Per Ferma: Biography, izithombe, izinto kwi-mathematics

Per De Fermat - omunye ososayensi emlandweni waseFrance. impumelelo yayo zihlanganisa nokudalwa kwemisebenzi ezifana imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwenzeke nezinamba, abengumsunguli wako ka theorems ezidumile owathola izakhiwo eziningana zezibalo. Kusukela esemncane kakhulu abazali bakhe alalelwa kakhulu imfundo indodana kungenzeka baye baba nethonya ekwakhekeni ingqondo grand. Njalo ezolile futhi eyingqabavu, yonke into eziyibonayo futhi azinabo efuna futhi okwatholakala - konke Per Ferma. Mfushane biography podcherpnut ukusiza umfundi ukuthola zonke kumnandi yalesi ubuntu omkhulu Math.

kusaqalwa

Pierre wazalelwa e-France. Ungomunye namaphayona wabasunguli be -mbono yokuziphendukela izinombolo, kanye geometry kohlaziyo.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside kuthiwa Per Ferma wazalwa ngo 1595 e Toulouse, kodwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka-nesishiyagalolunye emzini Beaumont ezinqolobaneni watholakala inothi lapho kwakuthiwa ehlobo lika-1601, i-noyikhansela Dominique Fermat nomkakhe kuzalwa indodana Pierre. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Dominique Ipulazi kwaba lomuntu ohlonishwayo kakhulu emzini ezaziwayo. Yena wayengumbulali isikhumba umthengisi. Pierre wachitha esengumntwana eduze kwabazali bayo, futhi lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuba uthole imfundo, waya Toulouse - edolobheni abaseduze namanyuvesi. umthetho wafunda kahle e-University of kwebhentshi wanika Pierre ithuba ukusebenza ummeli, kodwa umuntu osemusha wanquma ukuya inkonzo isimo. Ngo-1631 Pierre waqokwa ukubeka imali umeluleki e iPhalamende Toulouse. Ngalesi sikhathi epulazini wayesevele eshade indodakazi amaKhansela, lapho ayesebenzela. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakuthakazelisa esinokuthula kakhulu futhi bazole. Kodwa sibonga kuye, namuhla, abantu ukutadisha wezibalo bangafunda okuningi ukwaziswa okuthakazelisayo ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngisho kukharikhulamu esikoleni ngenkuthalo igxile ngesihloko esithi "Per Ferma nokwatholakala yakhe."

Passion umlando

Lapho esemusha, sezibalo esizayo adumile njengoba isazi esizidlula zonke emlandweni (ikakhulukazi lasendulo), usizo lwakhe encwadini afinyelelwe zabuna ngesiGreki. Yena ubeke amazwana imisebenzi Sinezuga, Athenaeum, Polyunusa, Frontinus, Teona Smirnskogo, wenza izinguquko kumbhalo USextus Empiricus. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kalula engenza uphawu lwakhe njengenhlangano isazi ngesiGreki oluvelele.

Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi wakhetha inkambo ehlukile, sabona ukukhanya okukhulu yayo cwaningo ezidlula. Futhi ngakho abantu abaningi bazi ukuthi Per Ferma - Mathematics.

Umsebenzi kokuphila kwakhe lapho yabe seyaziwa ikakhulu ngeposi olubanzi ukuthi Fermat ababeba nazo nabanye ososayensi. Ukuqoqwa imisebenzi, okuyinto eye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwenza, futhi engakaze awenziwanga. Empeleni, lena yi okunengqondo lapho umthwalo umsebenzi oyinhloko egcekeni. Lapho Pierre ukuphila noyedwa isisindo yemisebenzi yakhe ziye zanyatheliswa.

Per Ferma: okutholakele kwi-mathematics

Omunye imisebenzi yakuqala emkhakheni wezibalo e-Fermat - resumption imibhalo emibili labalahlekile Apollonius izincwadi esithi "Kuyi phansi flat". Pierre sokunconywa kakhulu isayensi iningi ayibone esethulweni izibalo zama-engela kohlaziyo of infinitesimals. Wenza lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu 1629. Futhi kule eko ngasekupheleni, Per Ferma wathola izindlela lokuthola tangents futhi extrema. Futhi esikhathini 1636-m ngokugcwele ligcwaliswe incazelo indlela okwatholakala idluliselwe ezandleni Mersenne, futhi nale ayengasakwazi ukufunda yinoma ubani.

Le mpikiswano nge Descartes

Eminyakeni 1637-38 sezibalo French Per Ferma ngendlela okusheshayo phikisana sezibalo ngokulinganayo oluvelele Rene Descartes. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva impikiswano emhlabeni "indlela yokuthola esiphezulu kanye nabathengisi." Descartes abaqondi indlela futhi bengaqondi ukuthi kuthiwani, ngenxa yaleso sizathu wayebulele ukugxekwa ngokuphathwa ngokungenabulungisa. Ehlobo lika-1638 Per Ferma wathumela Mersenne Descartes ukudlulisa imininingwane ebuyekeziwe kanye acebile isethulo indlela yakhe. Encwadini yakhe kubonakala esivaliwe yakhe, ngoba kulotshiwe ukuthi ngendlela ezomile kakhulu futhi ezolile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona indida ezithile. Encwadini yakhe equkethwe ihlaya ngqo ngisho ukungaqondi Descartes. Leli pulazi elingu-akukaze langena polemic olungenangqondo ngokuphahluka, wayehlale wanamathela a amathoni bushelelezi futhi abandayo. Kwakungeyona mpikiswano, kodwa kunalokho, ingxoxo sasifana ingxoxo yayo yonke ibhayisikobho uthisha nomfundi, kuyinto bengayiqondi.

Systematics ukubala izindawo

Ngaphambi Pierre Fermat izindlela kwezakhiwo lokuthola saklanywa Cavalieri Italy. Nokho, ngo-1642 Fermat wathola indlela yokuthola izindawo abavaleleke yinoma yimuphi "parabola" futhi "ihaba." Wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi indawo cishe noma yikuphi bobunjwa angenamkhawulo usengakwazi zinenani ezilinganiselwe.

Inkinga ukulungiswa kwananoma Curves

Omunye wabantu bokuqala baqala ukutadisha inkinga ka Computing arc ubude Curves. Wakwazi ukuletha ikhambi ekutholeni isikhala. Ukuze abale endaweni ukwehlisa zonke izinkinga ku Curves. Yahlala iconsi ukuze ufake umqondo omusha watibona ngaphezulu "ebalulekile".

Esikhathini esizayo, yonke indlela kube nomphumela omuhle yencazelo "isikhala" kwaba ukuthola ubuhlobo "indlela tangents futhi extrema". Kunobufakazi bokuthi epulazini oboné ubuhlobo ecacile, kodwa ayikho imisebenzi yakhe akuvezi lo mbono.

Ngokungafani iningi ozakwabo mayelana naleli cala, Per De Fermat kwaba sezibalo sangempela futhi ungalokothi wazama ukuhlola kwamanye amagatsha yesayensi. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umnikelo salo esinamandla ukuze wonke wezibalo kujule kanjalo futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu.

On imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo

Into ebaluleke kakhulu umnikelo Ipulazi kwi-mathematics ne kuze kube yilolu suku kubhekwa ukudalwa eyala entsha ngokuphelele - inombolo theory. Usosayensi kulo umsebenzi wakhe, waba nesithakazelo izinkinga izibalo ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi yasungulwa futhi ukuqagela yena. Ngo inqubo yokuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo owaphakanyiswa izinkinga, Fermat ngokuvamile ukuthola into entsha ngokuphelele futhi eyingqayizivele. algorithm okusha nemithetho, theorems futhi izakhiwo - konke kanye kwakheka isisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinombolo, manje eyaziwa zonke wesikole.

Iqhaza nemisebenzi ezinye izazi

Ngakho, Per Ferma wathola imithetho izinombolo yemvelo wabakhwelisa phakade. Ekuqhubeni izinombolo zemvelo abizwa ngokuthi "ifayela echaza ifomu emkhakheni we-arithmetic." Esinye sazo edumile "ifayela echaza ifomu kancane." Ngemva kwalokho Euler yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula icala ekhethekile umsebenzi walo. It is eyaziwa ukuthi kwaba umsebenzi Pierre Fermat ebuzwa ngesisekelo ifayela echaza ifomu Lagrange mayelana isamba 4 tikwele.

ifayela echaza ifomu zokugcina Fermat sika

Yiqiniso, iningi imisebenzi Pierre ivelele ngokuba theorem lwakhe olukhulu futhi enamandla. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ngisho namashumi eminyaka, ukuba 'zephule ikhanda "le zezibalo enkulu, futhi ngisho nangemva yanyatheliswa ngo-1995, izindlela ezintsha futhi ezahlukene kakhulu ubufakazi Namanje oza umnyango noma ukuchema kuzo zezibalo emayunivesithi amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Nakuba epulazini ushiye kuphela nezifinyezo emishikashikeni yabo nolwazi kusele izingxenyana nje ze okuyikhona emenza kuvulwa nezinye geniuses eziningi ovelele kwi-mathematics. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe wawubizwa ngokuthi ingenye ohlonishwa kakhulu futhi endala izikole eziphakeme France - Lyceum yaqanjwa Pierre de Fermat e Toulouse.

usosayensi ukufa

Ngesikhathi asebenzayo emkhakheni wezibalo Ipulazi ngokushesha ngempela ihamba phezulu umlandu ekhotho. Ngo-1648, Pierre waba yilungu zeNdlu izimemezelo. Ngakho okuthunyelwe okusezingeni eliphezulu walifakazela isikhundla esiphezulu nososayensi.

Ngo Castres, lapho ipulazi kwaba iSimemezelo, efa ngo-ophumayo elandelayo enkantolo kweseshini. Death wafika wezibalo kweminyaka eyi-64. Indodana endala kwenziwe usosayensi wathatha uyise ukuletha imisebenzi abantu zazikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi zala nocwaningo lwakhe.

Lokhu kwaba Per Ferma. Umlando wakhe lwalunamandla, futhi ukuphila washiya uphawu ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ekuqhubeni le giant wezibalo ayikwazi overestimated futhi phansi, ngoba isisekelo kubacwaningi abaningi. Per Ferma, izithombe (ekumeni) banikwa esihlokweni, kwadingeka uhlamvu oqinile, eyachitha konke ukuphila kwayo lwamsiza ukuba afinyelele imigomo yakhe.