Mustard: isithombe, ukutshalwa, ukusetshenziswa, incazelo, microscopy

Omunye izinongo hot kabanzi uthathwa njengoba lwesinaphi. Lungiselela kunzima ngempela, futhi ngokwanele omisiwe ezigugile imbewu phisa emanzini bese wengeza ukuba isisindo evuvukele ongaphakeme lokuhlushwa uviniga (apula noma iwayini) kanye nezinongo ezahlukene, ezifana isinamoni, pepper, bay leaf, Tarragon, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, anyanisi.

Mustard, esetshenziselwa ukupheka izinongo, kuyinto ezintathu izinhlobo:

• White. Cuisine yendabuko of England ibizwa ngokuthi i-English.
• Black. imbewu yayo asetshenziswa ukulungiselela edumile Dijon lwesinaphi. Kunezindlela angaphezu kwangu-20 ukupheka lokhu isinongo.
• Mustard, e-Europe ke saziwa kakhulu ngokuthi isi-Russian (ngaye futhi kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu).

incazelo

Mustard kuyinto yonyaka herbaceous isitshalo, lafinyelela ukuphakama 40-100 cm, ngenduku, impande kuqhathaniswa ababuthakathaka. On uqonde amagatsha sifanamsindvo ahlelwe amahlamvu isiqu, lapho belulaza phezulu, kuyilapho rekhodi abahlukanisiwe okuningi, ube mfushane futhi petiole. Amahlamvu ezansi kukhona enye, petiolate, ngokuvamile lirovidnoperisto-Lobed, oluhlaza, futhi lokho phezulu kakhulu - sonke, sessile, kodwa hhayi amplexicaul futhi luhlaza bluish.

Inflorescence lwesinaphi sarepstkoy - schetkovidnaya ibhulashi ukuthi kuba isikhathi eside ngokushesha esikhathini izimbali. I-perianth amane, akhiwa sepals esilinganayo, Corolla ophuzi okusagolide kanye amacembe, ngokushesha olugcwele e nail. Ngo lwesinaphi sarepstkoy - 6 stamens, emibili yayo yangaphandle futhi mfushane, ibe nezindlala uju oluncane ngasesinqeni; ngaphambi ezimbili ezinde, kukhona kunye amakhulu ensimbi. I pistil siqukethe esibelethweni-umgodi futhi inhlamba capitate.

Izithelo lwesinaphi ngendlela eqondile, mncane, lumpy pod obuphelele kusukela 7 kuya ku-12 mm. I ububanzi we imbewu - 1 mm, umbala wabo kungaba omnyama-bluish nsundu noma ogodweni ophuzi. Izimbali lwesinaphi kuyinto ngoMeyi, nezithelo yokuvuthwa - Juni.

Lapho kutholakala?

Mustard absently likhula Central Asia, enyakatho yeChina, eMongolia kanye Southern eSiberia. Lesi sitshalo kungatholakala kokubili ezonini asemaqeleni, futhi izwe eliseduze kwakwa-imigwaqo singenamuntu. Hlukanisa emkhatsini bomdabu kanye feral lwesinaphi esikhundleni nzima. Lesi sitshalo Russian eseke ithuba bawungenisa Lower iVolga yefilakisi imbewu namabele, kodwa abendawo ephethwe ukuhlola izindawo izitshalo oleaginous, baqala zenziwe kulinywe yayo. Kuze kube manje, ezindaweni ukuhlwanyelwa phakathi oilseeds ncamashi indawo yesithathu lwesinaphi sareptskaya (ukusetshenziswa, izinga kanye amakhemikhali ukwakheka zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko). Budebuduze esigodini sokuqala Sarepta lwesinaphi uwoyela isigayo ngisho wavula ngo 1810.

Mustard: Microscopy

Ngo imbewu, ehlanganisa isikhumba begodu i-embryo cishe akukho yokudla okunempilo esikhundleni izicubu noma endosperm. Ingxenye evundlile kungabonwa ezimbalwa cotyledons ukhamba kanye impande round ukuma.

Mustard (microscopy is waqinisekisa) siqukethe izingqimba ezine. amaseli elikhulu kungekho nto enemibala emihle aqukethe isikhwehlela ukwakha olwelwesini, noma epidermis. Lokhu kulandelwa amaseli esikhulu kakhulu mncane-ngabafaka, ichichima macerating futhi cishe bewa e imbewu ezomile.

Amaseli lwesithathu, sclerenchyma ungqimba kuyinto isakhiwo isici kakhulu. On cross-ingxenye wababona ngamaza, kuhlobene ukuphakama engalingani, le nombala okwandisa ke ngincipha. Lokhu kungenxa imbewu kanye ebusweni pitted.

amaseli Tangential side aqukethe sombala nsundu, ukwakha ungqimba sesine - isikhumba balandela endosperm. Kodwa izicubu umbungu imelelwa amaseli mncane-ngabafaka equkethe uwoyela aleurone okusanhlamvu okunamafutha.

amakhemikhali ukwakheka

imbewu lwesinaphi aqukethe amafutha abalulekile kanye Allyl Mustard, i-potassium bisulfate futhi glycoside sinigrin kugaywe ukuba glucose ngaphansi enzyme ithonya mirozina. Kusukela imbewu isibilile angase uzilungiselele lwesinaphi amafutha abalulekile nge ziphuzo zazihluzwa usebenzisa umusi. Ukwakheka umkhiqizo etholwe likhona kungekho kuka 40% uwoyela Allyl Mustard futhi kufika ku-50% krotonilgorchichnogo futhi tsianallil, iminonjana carbon disulfide futhi dimethyl sulfide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphawuleka khona i ethereal uwoyela slabovysyhayuschego lwesinaphi uwoyela okunamafutha ehlanganisa erucic, oleic, linoleic, legkotsenovoy, linolenic, myristic acid behenic acid, ne isikhwehlela amaprotheni. Amaqabunga isitshalo iqukethe carotene, ascorbic acid, i-calcium usawoti nensimbi.

Mustard: ezikhulayo

Lesi sitshalo sikhula kahle enhlabathini okubi, evundile kahle akhanywa, ngaphezu, kumele ukufinyelela elangeni. lwesinaphi okusakazwa (incazelo, microscopy, amakhemikhali ukwakheka letinikwe lapha ngenhla) imbewu ehlwanyelwe ekhanyayo kuba entwasahlobo ezifiselekayo. Njengomthetho, ukutshala izitshalo akhethiwe ezindaweni sezulu efudumele.

Ukuhlwanyela leaf imbewu lwesinaphi Kwenziwa kusenesikhathi. Izimbali izitshalo kuyinto ngo-June nango-July, kanye nabanye abameleli bomkhaya iklabishi. Emhlanganweni rosette ngaphambili ayihlwanyelayo amahlamvu avele ngaphambi ngenjikalanga, izinsuku ezinde, ngaphezu, izithombo uyovikelwa kusukela mabhungane crucifer zigcwele.

Ukuze lwesinaphi ezikhulayo ngokuzikhethela ukwaba ahlukene imibhede, likhula kahle futhi phakathi imigqa. Imbewu ezihlwanyelwe a engekho ngaphezu kuka-1 cm ukujula. Ngokushesha nje lapho amaqabunga kuqala, izithombo kudingeka mncane ukuze ibanga elibahlukanisile kwaba 5 kuya ku-8 cm. Ngemva kwalokho kudingeka efaka umquba nitrogen Umanyolo futhi ayakhala. Ngemva cishe 20 izinsuku lwesinaphi ukuphakama ifinyelela 10-15 cm, futhi isilungele ukusetshenziswa.

eziseduze izitshalo kwamasiko kukhona iklabishi, watercress, radishes, turnips, rutabaga, isithombo, ukudlwengula, ebusika kanye entwasahlobo oilseed ukudlwengula. Lokhu kumele kubhekwe uma uhlela okutshalwe imbewu. Hhayi efanelekayo okhulayo lwesinaphi ezindaweni lapho ngaphambili wakhula yefilakisi uwoyela imbewu, amabele, sunflower noma beetroot.

Indlela ukuqoqa sizitholele izinto zokusetshenziswa?

Mustard, noma kunalokho imbewu yayo elungele ukuvunwa uma sesivuthiwe ezingxenyeni eziphansi futhi phakathi pods isitshalo, kanjalo saqala esifayo amahlamvu aphansi.

utshani Okokuqala ukuze ome futhi ngobumnene ubhule nokuhlanza imbewu. Babe sandile ungqimba elincanyana ethreyini futhi ekugcineni omisiwe endaweni umoya kahle. Ukuze kangcono impahla eluhlaza uye ayahwamuka, kungaba flip noma isiyaluyalu.

I omisiwe imbewu lwesinaphi shift indwangu izikhwama. Gcina izinto zokusetshenziswa Kunconywa in limbo endaweni umoya futhi omile, ukugwema mustiness.

Impilo imbewu lwesinaphi - engu-2, ngakho zama ukuzisebenzisa phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Uma impahla eluhlaza namanje kwesokunxele, kufanele baxoshwa. imbewu sekwephuzile kungukuthi Kunconywa ukuba isetshenziswe.

Mustard njengoba Umanyolo

Njengoba fresh isitshalo mass, ekufakweni enhlabathini yokucebisa ngayo izinto eziphilayo ingase isetshenziselwe lwesinaphi. I umquba oluhlaza:

• bakwazi siyocenta ukhula, ikakhulukazi nenhlabathi kutshalwa.
• Ngenxa smart phytosanitary izakhiwo zivikela slugs, eziyinsungulo kanye ipea bhu, kuvimbela ukubonakala okulimaza sekwephuzile futhi uqweqwe ngamazambane.
• Ngokushesha kwandisa biomass, okuholela inhlabathi kuvuselela izakhamzimba.
• Ithuthukisa isimo somhlabathi. Izimpande lwesinaphi, lafinyelela ubude 1.5-3 amamitha, inhlabathi kahle akhanywa futhi kuhlukaniswe enikeza kakhulu umswakama ukumelana naso futhi kwenze vozduhoemkost.
• Liphinde lahlehla nitrogen enhlabathini futhi oguqula nezinye izakhi kule engokwemvelo ngaphandle babavumele ukuba baye iwenze isendlalelo ezijulile.
• Ngaphansi kwethonya simila iqhwa umquba oluhlaza iguqulwe ibe semboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla, okuyinto yena, ekwindla nasebusika ukuvikela phansi esuka umnkantsha.

lwesinaphi izinhlobo

Kwirejista yokuzalanisa ipumelelo Russian Federation kubhaliswe 9 izinhlobonhlobo lwesinaphi, evunyiwe ukusetshenziswa:

• Freckles - ekuqaleni ukukhula, nge-semi esakaza rosette, lafinyelela ukuphakama 25-28 cm kusuka amila yomkhuba ugijimela zasemazweni kusuka 25 kuya ku-30 izinsuku ..
• Mustard volnushki. ukuvuthwa Technical kufika inyanga. Early ukukhula ezihlukahlukene nge kancane esakaza, esikhulu, yimani niqonde rosette ububanzi ifinyelela 25-32 cm. Mustard volnushki kuyanda mass oluhlaza.
• Arigato.
• Ladushka. ukuvuthwa Technical kuza emva kwezinsuku 58-60.
• Mustang - maphakathi-grade, plant ukuphakama ifinyelela 25-27 cm.
• Sadko.
• Pretty. Qoqa oluhlaza usungaqala izinsuku 18-20 emva ukuvela.
• Prima.
• Unamandla.

Ukusetshenziswa ekhishini

Mustard yathola ukusetshenziswa ekuphekeni. Kusukela kuvela ngelikhulu isasasa elikhulu, yokukhulisa izwi palatability izitsha eziningi. lwesinaphi powder elisetshenziswa ukulungiswa imayonnaise, nososo ehlukahlukene kanye kusaladi. Imbewu ochotshoziwe ukunikeza ukunambitheka ekhethekile ayi kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

ukudla okusemathinini, ufafaze lwesinaphi powder, ihlala isikhathi eside. Isipuni lwesinaphi ngokuvamile babekhonza ibhekwa inhlanzi nenyama, kanye ukubhema njengoba.

Fatty uwoyela lwesinaphi ngenxa zizwakale kahle lisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukupheka kodwa futhi ekukhiqizeni izimpahla wabhaka nomkhiqizo okusemathinini. Ngokusho labapheki emazweni amaningi, lokhu kuyinto condiment esihle kakhulu salads, emabhontjisi izitsha, inyama nososo.

Mustard powder liyingxenye production ezifuywayo nososo, "Kuban", "amateur" futhi "South". lwesinaphi Young imifino uma ukungezwa salads hhayi kuphela bacebe ne Vitamin C, kodwa kuthuthukisa palatability.

Ezinye izindawo ukusetshenziswa

Mustard ithole isicelo hhayi kuphela ekhaya ukupheka kodwa futhi imithi. Kudlula ezitshalweni uwoyela imbewu asetshenziselwa imikhuhlane, bronchial isifo ukuvuvukala, nerve neuropathy, pleurisy, i-rheumatoid arthritis, radiculitis kanye myositis.

Mustard uwoyela ikhekhe isetshenziswa njengophawu impahla eluhlaza for ukuthola phytin, okuboniswe ekwelapheni neurasthenia, scrofula, hypotension futhi diathesis semithambo. Imiphumela emihle etholakale lapho ubuthakathaka izidakamizwa futhi angafuni kudla.