luvame kakhulu phakathi kwabahlakaniphileyo, ngenxa yomlobi uJirásek Alois, owenezela "ezinkulumweni zakhe zakudala zaseCzech" (1894).

U-Ian Rouget cishe wayenendodana eyamsiza iminyaka eminingi. Nguye owalandela u-Orloi kwaze kwafika ngo-1530. Lo mbonisi uqhathaniswa noJakub Cech, umdali we-watch yokubuka yaseCzech yokuqala. UJakub wayengenalo umfundi, kanti u-Orloj wahlala engenakekelwa ngokwanele.

Ngo-1552, izikhumba zasePrague zokukhonza i-Yan Taborsky ezimisiwe. Walungisa futhi wavuselela umkhiqizo wamanje, futhi waqoqa imfundo yakhe ephelele yezobuchwepheshe. Kulo dokhumenti uJan Taborsky, okokuqala, ubiza ngokungalungile umlobi wewashi lokushisa uJan Rouget. Iphutha livele ngenxa yokuchazwa okungalungile kwamarekhodi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1962, waqondiswa isazi sezinkanyezi saseCzech kanye nesazi-mlando uZdeněk Gorski, ohlola umlando wesayensi.

Insindiso ye-Orloj

Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo ama-chimes asePrague ayema izikhathi eziningi ngenxa yokungabikho kwabaqaphi abanomsebenzi kanye nezikhathi ezimbalwa. Ngo-1629 no-1659, i-watch yayilungiswa, ngesikhathi lapho indlela yabo yokuguqula isuswe isuka embhoshongweni, futhi isibalo "sabangane" sokhuni sabonakala ku-Death of. Phakathi nalokhu kulungiswa, uhlelo olufihliwe, olukhethekile lokuthutha inyanga lwakhiwe, lubonisa izigaba zalo.

Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka ama-chimes asePrague ayemi engenamandla. I-Prague ekhulwini le-XVIII alizange ilinake isimo sabo esibucayi. Ngenkathi ngo-1787 abanikazi bakha kabusha ihholo ledolobha, u-Orloy wayefuna ngisho nokwemba izinsimbi. Amahora avela ekufeni ahlangula abasebenzi basePrague Clementinum: umphathi wesitoreji, uProfesa Strnad Antonin, wathola izinsizakalo zokulungisa futhi, kanye no-watchmaker Simon Landsperger, ngo-1791 balungiselela kancane. Eqinisweni, wakwazi ukuqala kuphela idivayisi yokubuka, futhi i-astrolabe eyonakalisiwe yahlala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenezelwa izithombe zabaphostoli. Ukuqothulwa kuka-Orloi kwenziwa ngo-1865-1866: zonke izingxenye zendlela yazo zalungiswa, kufaka phakathi i-astrolabe, isifanekiso se-rooster sanezelwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ke umculi uManes Josef wachaza i-disc ekhalenda ephansi. Futhi ukulawula ukunemba kochwepheshe beka umlindi wesibindi uBozhek Romuald.

Ukulimala

Amakhosi amaningi adala ama-chimes ePrague. I-Czech Republic iyaziqhenya ngalomsebenzi wobuciko. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iwashi lalinomonakalo omkhulu. E-Prague ngo-1945, ngoMeyi 5, kwavukela ukuvukelwa kwamaNazi. Emzini kwakukhona ukulwa ezindaweni zonke, kwakhiwa izindlu. Izingxabano ikakhulukazi ezinenkani zazibhekwa phakathi nendawo, eduze nesakhiwo se-Czech Radio, esithathwe yizihlubuki. Izihlubuki, besebenzisa umsakazo we-radio ezibekwe embhoshongweni weHholo LaseDolobheni LaseDolobheni, zadlulisela izimemezelo kubantu baseCzech.

EPrague kwakuyizingxenye zeqembu lamaJalimane lamaqembu "Isikhungo". Yilabo abazama ukuvimbela ukuvukela nokuphazamisa ukusakaza. Ibutho laseJalimane ladubula ukwakha iHholo LaseDolobheni LaseDolobheni LaseDolobheni LaseDolobheni LaseDolobheni Lase-Old Town ngezibhamu zokulwa ne-antiaircraft nge-projectiles engavuthayo, okwakusatshiswa ngoMeyi 8, 1945. Khona-ke u-Orloj wahlupheka kakhulu emlilweni: i-disk yezinkanyezi yawa phansi, futhi ikhalenda yokudayela kanye nezithombe zamapulangwe zabaphostoli bashisa phansi.

Ukubuyisela

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-July 1, 1948, ama-chimes avuselelwa ngokugcwele: abafowethu uJindřich noRudolf Vesetský balungisa imininingwane ephukile futhi ephikisiwe yewashi le-clockwork futhi baqoqa futhi, futhi ochwepheshe bezinkuni wanquma izifanekiso ezintsha zabaphostoli. Ukulungiswa kokugcina okuncane kuka-Orloi kwenziwa ngo-2005. Namuhla lokhu kudalwa okungu-3/4 kunemininingwane endala.

Ukudayela ngezinkanyezi

Kungani abantu abaningi befuna ukubona iwashi lasePrague? Izibonakaliso zezinkanyezi ezivezwe kulobu buciko obuhle zihlaba umxhwele wonke umuntu. Ukudayela i-Orloy iyi-astrolabe, ifakwe idrayivu kusukela ohlelweni lwewashi. I-Orloy ikhiqiza idivayisi ye-Ptolemaic geocentric yezwe: maphakathi noMhlaba, lapho iNyanga neLanga lijikeleza khona.

Emlandweni wombala omileyo we-disk wezinkanyezi obonisa isibhakabhaka noMhlaba, lezi zakhi ezilandelayo zihamba: amasongo angaphandle kanye ne-zodiacal, izimpawu ezinezimpawu zenyanga ne-Sun kanye nesandla sehora lesandla ngengalo yegolide kanye ne-asterisk ekugcineni. Ngokungafani newashi elula, ayikho isandla sehora lapha.

Ukudayela kwekhalenda

Yini enye uPrague Chimes adumile? Amahora wekhalenda ka-Orloj aqale aklanywa nguJan Rouget (master Hanuse) ngo-1490. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-chimes ekuqaleni ayehlanganisa kuphela ukudayela kwezinkanyezi. Ikhalenda yokuqala disk, ngeshwa, ayizange iphile. Inguqulo yayo yamanje yenziwe ngumlobi we-archive K. Ya. Erben wasePrague ngenkathi kubuyiselwa ngo-1865-1866, ngokusekelwe kukhophi eqhubekayo ka-1659, eyayisekelwe ezithombeni zasendulo. Ngo-1865-1866 i-disk ikhalenda yayidwetshwe ngumculi uManes Josef. Yingakho ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi ukudayela kweManes.

I-sculptural decoration of chimes

Sisazi ukuthi yini okuthiwa ama-chime asePrague. I-Orloj yigama labo eliphakathi. Izithombe, ukuhlobisa, zadalwa amakhulu eminyaka. Yingakho abanayo umbono owodwa wokudala. Kukholelwa ukuthi itshe eliqoshwe ngamatshe, ukuhlobisa i-disk yezinkanyezi, nokudweba kwengelosi engxenyeni engenhla ye-Orloi, yenziwe ngumbuthano kaPeter Parler. Zonke ezinye izindawo zivele kamuva.

Ngokuphindaphindiwe kwakhiwe izithombe zewashi, ngezinye izikhathi zenziwa kabusha, ezasusa incazelo yazo eyinhloko. Ngenxa yalokho, kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-chimes.

Amandla angaphezu kwamandla

Abantu abanokucabanga kwangesikhathi esidlule bakholelwa ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhiwo singathinteka kakhulu ngenxa yamandla angaphezu kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, bawuhlobisa ekhaya ngemininingwane ehlukahlukene yokuphepha. Njengoba i-Orloj isesitebeleni sesakhiwo sezwe (sasingavunyelwe isikhala sethempeli), isidingo sokuqamba amanga sanda. Ngakho, phezulu kobuciko obuphezulu bePrague buqashwe yiqhude, i-basilisk nengelosi.

Ephahleni elithambile kukhona izidalwa zenganekwane - basilisk ezimbili, ezikwazi shazi ukuguqula zonke izinto eziphilayo zibe ngamatshe. Ngamunye wabo unamaphiko amabili, umlomo wezinyoni, umsila oshaywayo nomzimba wenyoka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-basilisk yazuza udumo ngenxa yesihloko senkosi yenyoka. Iqhude elibukeke liwuphawu lasendulo lokuqapha nokuqhaqhazela, okuhlangene neLanga nosuku olusha, olubekwe ngaphansi kophahla lwama-clock. Amakholwa athi ukukhala kokuqala kwaleli nyoni ukuthi amandla angcolile alawula ebusuku aphela.

Isifanekiso esiphezulu sezingxenye ezingaphezulu kwewashi yisifanekiso sengelosi enezinhlangothi. I-Divine Messenger ibamba ibhande elixubha ngomyalezo ongeke ukwazi ukufunda namhlanje. Ingelosi ibhekwa njengesithombe esidala kunazo zonke futhi isilwa nenkani emelene namabutho amnyama. Ihlala engxenyeni ye-cornice, ngaphansi kwayo ibeka itekisi yamatshe ngokuphelele engaziwa. Abanye bathi kuyinkomba yenyoka, abanye bathi umqulu onombhalo ongaziwa. Ezingxenyeni zombili zesibalo sengelosi kunamafasitela amabili, lapho ihora khona kunezithombe ezibaphostoli abangu-12.

Sithemba ukuthi ujabulele indaba yethu mayelana nama-chimes asePrague, futhi unesifiso sokubona lo mbono owubuciko.