Ngobani ukuba kuhlanganwe namaKatolika. Njengoba abhapathiziwe. amaKatolika Thumela

Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu yini ebuKatolikeni futhi abangekho amaKatolika. Le ndawo ubhekwa amagatsha ubuKristu, kwakheka ngenxa koqhekeko olukhulu enkolweni, okuyinto wayedabuka 1054.

Ngobani amaKatolika? Katolika kakhulu efana iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, kodwa kukhona umehluko. Kusukela nezinye izinhlangano zenkululeko ebuKristwini enkolweni yamaKatolika izici ezahlukene umbhedesho, lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa amasiko. Catholic bajoyine "Creed" nezimfundiso entsha.

ukusabalala

UbuKatolika luvame eNtshonalanga Yurophu (eFrance, eSpain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy) kanye East (Poland, Slovakia, eCzech Republic, eHungary, ngokwengxenye eLatvia naseLithuania) amazwe kanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika, lapho othi iningi labantu. E-Asia nase-Afrika, kukhona amaKatolika, kodwa inkolo ithonya lamaKatolika abangelutho. AmaKatolika eRussia ngokuziqhathanisa Orthodox Uyi amancane. Kukhona lawo lalingaba zinkulungwane 700. AmaKatolika Ukraine baningi. Kunabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-5.

igama

Igama elithi "ubuKatolika" livela ngesiGreki futhi uhumusha yizinhlobonhlobo noma jikelele. Ngomqondo yesimanje kwaleli gama ukubizwa ngokuthi legatsha entshonalanga zobuKristu, ithobela isiko yabaphostoli. Ngokusobala, isonto kwaqondwa ngokuthi into jikelele futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga. Ngakhuluma ngalokhu okwamanje Ignatiy Antiohiysky e 115. Igama elithi "ubuKatolika" waba limise eMkhandlwini wokuqala omkhulu waseConstantinople (ngonyaka 381). The Christian Church wayebhekwa njengomuntu munye, ongcwele, lelizwe lonke futhi yabaphostoli.

Umsuka YobuKatolika

Igama elithi "isonto" kwaqala ukuvela imithombo ebhalwe (incwadi noClement waseRoma, Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, Polikarpa Smirnskogo) kusukela ngekhulu lesibili. Leli gama ngenkani kwezinto kwakufana kumasipala. Ekuqaleni kwawo-we wekhulu lesibili nelesithathu, uIrenaeus wasebenzisa igama elithi "ibandla" ebuKristwini iyonke. Ukuze ngabanye (lesifunda, sendawo), umphakathi wamaKristu lalisetshenziswa ne isiphawulo kufanele khona (sib, isonto Alexandria).

Ngekhulu lesibili, Inhlangano yamaKristu lahlukaniswa laba namalungu avamile nabefundisi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, lona wamuva ihlukaniswe Bishops, nabapristi namadiyakoni. It uhlala akucacile ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani ukuphathwa emiphakathini - bebonke noma ngamunye. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wentando yeningi yokuqala, kodwa waba monarchist nge sikhathi. Abefundisi wabusa Council Ezingokomoya eholwa Bishop. Lo mbono usekelwa izinhlamvu Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, lapho likhuluma ababhishobhi njengeqembu abaholi abangamaKristu kamasipala Syria nase-Asia Minor. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMkhandlu Ezingokomoya kwaba umzimba sokweluleka kuphela. Kodwa amandla yangempela umbhishobhi olulodwa kwadingeka esifundazweni.

Ngekhulu lesibili, isifiso sokulondoloza ukuthula isiko yabaphostoli, nomthelela ukuvela nayiziphathimandla zesonto futhi isakhiwo. Isonto kwakudingeka aqaphe okholweni, nezimfundiso futhi izimiso umbhalo. Konke lokhu, kanye nethonya iwukuxuba yamaGreki wenkolo kwaholela ekwakhekeni YobuKatolika injalo acwebile.

Ukwakheka sokugcina yamaKatolika

Ngemva division kobuKristu 1054 emagatsheni entshonalanga nasempumalanga, baba waziwa ngokuthi iSonto Lobu-Orthodox futhi. Ngemva INkathi Yezinguquko yekhulu nesithupha, bayanda ngokuvamile lusetshenziswa nsuku zonke kuze kube "zamaKatolika" kuya gama kwaqala ukwengeza igama elithi "Roman". Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umqondo benkolo 'ubuKatolika "kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene emaqenjini amaKristu abaphethe izimfundiso ezifanayo njengoba iSonto LamaKatolika, uzithobise phansi ngamandla uPapa. Kukhona futhi amabandla Uniate naseMpumalanga lamaKatolika. Ngokuvamile kuvela amandla umbhishobhi omkhulu waseConstantinople, wadlula ku kwakuwukuthi upapa, kodwa waqhubeka izimfundiso zabo namasiko. Izibonelo lesiGreki-zamaKatolika, WaseByzantium Catholic Church , nabanye.

Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo futhi postulates

Ukuze uthole ukuthi ngubani bengewona amaKatolika, kumelwe banake Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo ukholo lwabo. Wumgomo eyinhloko ubuKatolika, okuyinto liwuhlukanise evela kwezinye izingxenye zamazwe ubuKristu, kubhekwe umqondo wokuthi uPapa is ngahluleki. Nokho, siyazi Ezimweni eziningi lapho uPapa emzabalazweni amandla nethonya angene imifelandawonye udumo nge izinduna namakhosi, ngokweqile ukuhaha nokuthanda njalo phindaphinda nengcebo yabo eningi, kanye bagxambukela ezombusazwe.

Ngakusasa postulate Katolika imfundiso kaZiqu sesihlanzo, samukelwa ngo 1439 eMkhandlwini Florence. Le mfundiso isekelwe iqiniso lokuthi abantu umphefumulo ngemva kokufa iya isihlanzo, okuyinto liphakeme Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwezulu nesihogo. Elapho kuyinto ngosizo nokuvivinywa okuhlukahlukene bahlanzwe isono. Izihlobo nabangane umufi kungasiza umphefumulo wakhe ukuba babhekane nalobo bunzima iyimithandazo neminikelo. Kule kusobala ukuthi ikusasa lomuntu kwelizayo akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni ukulunga ngokuphila kwakhe, kodwa futhi phezu zezimali inhlalakahle yomkhaya wakhe.

Kuvele wumgomo ezibalulekile YobuKatolika kubhekwa mqondo ka isimo okukhethekile kwabefundisi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngaphandle asebenzise izinkonzo abefundisi, indoda babodvwa ngeke bakhone ukuthola umusa kaNkulunkulu. Kumpristi ngasemnyango iSonto kunezinzuzo abalulekile kanye nezinzuzo kuqhathaniswa ebandleni abavamile. Ngokusho enkolweni yamaKatolika, kodwa abefundisi unelungelo ukufunda iBhayibheli - kuba kungumsebenzi wakhe. Ezinye izindaba zika-abathembekile akuvunyelwe. Yekhenoni kubhekwe ncwadi kuphela ezibhaliwe Latin.

Imfundiso yamaKatolika kubangela isidingo ukuvuma ehlelekile zamakholwa phambi kwabapristi. Wonke umuntu kumele abe umambuli yabo futhi ngokuqhubekayo zibike kuye mayelana nemicabango yabo nezenzo. Singavezwa ehlelekile insindiso akunakwenzeka. Lesi simo ivumela abefundisi bamaKatolika ukuba zingene shí ezimpilweni siqu bomhlambi wakhe futhi ulawule zonke izinyathelo yomuntu. Ukuvuma izono ngokukhululeka nangokusuka njalo ivumela isonto ukuba nethonya elikhulu umphakathi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane.

amasakramente yamaKatolika

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weSonto LamaKatolika (umphakathi lamakholwa jikelele) uwukushumayela Kristu emhlabeni. AmaSakramente ezibhekwa izimpawu ezisobala ezibatshela lokhu umusa engabonakali kaNkulunkulu. Eqinisweni, it is esasungulwa uJesu Kristu ukuthi isenzo ongasenza ukuze kuzuze futhi kusindiswe umphefumulo. YobuKatolika has amasakramente ayisikhombisa:

• ubhapathizo olulodwa;
• Isiqinisekiso (isiqinisekiso);
• UKwamukelisa, noma wenhlanganyelo (Okokuqala iSidlo amaKatolika ukwamukela oneminyaka engu 7-10);
• mthetho ukuphenduka nokubuyisana (ukuvuma);
• unction ngokwedlulele;
• mthetho ubupristi (laying);
• isakramente umshado.

Ngokusho kodokotela abathile nabacwaningi kabani izimpande esukela emuva le amasakramente sobuKristu izimfihlakalo yobuqaba. Nokho, lo mbono, ngenkuthalo wagxeka zemfundiso yenkolo. Ngokwe yokugcina, ekhulwini lokuqala. e. Abezizwe lathathwa abanye rites yobuKristu.

Uyini umahluko kusuka amaKatolika amaKristu obu-Orthodox

Common yobuKatolika-Orthodox wukuthi kuyona yomibili la magatsha kobuKristu, iSonto umlamuleli phakathi komuntu noNkulunkulu. Bobabili amasonto liyavuma ukuthi iBhayibheli iyona idokhumenti esemqoka kanye imfundiso zobuKristu. Nokho, phakathi orthodox ubuKatolika, kunomehluko eziningi nokungavumelani okuthile.

Bobabili izinkomba bukhomba yokuthi kukhona uNkulunkulu oyedwa incarnations ezintathu: uYise, iNdodana noMoya oNgcwele (zintathu). Kodwa umsuka yokugcina iphathwa ngokwehlukile (inkinga Filioque). Orthodox abathi "okholweni," okuyinto ushumayela ticondze uMoya oNgcwele kuphela "evela kuBaba." AmaKatolika futhi yanezela embhalweni, "futhi le Ndodana ', eshintsha umqondo uqhosha. AmaKatolika ngesiGreki nezinye Eastern ihlelo Catholic agcinwayo okufushane Orthodox of "Creed".

AmaKatolika Orthodox aqaphele ukuthi kukhona umehluko phakathi koMdali ukudalwa. Nokho, ngokuvumelana izimiso zezwe Catholic kuba impahla ngokwemvelo. It wadalwa uNkulunkulu kusuka lutho. Ezweni impahla akukho saphezulu. Nakuba ubu-Orthodox kusikisela ukuthi indalo laphezulu ubeqhakambisa Nkulunkulu, ukuthi ivela kuNkulunkulu, njalo ukhona ngokungabonakali endalweni yakhe. Ubu-Orthodox ukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uthinte kaNkulunkulu ngezinsizi lokucabanga, t. E. Eduzane yaphezulu ngokusebenzisa ukwazi. Akukona ukwamukela ubuKatolika.

Omunye umehluko kusuka amaKatolika Orthodox wukuthi yangaphambili cabanga kungenzeka ukwethula nezimfundiso entsha. Kukhona nemfundiso kaZiqu izenzo "eziningi ezinhle kokufaneleka" osanta bamaKatolika esontweni. On osekelwe kuyo upapa angathethelela izono bomhlambi wakhe kuyinto ongummeleli kaNkulunkulu Emhlabeni. Ezindabeni zenkolo kubhekwa futhi bayona. Lokhu umbhedesho wamukelwa ngonyaka 1870.

Umehluko emicikilishweni. Njengoba abhapathiziwe

Kukhona umehluko yemikhosi, umhlobiso amasonto, nokunye. N. Ngisho inqubo umthandazo Orthodox bophezela akamuhle amaKatolika ukuthandaza. Nakuba unganakile kubonakala sengathi umehluko kwezinye izindlela ezincane. Ukuze nomuzwa-contrast ezingokomoya, imifanekiso emibili kwanele ukuqhathanisa, bamaKatolika Orthodox. Eyokuqala okuningi okufana umdwebo omuhle. Ngo-Orthodox, isithonjana engcwele. Abaningi is umbuzo, kanjani ukuba abhapathizwe amaKatolika nama-Orthodox? Esimweni sokuqala uphawu lwesiphambano ngeminwe emibili, futhi zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni - ezintathu. Wamasiko amaningi aseMpumalanga Katolika ngokungeza ndawonye isithupha, Inkomba kanye iminwe ephakathi nendawo. Njengoba abhapathiziwe ngisho? Indlela bungavami ukusebenzisa i entendeni evulekile, iminwe, aphethwe uvalwe, futhi inani elikhulu is eligoqiwe ubheke ecaleni kwangaphakathi. Lokhu kujamele nokuvuleka kwe inhliziyo eNkosini.

Nesigcino indoda

ISonto LamaKatolika lifundisa ukuthi abantu burdened isono sokuqala (ngaphandle of the Virgin Mary), okungukuthi e wonke umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni kukhona okusanhlamvu likaSathane. Ngakho-ke, abantu kudingeka umusa sensindiso, okuyinto ingatholakala ngokuphila ukholo futhi ngokwenza imisebenzi emihle. Ulwazi ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona okungukuthi, naphezu wokona womuntu, kufinyeleleke ukucabanga komuntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu ukuthi banesibophezelo sezenzo zabo. umuntu ngamunye abathandwa uNkulunkulu, kodwa ukuphela kwayo kamuva kulindeleke by ekwaHlulelweni Kugcine. kwabantu abalungile Ikakhulukazi futhi eziphatha ngokwesaba uNkulunkulu. zibekwa njengoba Saints (abagcotshwa). Ibandla uhlu kubo. inqubo Ukugcoba obulandela beatification (chargeability ukuba kwababusi esibusisekile). Ngo-Orthodox, kukhona yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi Saints, kodwa iningi ezinkolweni zobuProthestani ayenqabe.

nokuzitika

YobuKatolika sekwenza - ukukhululwa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye yomuntu esuka ngezono zabo, kanye elihambisana isinyathelo wokuhlenga ayokubeka phezu kwayo umpristi. Ekuqaleni, isisekelo ukuthola nokuzitika abangu bophezela phi izenzo ezinhle (isib, waya endaweni engcwele). Khona-ke kwaba ukunikelela ethile esivuna isonto. Phakathi Renaissance, kwakukhona ukuhlukumeza sina futhi kusakazeke, okuhlanganisa ukusakaza kwentethelelo imali. Ngenxa yalokho, uye sokucasuka imibhikisho ekuqaleni ukunyakaza beziNguquko. Ngo 1567 uPapa uPius V wanithwesa ukuvinjelwa Ukukhishwa nokuzitika imali nokuthola izinto ezibonakalayo kusho nhlobo.

Ukungashadi yobuKatolika

Omunye umehluko ezinkulu iSonto Lobu-Orthodox wukuthi bonke abefundisi le elishiwo lapha lenza a futhi akudingekile afungele ukungashadi (ukungashadi). abapristi bamaKatolika awavunyelwe ukushada ngisho nobuhlobo bobulili. Yonke imizamo ukushada ngemva kokwamukela elisezingeni igosa kuyothathwa ayivumelekile. Lo mthetho kwamenyezelwa phakathi nesikhathi uPapa Grigoriya Velikogo (590-604 GG.), Futhi ekugcineni avunyiwe ekhulwini XI.

Eastern iSonto LamaKatolika sinqatshiwe inketho ukungashadi eMkhandlwini e Trullo. YobuKatolika futhi akudingekile afungele ukungashadi isebenza kubo bonke abapristi. Ekuqaleni, izikhulu ezincane isonto babe ilungelo lokushada. Bashada madoda ayengase bagcotshwe. Kodwa Lapho uPapa Paul VI uyekwa kubo futhi esikhundleni okuthunyelwe umfundi futhi Acolyte, okuyinto okwamiswa ngalo ukuba elihlobene ne isimo umfundisi. Wabuye wasungula isikhungo of namadiyakoni impilo yonke (engahlosile phambili kwi-career isonto futhi babe abapristi). Phakathi kwabo kungenzeka amadoda ashadile.

Njengoba okuhlukile, amadoda ashadile kungenziwa sezizonke ebupristini, kodwa waguquka yamaKatolika emagatsheni ahlukahlukene amaProtestani, lapho kwakufanele bahlale futhi bangena ezinhlwini abefundisi, abefundisi njalo njalo. N. Nokho, iSonto LamaKatolika ayiboni ubupristi babo.

Manje ukungashadi kuphoqelekile zonke abapristi bamaKatolika kuyinto impikiswano eshubile. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu futhi i-United States, abanye amaKatolika bakholelwa ukuthi ukungashadi saziso kuyadingeka ukukhansela abefundisi nemonashestvuyuschego. Nokho, uPapa John Paul II ayizange isekele izinguquko ezinjalo.

Ukungashadi e-Orthodox

Ngo-Orthodox, abapristi kungaba ukushada uma umshado u izinkontileka phambi ukugcotshwa noma oda idikoni sika. Nokho, ababhishobhi kungenzeka kuphela schema encane izindela, abapristi, nabafelwa noma engashadile. ESontweni Lobu-Orthodox umbhishobhi kumele kube indela. kungenziwa Ngesikhathi san sezizonke kuphela archimandrites. Ababhishobhi awukwazi nje kube abameleli bangashadi nabashadile kwabefundisi wokuziphilisa (nemonashestvuyuschego). Ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba okuhlukile, kwabamele salezi zigaba kungase Episcopal ukugcotshwa. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho kufanele uthathe schema encane Izigodlo bese elisezingeni Archimandrite.

Inquisition

On umbuzo ngobani amaKatolika enkathini ephakathi, ungathola umbono ngokufunda umsebenzi isitho isonto, njengoba iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Kuyinto isikhungo zokwahlulela of the Catholic Church, okuyinto yayihloselwe ulwe lokuhlubuka futhi kuthiwa bayizihlubuki. Ekhulwini XII, ubuKatolika wayebhekene ukwanda ukunyakaza nokuphikiswa okuhlukahlukene eYurophu. Enye indlela ababeyisebenzisa albigoystvo (Qatar). UPapa yemfanelo ukubhekana nabo ababhishobhi. Babefanele ukuhlonza yezihlubuki, ukuba abahlulele bese uthumela ku-iziphathimandla ukuze ukuphoqelelwa lomusho. Isigwebo sokufa ivutha esigxotsheni. Kodwa imisebenzi umbhishobhi ayengathobekile ngempumelelo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, uPapa Gregory IX wadala ukuphenya amacala isitho izihlubuki ekhethekile ebandleni - INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Ekuqaleni aqondiswe ngokumelene Cathars, maduze waphambana zonke ukunyakaza zezihlubuki, kanye abathakathi, warlocks, abahlambalazi, infidels, nokunye.

ikundla inquisitorial

Ezihlubuki abangu ukubuthwa amalungu ahlukahlukene oda zenkolo, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa Dominicans. INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngo-Pope. Ekuqaleni, inkantolo eliholwa amajaji amabili, futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-14 - oyedwa, kodwa kwakugcwele abameli, consultant, okuyinto kunqunywa degree of "yezihlubuki." Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lamaphoyisa enkantolo wangena ummeli olungisa izivumelwano (ukufundwa okuqinisekisiwe), umqondo, udokotela (isimo elawulwa of ummangalelwa ngesikhathi kusondele), umtjhutjhisi wesahlulelo. Ezihlubuki wanikeza ingxenye yempahla, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca yezihlubuki, kanjalo nobuqotho nokungakhethi wenkantolo abakwazi ukukhuluma, ngoba kwaba nenzuzo kubona umuntu enecala lokuhlubuka.

inqubo inquisitorial

uphenyo Inquisitorial bekungelegolide izinhlobo ezimbili: jikelele futhi siqu. Ngesikhathi i-poll wokuqala iningi labantu begogobele. Esikhathini yesibili umuntu othile ukwenza amakholi ngokusebenzisa ikhambi. Ezimweni lapho ngokuthi awuzange esontfweni lakhe. Le ndoda, yafunga bengincoma ngokusuka enhliziyweni bonke ukuthi uyazi of izihlubuki futhi baqede. Inkambo uphenyo nokuqulwa kwecala agcinwe kule ekusithekeni ejulile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kabanzi Ezihlubuki bahlukunyezwa ukuthi avunyelwa kuPapa Innocent IV. Ngezinye izikhathi, nesihluku walahlwa ngisho iziphathimandla zezwe.

Abamangalelwa neze kubika amagama ofakazi. Ngokuvamile, basuke bacoshwa esontfweni, ababulali, amasela, amanga - abantu whose fakazi akazange acabangele ngisho ezinkantolo zezwe yesikhathi. Ummangalelwa wenqatshelwa ukuba ummeli. Okuwukuphela ifomu kungenzeka yokuvikela kwaba isikhalo Holy See, nakuba ngokusemthethweni sinqatshiwe inkunzi 1231. Abantu abake walahla Yamacala Ezihlubuki, kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi nengalo yomthetho. Kusukela uphenyo Akumsindisanga ngisho nokufa. Uma etholwa enecala wavuma beshonile, umlotha bakubo baphila aphume ethuneni futhi zishiswe.

simiso izinhlawulo

Uhlu nezijeziso izihlubuki wamiswa izinkunzi 1213, 1231 kanye izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Okwesithathu Lateran Council. Uma umuntu Wavuma waphenduka imbuka ngokuhamba inqubo, wamgwebela udilikajele. Le Tribunal unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa anganciphisa isikhathi sokuphila. Nokho, imisho enjalo awavamile. Iziboshwa ngenkathi igcinwe amaseli encane kakhulu, ngokuvamile shackle, ukusuthiswa amanzi nesinkwa. Ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi le musho sashintshwa saba lokujeziswa emikhunjini. namambuka ayizijaka bagwetshwa ukuba zishiswe esigxotsheni. Uma umuntu umaluju phambi le nqubo iqale kabusha it, bese eziphoqelelwe isijeziso ahlukahlukene isonto: esontweni, waya endaweni engcwele, iminikelo amasonto, ovimbelayo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba penances.

Thumela yamaKatolika

Ukuzila Ukudla ngamaKatolika iwukuba ugweme ukweqisa, ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya. Ngo ubuKatolika, okulandelayo izikhathi iphilile izinsuku:

• YokuHlawula kumaKatolika. Luthatha izinsuku ezingu-40 ngaphambi kwe-Easter.
• Advent. Four ngamaSonto ngaphambi Christmas amakholwa kufanele ucabange ukufika kwakhe okwakuseduze futhi ngokomoya igxile.
• Zonke ngoLwesihlanu.
• Usuku ezinye amaholide omkhulu wobuKristu.
• Quatuor anni tempora. Ilihumusha ngokuthi "ezine zonyaka". Lezi akuzona izinsuku olukhethekile ukuphenduka nokuzila ukudla. Umuntu okholwayo kumelwe kanye inkathi ngayinye ukudla ngoLwesithathu, ngoLwesihlanu nangoMgqibelo.
• Ukuzila Ukudla ngaphambi wenhlanganyelo. Umuntu okholwayo kumelwe sidede ukudla ihora ngaphambi iSidlo.

Okufuneka okuthunyelwe yobuKatolika-Orthodox lingama efanayo.