Njengoba yelikhono begazi ngokuthi? I-enzyme njengembangela yelikhono yemvelo

Umzimba womuntu libizwa ifektri kwamakhemikhali ngokuphelele ngeze. Phela, njalo ngomzuzu kwayo okwenzeka izinkulungwane, amakhulu ezinkulungwane namachibi, cleavage, yokutakula nezinye ukusabela. Lokho kubenza bakwazi ukuqhubeka ijubane elikhulu kangaka, ukuhlinzeka iseli ngasinye amandla, ukudla nomoya-mpilo?

Umqondo ekwenyuseni

Bobabili i-chemistry wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic kabanzi esikhethekile uyakwazi kuyashesha zamakhemikhali ezinkulungwaneni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyishumi. Igama lezi zakhi - "yelikhono". Ngo -chemistry wezinto kuyinto metal oxides, i-platinum, isiliva, nickel nabanye.

Isenzo sabo esiyinhloko - kumiswa izakhiwo zesikhashana ukusabela wabahlanganyeli, ngokufaka wehlise amandla ukusebenza inqubo yenziwa ngokushesha izikhathi eziningana. Ngemva kwalokho, eziyinkimbinkimbi ubola futhi ububanzi lusobala kukho ekwandeni e ukwakheka efanayo qualitative ambalwa njengoba ngaphambi kokuqala inqubo.

Kukhona izinketho ezimbili ngenxa yendlela asabela ngayo okhanda amanye amathuba yilezi:

• eyohlobo - namafutha futhi abahlanganyeli esimweni esifanayo wokuhlanganisa;
• heterogeneous - namafutha futhi laba ababa nengxenye kulo ahlukene, kukhona esibonakalayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imiphumela ephikisanayo zezakhi - inhibitor. Basuke okuhloswe ngaso ingasheshi ukusabela kunesidingo. Ngokwesibonelo, angabawa inciphise isikhathi kwi ukwakheka ukugqwala.

yelikhono ababazalayo abazalwa ezahlukene kusukela wezinto ezingaphili, ama kanye izakhiwo ngaphezulu zabo ethize. Ngakho-ke, ngo-izinhlelo ophilayo catalysis omunye.

Enzyme - kuyini?

It is wafakazela ukuthi uma umphumela izinto ezikhethekile ukuthi ukuphuthumisa izinqubo ezithile kungukuthi eyenziwa izinhlelo ophilayo, ngokuvamile i-aphula isisu ngabe kugaywe cishe izinsuku ezimbili. Ngenxa yaleso nenani lesikhathi kwakumelwe uqale izinqubo zokuwohloka futhi abolile ukudla ukudakwa. Nokho, lokhu akwenzeki, nezithelo ngokugcwele kusetshenzwe kakade futhi amahora nesigamu. Ukuzivocavoca kukhona yelikhono begazi, okuyizinto ngobuningi ekhona ukubunjwa umzimba ngamunye. Kodwa lokho abayikho futhi yisiphi isinyathelo esinjalo kusekelwe?

yelikhono eziphilayo wamaprotheni nemvelo - kukhona enzyme. isisekelo wabo - inhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo, banezimfanelo eziningi izakhiwo ezithile. Ngamafuphi nje, lo amaprotheni esiyingqayizivele uyakwazi ukwehlisa amandla ukusebenza izinqubo eziphilayo futhi eyisebenzisa ngesilinganiso kokweqa izindinganiso evamile izikhathi eziyizigidi ezimbalwa.

Kunezibonelo eziningi zama-molecule ezifana:

• catalase;
• Amylase;
• oxidoreductases;
• glucose oxidase;
• lipase;
• invertase;
• lysozyme;
• protease nabanye.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi uketshezi - yelikhono begazi bemvelo amaprotheni, okuyinto isinyathelo accelerators njengoba enamandla, ukunika amandla izinkulungwane izinqubo eziphilayo ngejubane eliphezulu kakhulu. Isenzo sabo kusekelwe ukugaya, namachibi, ukuncishiswa.

Ukufana futhi ekwenyuseni wezinto amaprotheni

I-enzyme njengembangela yelikhono ezingamagciwane ezinye izakhiwo afana wezinto ezingaphili. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

1. Thermodynamically kungenzeka kuphela ukusheshisa ukuphendula.
2. It akuphazamisi shift we yakhoibrium chemical zilingana izinhlelo kanye ijubane lokukhanya alishintshi kokubili phambili futhi ukuhlanekezela.
3. Ngenxa yalokho, ekusabeleni kukhona imikhiqizo kuphela, ekwandeni akuyona phakathi kwabo.

Nokho, ngaphandle nje ukufana, kukhona izici we enzyme.

Umehluko kuncike imvelo

yelikhono ezingamagciwane izici eziningana ethize:

1. Izinga eliphezulu selectivity. Okuyile amaprotheni uyakwazi ukwenza kusebenze kuphela yokusabela othile noma iqembu efanayo. Ngokuvamile usebenza scheme "enzyme - substrate kuyinqubo."
2. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu yomsebenzi, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo amaprotheni bayakwazi ukusheshisa yokusabela izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyishumi.
3. Enzyme kukhona sixhomeke kakhulu zezemvelo. Ingabe esebenzayo kuphela lokushisa ezithile ezahlukene. Liphinde kakhulu ukuthonywa pH. Kukhona ijika ekuboniseni inani eliphansi, okungu esiphezulu futhi elikhulu enzyme ngamunye.
4. Kukhona compounds ekhethekile okuthiwa effectors, ukuthi bayakwazi zivimbela imvelo begazi ekwandeni noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, linethonya kubo.
5. Substrate lapho enzyme isebenza, kufanele kube ngokuqinile ethize. Kukhona theory, okuthiwa ukhiye yokuvala. Uchaza indlela enzyme yesenzo substrate. I kulethe, efana ukhiye, linamathele substrate kusayithi yayo iyasebenza, futhi ukusabela isiqalisile.
6. Ngemva kwenqubo enzyme kancane noma liphele nya.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi ukubaluleka likhulu kakhulu amaprotheni yelikhono ngoba izinto eziphilayo. Nokho, isinyathelo kwabo kuncike emithethweni ethile kanye imvelo avalelwe.

Ucwaningo catalysis esikoleni

Njengengxenye yohlelo lokufunda ukufunda njengeqembu yelikhono ku-chemistry biology. Chemistry sifundo basuke wafunda ngokuya izinto ezisetshenziselwa syntheses zezimboni, ukuthola ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo. yelikhono begazi kubhekwa eklasini biology. Ibanga 9 kuhilela ekutadisheni yamangqamuzana biology biochemistry eziyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi izinga lemfundo , abafundi bathole nolwazi oluyisisekelo kanjani enzyme we ketshezi esebenzayo ezindikimbeni izidalwa eziphilayo.

Ngezinye izifundo olwenziwa ucwaningo eqinisekisa umsebenzi chemical yalezi izinto at ethize lokushisa kanye pH amabanga:

• Ukutadisha umphumela hydrogen peroxide njengoba kulethe izaqathe okuhlambalazayo kanye abilisiwe;
• nomthelela inyama (ukushisa iphathwa kanye eluhlaza), amazambane kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

I enzyme emzimbeni womuntu

Umfundi ngamunye, owazihlanganisa futhi kwakhiwa ngokwanele umugqa isilinganiso isixhumanisi kumiswa iyakwazi ngokuthi yelikhono begazi. Enzyme emzimbeni kukhona lunye ngokuqinile ethize. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi igama ejenti catalyzing inqubo ngamunye.

Ngakho, bonke enzyme yomzimba zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana:

• oxidoreductase, isib, catalase noma utshwala dehydrogenase;
• transferase - kaKenazi;
• hydrolases kubalulekile ukugayeka: pepsin, Amylase, Esilula lipase, esterase nokunye okunjalo;
• ligase, isib, a polymerase DNA;
• isomerase;
• lyase.

Njengoba zonke lezi zakhi yilezi amaprotheni ngokwemvelo, kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi amavithamini lichaza ekwakheni, umkhuhlane is kubabangele denaturing isakhiwo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ekunqanyulweni kwe zonke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kulokhu, umzimba egodini. Ngakho, izinga lokushisa komzimba okusezingeni eliphezulu liyadingeka ukuceka ngesikhathi egula.

Ukusebenzisa yelikhono iphrotheni umkhakha

Ngokuvamile, i-enzyme asetshenziswa ezahlukene izimboni :

• chemical;
• yendwangu;
• ukudla.

On emashalofini ungabona izinto zokugeza isikhumba izihlanzi enzyme okuqukethwe - lena enzyme ukuthi ngcono ikhwalithi ilondolo egeza.

Yiziphi yelikhono yemvelo?

Overestimate value abo kunzima. Phela, nabo basuke hhayi kuphela sivumele izinto eziphilayo ukuphila, baphefumule, badle, ukuzivocavoca umzimba, kodwa futhi usinikeza leli thuba ukuba abhubhise ezimbonini, bathole imishanguzo engabasiza ukuvikela nokulondoloza impilo yabo kanye nemvelo.