Njengoba Amakholwa abhapathizwe - iminwe emibili noma emithathu?

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukukhuluma ngendlela Amakholwa Old sabhapathizwa, kufanele ahlale phezu bangobani nokuthi yini indima yabo ekuthuthukiseni Russian Lobu-Orthodox. Isiphetho inhlangano yenkolo okuthiwa i-Old Amakholwa noma lesikholwa ubudala, buye baba ingxenye ebalulekile yomlando Russian futhi ugcwele isasasa futhi izibonelo ngobukhulu ezingokomoya.

I kabusha wahlukanisa-Orthodox waseRussia

Old Amakholwa, njengalo lonke ibandla isiRashiya, ekuqaleni komlando walo nyaka uma usebe Dnieper, funa ukukhanya kokholo lobuKristu elalethwa Rus Prince Volodymyr. Uma phezu inhlabathi evundile, ubu-Orthodox okusanhlamvu wanika izithelo eziningi. Kuze zamashumi amahlanu XVII inkolelo ekhulwini kuleli zwe munye, noma ngabe iliphi Uqhekeko olungokwenkolo kwakungeyona.

Ukuqala ibandla elikhulu inhlokomo kwaba izinguquko uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon umkhankaso it in 1653. Siqukethe ekuletheni Russian isikhundla yesonto kuhambisana labo yokutholwa ngesiGreki kanye neBandla waseConstantinople.

Izizathu kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni

UbuKristu, njengoba sazi, esefikile kithi evela eByzantium, futhi ngesikhathi emva eminyakeni yokuqala le Ukubhapathizwa Rus ' inkonzo eSontweni senzeka njengoba senziwa eConstantinople, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha, izinguquko eziphawulekayo benziwa kuso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngesikhathi iningi le nkathi, incwadi-ukuphrinta wayengekho lapho, futhi izincwadi yesonto akopishwa ngesandla, abazi kuphela sekungene nabaningi amaphutha, kodwa futhi zisonte incazelo yenombolo imishwana ukhiye. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon wathatha ilula futhi akazange kubonakale ezithembisa yezinkinga isinqumo.

Izisusa ezinhle inzalamizi

Wayala ukuthatha amasampula yezincwadi zokuqala, yaletha esuka eByzantium, futhi ngokuwenza kabusha ukuhumusha, ukuphindaphinda indlela wokunyathelisa. imibhalo Ngasekuqaleni Wayala ukuba bahoxe kwegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Umbhishobhi Nikon yethulwa ngesiGreki isitayela troeperstie - unezela ndawonye iminwe emithathu ngesikhathi engamele esiphambanweni.

Le isixazululo ayinangozi futhi kunengqondo uye Nokho, kubange ukusabela okufanayo ukuze ukuqhuma, futhi akhiwe ngaphakathi accordance nga it, izinguquko kobufundisi ombangela uqhekeko. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye enkulu sabantu ayikakamukeli lezi ezintsha, isukile esontweni olusemthethweni, eyaziwa ngokuthi Nikonian (egameni uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon), futhi kuwo uye wazakhela emikhulu inhlangano ethile yenkolo, ogama abalandeli nabizelwa schismatics.

Ukuhlukaniswa, okwaholela kusukela kabusha

Njengoba ngaphambili, ezinsukwini zangaphambi kabusha wabhapathizwa amakholwa ubudala, bona bangeniswa ngeminwe emibili bese enqabe khona ukuqaphela amabhuku amasha isonto, kanye nabapristi, ababezama ukwenza bakhulekele. Sasimelene neziphathimandla zenkolo wokuziphilisa, base isikhathi eside beshushiswa kanzima kwabo. Lolu suku lwaqala ngesikhathi UMkhandlu weNdawo ngo-1656.

Ngisho esikhathini Soviet, elandelwa ukunqandwa yokugcina ROC isikhundla ngokumelene Amakholwa Old, okuyinto waqinisekiswa imibhalo izinhlelo zomthetho ezifanele. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwaholela resumption of the eMiseni, okungukuthi wenhlanganyelo ngomthandazo phakathi Local Orthodox Amasonto kanye Amakholwa Old. I last kube yilolu suku bazibheke kuphela njengoba abathwali ukukhukhuleka okholweni lweqiniso.

Zingaki iminwe Amakholwa ukuba ngibhapathizwe?

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukungavumelani okukakhenoni nebandla olusemthethweni awakaze abasezinhlanganweni, futhi ingxabano njalo kwenzeka kuphela emhlabeni eceleni isiko yokukhulekela. Ngokwesibonelo, okuthile okunjengesizwe Amakholwa esiphambanweni, esikhundleni ngokungeza iminwe emibili emithathu, njalo uba libe yisizathu sokulahlwa, kanti akukho izikhalazo mayelana nokuchazwa imiBhalo eNgcwele, noma amalungiselelo main of the Faith Orthodox wayengekho.

Phela, ukuhlela ukuhlanganisa neminwe ngokuba uphawu lwesiphambano kanye Amakholwa Old, kanye nabasekeli esontweni olusemthethweni iqukethe izimpawu ezithile. Old Amakholwa ababhapathizwa iminwe emibili - Inkomba kanye maphakathi, efanekisela ezimbili natures likaJesu Kristu - waphezulu futhi womuntu. Asele iminwe emithathu ngesikhathi esifanayo ziqhubeka bezama entendeni yesandla sakho. Ziyakwazi isithombe-zintathu Blessed.

A mfanekiso ocacile ukuthi Amakholwa Old abhapathizelwa, singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela Umdwebo edumile by Vasiliya Ivanovicha Surikova "Boyar tvoix rukax". It uvozimaya ekudingisweni ahlaza kokuphefumulelwa ukunyakaza eMoscow Old Engakholwa usishukumisele ezulwini ehlanganiswe iminwe emibili - uphawu division nokuphikiswa kwekuhlela kabusha ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon.

Kepha abaphikisi babo, abasekeli ROC, wabe eseyiswa them ngaphakathi accordance nga nezinguquko Nikon, futhi isetshenziswa kube yilolu suku ukwengeza umunwe futhi kuwumfuziselo. Nikoniantsy wabhapathiza iminwe emithathu - isithupha, Inkomba kanye maphakathi ingcosana eligoqiwe (schismatics ngaso ngokwedelela ngokuthi "schepotnikami"). Lezi iminwe emithathu futhi bamele zintathu Ongcwele, kanye nesimo ombaxambili UJesu Kristu uvezwa Kulokhu ecindezelwe zesundu iringi umunwe futhi umunwe kancane.

Kufanekisa eziqukethwe uphawu lwesiphambano

incazelo schismatics Special enamathiselwe njalo yindlela ababephathwa wasisebenzisa uphawu lwesiphambano. isandla ohlangothini ukunyakaza kuzo iyafana zonke Orthodox, kodwa incazelo yakhe eyinqaba. Old Amakholwa Minca, ukubenza kuqala nokusemqoka ebunzini lakhe. Ngale ndlela ukuveza igunya likaNkulunkulu, okuyinto ekuqaleni Trinity Divine.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubeka iminwe yakhe ukuze isisu sakhe, ngaleyo ndlela benza abonisa ukuthi esizalweni Virgin Ubusisiwe Ukuzalwa ongasoleki likaJesu Kristu, iNdodana kaNkulunkulu. Khona-ke waphakamisela isandla sakhe ukuze ehlombe langakwesokudla, abonisa ukuthi umbuso kaNkulunkulu, wahlala phansi ngakwesokunene - okungukuthi, ilungelo uBaba. Ekugcineni, ukuhamba isandla ehlombe langakwesokunxele ukhumbula ukuthi izoni ngesikhathi nokwaHlulelwa Kokugcina, esihogweni, kuyothiwa bayophila oshuyuyu (ngakwesokunxele) kusukela Ijaji.

Kungani Amakholwa wabhapathiza iminwe emibili?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ingase ibe lasendulo, begxilile ngezikhathi zabaphostoli, bese yamukelwa isiko ngesiGreki iminwe emibili ngemvume kwesiphambano. Weza Russia kanye kokubhapathizwa kwakhe. Abacwaningi unobufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi ngesikhathi XI-XII eminyaka. uhlobo oluthile uphawu lwesiphambano emazweni Slavic kwakungeyona elula, futhi kwabhapathizwa njengoba kwenziwa namuhla, Amakholwa Old bonke.

Ukuvezwa lokhu singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela isithonjana owaziwa "Kristu Pantocrator" eyabhalwa Andrei Rublev e 1408 ngenxa iconostasis ka kweNyuka Cathedral uVladimir. Lowo mdwebo iisus hristos ehlezi esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi futhi vozdevshim ngakwesokunene iminwe emibili yisibusiso. Akumangalisi-ke kuyinto ezimbili, hhayi abathathu iminwe eligoqiwe uMdali jikelele kule isenzo engcwele.

Imbangela ngokushushiswa Amakholwa Old kweqiniso

Izazi-mlando eziningi zivame ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi isizathu sangempela ushushiso wayengeyena izici nemikhuba abaqhuba Old Amakholwa. Abhapathizwa iminwe emibili noma emithathu babalandeli bale nhlangano - isimiso, akubalulekile kangako. iphutha labo eyayibalulekile ukuthi laba bantu aba nesibindi obala ezingqubuzana nentando yobukhosi, ngaleyo ndlela kudale isibonelo yingozi esikhathini esizayo.

Kulokhu thina ukhuluma ngani ezingqubuzana ophakeme kwemandla embuso, kusukela imithetho ngaleso sikhathi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich asekelwe kwekuhlela kabusha Nikon sika, kanye nokwenqatshwa yayo sabantu engathathwa njengomsebenzi kuhlubuka ukweyisa olwehlela kuye uqobo. Kodwa abaholi Russian neze wamthethelela.

Old Amakholwa namuhla

Ephetha ingxoxo mayelana nendlela Amakholwa Old sebebhapathiziwe futhi wasuka lesi sinyathelo ngeke kube aphume endaweni ukubalula ukuthi namuhla, nemiphakathi yabo zitholakala cishe wonke amazwe athuthukile yeYurophu, iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika kanye e-Australia. Esikhathini Russian Old Engakholwa Church has nezinhlangano ezimbalwa, enkulu kunazo zonke zazo Lusekelwe 1848 Belokrinitskaya wokwehlayo ukumelwa izindlela uphesheya kwezilwandle. Phakathi kwalo kuletha ndawonye abangaphezu kwesigidi abakhulekeli futhi ine izikhungo zayo unomphela eMoscow edolobheni Romanian ka Braila.

Inhlangano ngobukhulu Old Amakholwa kubhekwe Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church, okubandakanya imiphakathi kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili olusemthethweni kanye nenombolo ye-non-kubhaliswe. yekuchumanisa futhi zokweluleka umzimba APC itholakala kusukela 2002 e Moscow, Russian oPhethe-WPS.