Multi-party uhlelo - kuyinto Russian uhlelo multi-party ...

uhlelo Multi-party - kukubi noma okuhle? ososayensi Political yamazwe ahlukene Awukwazi ukuphendula umbuzo ngokucacile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunikeza ithuba lokuveza umbono imikhakha onhlobonhlobo somphakathi ukumvikela ngamandla. Ngakolunye - kunokudideka empilweni kwezombusazwe kwanoma yiliphi izwe.

izinhlelo party

Ngaphansi party uyaqonda zihlelekile, ingxenye enkulu yemiphumela avamile omphakathi, ogxile nezinzuzo zazo siqu, zavela hlelo futhi ihlose nekuwusebentisa esebenzisa iqhaza amandla noma ngendlela engachazeki. Ukuba khona izinhlangano zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuxhumana yabo inquma uhlelo yangaphandle isimo. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu izinhlelo ezinjalo. Multi-party uhlelo - ungowokuqala kubo. It is kuchazwe khona izinhlangano engaphezu kwemibili zezombusazwe ukuthi babe amathuba wangempela amandla. Party uhlelo kwakhiwa sekubusa yinhlangano eyodwa kuleli zwe futhi isimo sokuvimbela isenzo kokuphikiswa Izinyunyana zezombusazwe. E-UK, i-United States, kukhona uhlelo ezimbili eceleni. Nakuba kula mazwe kukhona kuvinjelwe Ukusungulwa nokusebenza nezinye izinhlangano, kodwa ithuba namaqiniso ukuza amandla, zingabantu emancane, okuyinto inquma ushintsho iningi e-House of Abamele eyodwa noma nezinye we onamandla kwezombusazwe. Kukhona uhlobo pendulum: amandla idluliselwa kusuka Liberals kuya Ababesadla ngoludala futhi emuva.

Ukuvela amaqembu e-Russia

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kuba ukusungulwa maningi eRussia. Le nqubo besihambisana nesiminyaminya eziningi izici eziphawuleka. Okokuqala, ekuqaleni, ngisho ngokungemthetho, baqala ukuyisa balolonge inhlangano zombusazwe wamavukelambuso, abefundisi olukhulu. Ngakho, i-Social Democrats aphethwe engqungqutheleni yabo kuqala 1898. kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho amaqembu kwenzeka ngesikhathi kuqala Russian Revolution, ngemva Manifesto odumile Okthoba 17, 1905, okuyiyona nenkululeko zezenhlalo nezombangazwe abantu of the Empire, Russian. Esinye isici Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indima ehamba phambili nezazi endaweni Izinyunyana ezahlukene kwakhiwa, eziningi zazo okwakungeze sincane ngokwanele, yonke kuyilapho kunendlela yenhlangano kanye nokuqedwa abanye. Ngakho, uhlelo multi-party - lena isici kweqiniso sezombusazwe eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Kwesobunxele, kwesokudla kanye maphakathi

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakunabamemezeli eziningana amaqembu kweshumi eRussia, ukutadisha okuyinto nzima impela. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi kwaba Russian uhlelo multi-party, zonke izinhlangano zezombusazwe zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu. Esokuqala kakhulu impela nje, inhlangano wamavukelambuso, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ngakwesokunxele. Ilungelo wemboni - ngoludala, izinyunyana mva kuqhathaniswa okuqanjwa kabusha futhi ushintsho. Ukuze centrists lilinganise izinhlangano njengoba yezombangazwe izinhlelo nesizotha ngemuva nesandla esivulekile, ushintsho kancane kancane umphakathi.

Revolutionary Party Russia

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umphakathi Russian ukuthi enmeshed inombolo eziphikisanayo sina ukuthi iphakame mayelana ukuthuthukiswa capitalism. bebizwa "nezindaba core" ku historiography kazwelonke. Lezi zihlanganisa umbuzo wezolimo noma nabalimi abancane, isisebenzi, umbuzo amandla kazwelonke. Noma kunjalo, wonke amabutho zezombusazwe kufanele bakhombise izindlela eyinhloko ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga. I olukhulu kakhulu kule umuzwa babe amaBolshevik - the RSDLP (b), ebiza for revolution sezenhlalo, ukusungulwa umhlaba kanye namabhizinisi, ukuqedwa yangasese futhi kwathatha nezimboni njengoba enjalo. Babecabanga umholi nomhleli kwaba uVladimir Ulyanov owaziwa (Lenin). I Mensheviks ayemancane olukhulu - RSDLP (m), okuyinto ithola ukuthi indaba akuyona izmolola ufulawa kusuka kuyo okudingekile ukubhaka socialism ikhekhe. Umholi wabo, uJulius Martov wakhuthaza revolution wobunxiwankulu-yeningi futhi isixazululo kancane kancane kuze kube nezindaba main. Indawo ekhethekile kuhlala Socialist-mbuso e block ngakwesokunxele (SRS) ubani kahle ngokwabo njengoba abavikeli ka abantukazana, le abazolandela emasikweni populism. Bona wakhuthaza komphakathi bezwe, ie ukudluliselwa imiphakathi yayo. Wabhekisa amabombo ngu Viktor Chernov SRS. Kanye nalezi, kwakukhona nezinye izinhlangano Russian wamavukelambuso ezifana Popular Socialist, Socialist-mbuso, maximalists, Trudoviks futhi anhlobonhlobo amaqembu wamavukelambuso kazwelonke (i-Bund, Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, nabanye).

party ovulekile

Ngenxa yalokho uhlelo multi-party e-Russia uye wazakhela nge kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho ovulekile amaqembu centrist. Esikhathini wokuQala nowesiBili State Dumas abaningi kakhulu, kodwa hhayi iningi, wathatha Labaqalayo, ababizwa le centrists ngakwesokunxele. Zazifuna kuhlukaniswa ngokwengxenye izigodi lawela esivuna abantukazana kanye nemikhawulo yetinhlelo kwamakhosi yiPhalamende kanye noMthethosisekelo, izinguquko ezengeziwe. Umholi neyaziwayo we Labaqalayo kwaba mlando Pavel Miliukov. The main amandla ezepolitiki esikhathini we esiThathu naweSine Dumas kwaba Octobrist Party, kabani abamele wavuma Kumqoka kakhulu emlandweni Manifesto Russian-17 October. Alexander Guchkov, inhloko yabangamashumi ukunyakaza, walivikela izithakazelo onxiwankulu big, okuyinto kulindeleke ukuba ngizole lizwe kanye nokukhula komnotho olwengeziwe. Octo kangaka okuthiwa Liberals olandelanayo.

block kwesokudla

eziphakeme kakhulu isakhiwo, kodwa kancane ihlelwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kwaba ilungelo wemboni zezombusazwe. Monarchists, i-Black Amakhulu, le emthethweni - konke ngabo. UMbusi waseRussia uNicholas II khona ilungu zokuhlonipha amaqembu amaningana, noma zehlukene igama kodwa waba evamile Uhlelo zezombusazwe. essence yayo kwakufanele iphindele autocracy angenamkhawulo, yenkolelo, futhi bavikele ubunye Russia. Hhayi siqaphela Lokuqala State Duma olandelanayo ingxenye umphakathi akuyona uhlelekile futhi akazange iqhaza okhethweni. Kodwa izenzakalo ezalandela luye lwabonisa ukuthi asikwazi ngempela umhlalaphansi kwezepolitiki nezomthetho ephalamende. Abameleli beNdikimba "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union of Abantu Russian" nezinye ukunyakaza bawusekele ngokugcwele inqubomgomo uNicholas II. Futhi nezitha zakhe wasebenzisa izindlela zobudlova, ezifana nezibhelu.

Ukuqedwa uhlelo ahlukahlukene

Ngemva amaBolshevik wafika amandla 25 Okthoba 1917 ahlukahlukene uhlelo kancane kancane ehlala eRussia. Okokuqala aphume zezombusazwe enkundleni monarchist inhlangano, Octo, ngo-November kwathiwa ivalwa le Labaqalayo. Kuze kwaba seminyakeni embalwa waphikelela amaqembu wamavukelambuso, kuhlanganise izimbangi eyinhloko amaBolshevik babe SRS ezathatha iningi izihlalo okhethweni kuya ababamele LoMhlangano. Kodwa lilwisana Lenin nabasekeli bakhe ngesikhathi kulwiwa futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuqedwa kwalo kwaholela umzabalazo abangenasihe ngokumelene betembusave we amaBolshevik. Eminyakeni 1921-1923 in Soviet Russia, eziningi enkantolo ngokumelene abaholi Mensheviks futhi SRS, ngemva kwalokho bangabanye babo amaqembu ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha ukuthuka nesiqalekiso. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo multi-party e-USSR esahambile. Ukuze uvumele ingcindezelo ngemibono nezombusazwe ngenye inhlangano - leQembu LamaKhomanisi.

Ukwakheka maningi eRussia yesimanje

Ukuwa isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona laseSoviet esikhathini yokwakha kabusha kwenziwa M. S. Gorbachevym. Omunye isinyathelo esibalulekile kumiswa uhlelo multi-party e-Russia sethu isinqumo ukuqedwa Article 6 soMthethosisekelo Soviet, esenziwa ngo-1977. Uvikela a, indima ekhethekile ehola imibono evamile lamaKhomanisi esimweni, futhi, ngokuvamile, kwakusho ngenye inhlangano esinakho amandla. Ngemva kombuso, le Icebo lika ngo-August 1990, uMongameli Russian usezivalile zonke isenzo CPSU insimu yalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, isistimu multi-party wathatha ijamo eRussia. Nge wokuqala walo bahlanganiswe khona inani elikhulu izinhlangano zezombusazwe akuzona ngokuphongoza nomunye imibono yabo ngendlela eyodwa. Abacwaningi abaningi baye baphawula ukuthi kubantu base sasivumela ewumngcingo zenhlalo kweningi, ngakho ngokuthi "yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka". ukunyakaza Yande kazwelonke ezifundazweni ezingama-republic, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Popular Front".

The main amabutho zezombusazwe

Esikhathini 90-yalolucwaningo phakathi izinhlangano eziningi zezombusazwe ukuhlonza ukhiye eziningana, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ukuqhuba nomunye onilwelayo izihlalo Duma. Ngo ukhetho 1995 ke kuchazwa abaholi abane, okungase yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa amahlanu per cent. La mandla afanayo zezombusazwe njani zamanje uhlelo multi-party e-Russia. Okokuqala, kuba bangamakhomanisi eholwa umholi unomphela, ngokuphindiwe usebenze njengomahluleli ikhandidethi kamongameli, - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Okwesibili - Liberal Democratic Party, ikhanda efanayo njalo bright - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Lohulumeni iyunithi amahlandla ambalwa ukwehlisa ukushintsha igama namashumi okugcina eminyaka ( "I-Home wethu eRussia", "United Russia"). Awu futhi endaweni yesine udumo, aphethwe inhlangano "Yabloko", eliholwa Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Nokho, kusukela ngo-2003, wayengakwazi yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa selibekiwe okhethweni futhi kusukela kwaba yingxenye yomzimba omele zomthetho. Iningi amaqembu eRussia kungokwalabo isiqondiso centrist, banayo izidingo ezifanayo kanye nezinhlelo. Kwesobunxele kanye nesokudla baziwa kuphela ngokwamasiko.

eziphethweni

abahlaziyi abaningi zezombusazwe uyavuma ukuthi uhlelo multi-party - akuyona ukhetho best yentuthuko zezombusazwe kuleli zwe. United nge uhlelo ezimbili-party ukubona izingozi kusengaphambili ekuthuthukisweni zabo cishe ukugwema ukweqisa, ukuze kulondolozwe ngokulandelana. uhlelo Multi-party - umqondo ukuthi has kokubili ngomqondo ongokomthetho kanye nama-practical. Esimweni sokuqala, kukhona imishado eminingi ngokomthetho, kodwa ithuba namaqiniso ukuza amandla, kukhona oyedwa nje noma ababili. Uhlelo yangempela phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu bubonisa ukuthi ayikho amandla ezombusazwe angeke uthole iningi ephalamende. Kulesi sokusebenzisana icala ihlelwe lesikhashana unomphela.