Ngenxa zokwenziwa isoprene iraba

Ziningi iraba semvelo esiyingqayizivele, futhi omunye tonnage kubhekwa iraba isoprene. Umkhakha ukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zemikhiqizo kanye izakhiwo ezahlukene, futhi imibono yelikhono asetshenziswe - Lithium, eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokunye okunjalo.

Kangakanani iraba

Kuyinto zokwenziwa isoprene iraba, stereoregulyaren futhi ulithola ngokusebenzisa polymerization of isoprene, afakwe aphakathi kwe-kuphela inert nge kulethe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kwenziwa, isibonelo, Ski-3. Polymerization of isoprene ikhambi kumele kube okuqhubekayo, le njongo kukhona amabhethri ezine - polymerizers eziyisithupha zazo selehlile brine.

I monomer e ingxube bagxila ukuze nambili - nanhlanu amaphesenti ke ukuguqulwa lizophakama njengoba amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu, nezokugcina amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu okushisa kusuka zero kuya kweyishumi degrees Celsius. Uma kudingeka ukuthola okusezingeni eliphezulu isoprene iraba, kudingeka ubumsulwa reagents asetshenziswe polymerization, ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ukuqina futhi Omiswe

Ukuvikela polymer kusukela namachibi, kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ingxube esebenzisa neozona phenylenediamine futhi okumele sangena polymer njengenhlangano isixazululo aqueous noma ukumiswa. Ukwehlukanisa isoprene iraba kusukela polymer njengoba imvuthuluka, i-polymer iqina exutshwa umusi kanye namanzi bese ukwethula izithasiselo okuyinto ukuvimbela agglomeration (clumping). Ngemva lokhu kuyadingeka ukushayela off the kuphela. Manje kufanele afeze decontamination izinqubo imvuthu uhlukane amanzi omiswe e umshini hobbing nebhande dryers. kungenziwa Ekupheleni inqubo ukuze bathole isoprene iraba kubhekwe njengento igcwaliswe.

Manje thina sibe ku-othomathikhi izitshalo briquetting ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Brand Ski-3 - zokwenziwa isoprene iraba, okuyinto ikhiqizwa amabhlogo we ngamakhilogremu amathathu ngamunye. I preform zihambisana polyethylene ifilimu bese ifakwa esikhwameni ezine-ungqimba ephepheni. Le filimu is ezinhle ngempela kusetshenzwe kanyekanye ne okuqukethwe, okuyinto i iraba isoprene, impahla yayo nge ukuxuba ngokuphelele lokushisa ivumela polyethylene ukuthambisa futhi mix it ne zobuningi mixer.

isakhiwo

iraba ngamunye okuyinto ayatholakala emakhemisi, has isici ayo futhi iyingqayizivele kule izakhiwo zilwane. Kwezinye rubbers amandla okuhle mechanical, kuyilapho abanye - chemical ukumelana negesi isithiyo izakhiwo, eyesithathu lingabesabi kushintsha izinga lokushisa nokunye. Properties of ngabanye rubbers zokwenziwa aphakeme zemvelo ngezindlela eziningi futhi izikhathi eziningi. Kuphela kuyaqina injoloba zemvelo ingakamiswa singcono kakhulu, futhi eka ebaluleke kakhulu imikhiqizo efana izindiza noma imoto amathayi.

Ngesikhathi kokuhlinzwa, lihlale livule uhlobo ezinkulukazi - futhi ukungezwani futhi kokucindezelwa, elibangela ngomshikisho aphakathi, ukushisa kanye nokulahlekelwa izinga. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana ephakeme kuyaqina of the irabha, wahlala isikhathi eside komkhiqizo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi iraba yemvelo ongakabi zaqhamuka ziphuma kule athikili, nokuthi isetshenziswa ukwenziwa amasondo kanye ezisindayo-duty izindiza ngesivinini kanye nezimoto. iraba Yemvelo - polymer isoprene, yingakho lo msebenzi omkhulu ka-ososayensi sisebenzela ube Analogue we zemvelo isoprene zenjoloba.

ifomula

Izinsiza zokukhiqiza iraba zemvelo sincane kakhulu. Jwayelekile ekhiqizwa ngokwemvelo iraba has ifomula C ₅ H _8, kwacaca ukuthi, kuba ngokuphelele ezifanayo ifomula yamangqamuzana isoprene akhiqizwa amalahle iraba, e imikhiqizo yokubola yayo. Inselele obhekene nayo iwukuba ukuthola indlela eyanele okungabizi. A isoprene iraba etholwe ukusabela polymerization, futhi lapha kubalulekile ukwakha ngesikhathi yokusabela. Polymerization kwenzeka ngoba: nch ₂ = C (CH ₃₎ - CH = CH ₂ ----> (-CH ₂ - C (CH ₃₎ = CH - CH ₂₎ n.

Indlela ethembisayo namanje inqubo dehydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba isopentane, okuyinto kudedelwa amagesi petroleum. Indaba kokuqala ukulungiswa isoprene kungenziwa pentane: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH _3, ngoba nge Ukushisa kanye yelikhono ibuye iguqulwe ukuze isopentane. Kukhona indlela polymerization lapho ukusabela ukukhiqiza isoprene iraba yakhiwe ukuze rubber etholwe, azifane kakhulu isakhiwo kuya zemvelo, futhi kungakho kokuba ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo esihle.

isoprene

Isoprene iyona hydrocarbon unsaturated okuqondene uchungechunge diene. Kuyinto uketshezi oluyingozi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. A iphunga ehlukile kakhulu. Isoprene iraba - monomer zemvelo njengoba kwenza bonke abanye zishintshe yayo wangena nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziningi zemvelo - isoprenoids, terpenoids nokunye okunjalo. I encibilikayo ezihogelwayo. Nge-ethanol, isibonelo, kungenzeka ezazixutshwe iyiphi isilinganiso. Kodwa emanzini ancibilikisa kabi.

Kodwa kalula yakha iyunithi isakhi isoprene iraba nge polymerization, ngenxa lapho etholwe isoprene injoloba kanye Gutta percha. Isoprene futhi ungangena basabela ngezindlela ezingafani kule copolymerization. Ngo umkhakha, ke lubaluleke, njengoba kwenzeka nge zamagama rubbers, amalungiselelo yezokwelapha ngisho ezinye izinto odoriferous. Ezweni lethu, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma zokwenziwa isoprene iraba ethuthuka isikhathi eside, futhi cishe abangamashumi amabili nane wamaphesenti ukukhiqizwa global ngayinye.

indaba

Umsuka isoprene etholwe godu 1860 pyrolysis injoloba zemvelo. pyrolysis - iyona ezishisayo (lokushisa eliphezulu), ukunwetshwa compounds eziningi wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic nemibandela ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Kamuva yaphinde yasungulwa isibani isoprene - kagesi, nge ikhoyili evuthayo, okuyothi thermally ukubola laboratories uwoyela turpentine.

IMpi Yezwe II yaletha nesidingo esikhulu kule isoprene rubbers, isoprene ngakhoke wafunda ukwenza ngezinga ezimbonini nge pyrolysis limonene. Noma kunjalo, isoprene kwakubiza kakhulu ekukhiqizweni zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Isimo sashintsha lapho watholakala indlela yokukhiqiza ke uwoyela. Khona-ke saqala ukuba uchume ubuchwepheshe ngoba polymerization isoprene.

Indima emnothweni

Into ebaluleke kakhulu uhlela ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo ezifana isoprene iraba, - ukukhetha kwesokudla indawo, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuletha ingxenyenamba lokwehlukaniswa _Kwetinsita C ₅ endaweni izinkampani eziningana ukuthi ukuqhuba ngokuhlaziya. Ukubaluleka esibili aphakeme - ngokugcina endaweni izinhlelo kabusha le hydrocarbon ezisele C ₅ ingxenyenamba.

Ngu nineties ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, eNtshonalanga Yurophu ekhiqizwa amathani ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu ka diene _5, lapho amathani amane nane ukuthi dimerized cyclopentadiene kanye amathani amabili ayizinkulungwane ezintathu - isoprene. Konke okunye - amathani abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu - babe piperylenes. Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ivolumu global zokukhiqiza isoprene anda ukuze amathani ngonyaka namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu.

izakhiwo

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, isoprene, njengoba kuye kwashiwo - kuba oluyingozi, uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, emanzini cishe zingaxazululeki, kodwa elixutshwe kunoma iyiphi isilinganiso nge ETHYL utshwala, lokuma, benzene, acetone. Isoprene uyakwazi ukwakha Izingxube azeotropic lahlukene kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ezahlukene organic. Uma sicabanga idatha spectroscopic izifundo kusobala ukuthi degrees ngisho at amahlanu Celsius iningi isoprene molecule kuthatha esitebeleni s-trans-conformation, amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu kuphela yezinhlayiya basesimweni s-cis conformation. Phakathi kwalezi zimo uthi elilingana umehluko zamandla 6.3 kJ.

I izakhiwo chemical kukhona isoprene njengoba ejwayelekile conjugate diene okungena esikhundleni ukusabela, kwalokho, chelation, cyclization telomerization. ukusabela okusebenzayo electrophiles futhi dienophiles.

isicelo

Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi isoprene, okuyinto kuveza okwamanje, isetshenziswa synthesis isoprene iraba, ezifanayo isakhiwo nezakhiwo iraba zemvelo. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi kahle ukwenziwa amathayi. umkhiqizo Okuningi khona nezinye polymerization isoprene - polyisoprene esebenzisa kakhulu kancane, ngoba izindawo Gutta-percha. Kulo zenziwa, isibonelo, ukwahlukanisa sezintambo futhi igalofu amabhola. iraba Isoprene isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa zonke izinhlobo imikhiqizo iraba, lapho inhlanganisela zokwenziwa rubbers yemvelo kanye nezinye izindlela.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukunciphisa stickiness ungeze methylstyrene-butadiene rubbers, ngaphandle ngcono ukukhathala ukukhuthazela, uma ukusonteka amaningi. Nitrites kunezelwa ukumelana-ozone nokuzabalazela ukufudumeza ukuguga. Ngakho, ukugcina iqoqo izakhiwo lobuchwepheshe rubbers isoprene sibonakalise ngokuphelele ngokwabo uma usebenzisa elihambayo amabhande, noma ukuncela hoses, ne ebhekene umshini imiphini, ekwenzeni izicathulo, wezokwelapha kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

Izingozi Environmental

Isoprene Kuqhuma kalula futhi wokhela. Ngo lokuhlala eliphezulu emzimbeni kungaholela ukukhubazeka nokufa. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukugcwaliswa asemkhathini, ngakhoke uya umzimba umgudu wokuphefumula uma isoprene is kuguquka epoxides futhi diols.

okuhlushwa High ubhekwa angu amane ngalinye imitha cubic - ngumkhawulo umthamo. lokuhlala elincane isoprene emoyeni kungaba namuphi umuntu nomphumela kwezidakamizwa, imbangela yokucasuka samehlo, isikhumba, ipheshana zokuphefumula kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila.

biology

ososayensi Modern bathole ukuthi evala isoprene adedelwa emkhathini cishe zonke izitshalo. I global ivolumu phytogenic isoprene esikalini cishe ^_(180-450). 10 ¹² amagremu carbon ngonyaka. Le nqubo yanda uma izinga lokushisa komoya iseduze amathathu degrees Celsius, futhi uma umfutho lelisetulu emisebeni yelanga ngenkathi photosynthesis ligcwele ngokuphelele. Isoprene biosynthesis fosmidomycin OAmaKristu nokuxhumana yenombolo statin. Kungani izitshalo ukwenza lokhu - bengayiqondi ngokugcwele. Mhlawumbe isoprene ubanikeza ukuzinza esengeziwe okweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto olukhulu umzingeli esebenzisa ongavikela izitshalo ngokumelene zinhlobo oksijini iyasebenza, futhi i-ozone ukuchayeka.

Futhi, ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi zamagama isoprene kusenza njalo ukuchitha NADPH futhi ATP molecule usuqala izitshalo ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis. Ngakho, kwemihlambi isoprene zivikela umonakalo photooxidative futhi perevosstanovleniya uma ukukhanya ngokweqile. Ububi kule indlela ukuzivikela kungaba carbon, okuyinto kuveza kanzima ezifana enqubeni ye-photosynthesis, kungachithwa nokuthathwa kwezinqumo ezimayelana nokwabiwa isoprene. On ezitshalweni, izazi zesayensi azizivimbanga wathola ukuthi umzimba womuntu owenziwe kahle futhi bakwazi ukukhiqiza hydrocarbon diene, isoprene, futhi phakathi kwabo yikho okuvame kakhulu.