Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: Biography, imisebenzi, ukubukwa kwezomnotho

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - a Economist Russian-Ukraine, bachuma umsebenzi zezemfundo elafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Waphinde waba sezombusazwe owaziwa futhi sikahulumeni. Tugan-Baranowski kuyinto kummeleli okuthiwa Marxism zomthetho Tsarist Russia. Yozef Shumpeter babembheka abavelele Economist Russian isikhathi sakhe. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe wabhala eziningi imisebenzi enikelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela value, ukusatshalaliswa engenayo kwezenhlalo, umlando ukuphathwa futhi esekelwe ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela.

Tugan-Baranowski: Biography

Ikusasa owathola uMklomelo KaNobel wazalwa ngo-January 8, 1865 nge. Salt, eduze laseKharkov. Namuhla, kuyinto insimu ka-Ukraine, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi izwe ingeyamakhosi Empire Russian. Tugan-Baranowski weza - umugqa zoyise - uhlobo Lipka AmaTatar. Usosayensi unina Ukrainian yobuhlanga kusuka Poltava esifundeni. Tugan-Baranowski waya esikoleni e Kiev futhi laseKharkov. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uyakuthanda nefilosofi, wafunda imisebenzi Emmanuila Kanta. Ngo-1884 wangena University of laseKharkov, lapho waqhubeka nokufunda ngesayensi yemvelo. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, Tugan-Baranowski ithole PhD. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi ngase kakade nesithakazelo kule wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, ngakho wanquma ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo. Ngo-1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski ithole elinye degree. Onyakeni owawandulele, washada indodakazi umqondisi Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. Yena wahileleka kakhulu imisebenzi emphakathini kanye uyakhile kudingeka umsebenzi wokuziphilisa omuhle zezemfundo. Ekuqaleni kuka-1919, Tugan-Baranowski wathunyelwa inkomfa Paris njengenhloko yomkhaya ithimba Ukraine. Phakathi nalolo hambo, ahlupheka ezimbili ekuhlaseleni pectoris angina futhi wafela esitimeleni eduze Odessa ngumuntu wesithathu.

Isimo esashintsha

Ngesikhathi ngisafunda e-University of Tugan-Baranowski waqala bahlanganyele ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso ukulwa nombuso tsarist eRussia. Wayejwayelene umzalwane uVladimir Lenin sika, Aleksandr Ulyanov, owabulawa ngo-1887 ngokubamba iqhaza umzamo ukuphila kuka-Alexander III. Ubungane iphazanyiswe ukuboshwa Tugan-Baranowski akuloba engxenyeni yokugcina ebonisa umfundi Petersburg, elalinikezelwe iminyaka engu-25 ngemva kokufa umbhali UNikolai Dobrolyubov.

Isihloko sokuqala yimpumelelo

A onomsebenzi omuhle zezemfundo Tugan-Baranowski kwaqala ngo-1890. Isihloko sakhe sokuqala, enesihloko esithi "Imfundiso Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni kwemihlomulo kwezomnotho," esanyatheliswa ngo-Okthoba ephephabhukwini "Legal iGazethi". Kulesi umsebenzi ngendlela ekholisayo bathi zabasebenzi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukubaluleka kanye yesimanje marginalist ezomnotho bakhe abekho ukukulungisa abasiphikisayo, kodwa umphelelisi nomunye.

"Life of abantu ovelele '

Ngemva impumelelo kuqala emkhakheni wesayensi theory Tugan-Baranowski wanquma ukubhala umlando esifushane futhi ekuhlaziyeni ukubukwa kwezomnotho ka Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, futhi uJohn Stuart Mill, ngoba uchungechunge lwezincwadi, eyayibonakala enyatheliswa ukushicilela indlu Pavlenkova. Waphenduka umsebenzi omncane, amakhasi 80 kuphela. It Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon bagxekwa ukuntula kwayo ukungaguquguquki yangaphakathi ekuhlolweni zokugcina, ukudideka yayo yesitayela yokuntuleka umcabango nokusekelwa kobuzenzisi. umbuso sikaNapoleon. Imibono phezu Mill bawela Mikhail Ivanovich lomphefumulo, ngoba iye yabonisa ekuqondeni okuyikho umoya yesayensi yanamuhla, esekelwe Ukutadisha imvelo.

Ukulungiselela isipiliyoni phesheya

Njengoba Marx no Friedrich Engels, Umshicilelo Tugan-Baranovsky wabona England njengesibonelo emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi eRussia. Ngakho-ke, entwasahlobo nasehlobo of 1891 usosayensi ogcinwe eBritish Museum, ukutadisha eqoqweni lezincwadi ezazibizwa ezingavamile kanye nomsebenzi kwezibalo. Khona-ke wabuyela Petersburg. Emibili eyalandela ayihlala ekutadisheni imijikelezo ibhizinisi theory. Ngalesi sikhathi waliloba umsebenzi emikhulu "Industrial izinkinga e-Modern England:. Izimbangela kanye nomthelela ekuphileni kwabantu" Ngoba 1894, iziqu zeMasters e wezomnotho kwezombangazwe kusukela University of eMoscow. Ngemva kwalokho, wabuyela Petersburg, wakwazi ukuya enyuvesi esikhundleni sekuba likaprofesa. Tugan-Baranowski wasebenza khona kuze 1899, lapho lesicoshiwe kungathembeki zezombusazwe.

ezombusazwe

Ngo-1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, kanye co-umbhali P. B. Struve bajoyine Mahhala Economic Association. Ngo-1896 waba uSihlalo walo futhi wabhala omunye kakhulu yakhe edumile yezingxoxo zikaCharles "Ukubaluleka isici kwezomnotho emlandweni." Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umnotho Tugan-Baranowski kwaba kaMarx ngokwemvelo, usosayensi ayikaze ingxenye komhlaba ukunyakaza komphakathi-yeningi, lapho sekukhona njengoba isikhathi ngalesi sikhathi eRussia. Ngo 1898 wabona ukukhanya umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kunayo yonke, "ifektri Russian e zalo zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje." Ukuze wakhe, wathola iziqu zakhe ngesikhathi Moscow State University. Kusukela 1901 kuya 1905 Tugan-Baranowski iqhaza elibonakalayo empilweni yomphakathi we Poltava esifundeni. Waqala ukusebenza kule zemstvo wendawo. Ngemva kwalokho, usosayensi wabuyela Petersburg. Lapha wayesebenza njengendlela womfundisi futhi onguprofesa e-ezomnotho iminyango iqoqo izikhungo polytechnic nezentengiselwano, kanye neyunivesithi yangasese Shanyavsky eMoscow.

Neokantianism nezepolitiki

Kancane kancane, isithakazelo Marxism zomthetho Tugan-Baranowski ungacimi. Unendaba neo-ukuthi kuvela kweziningi zezincwadi imisebenzi yakhe zakuqala XX leminyaka, elalinikezelwe ukunyakaza wokubambisana. Ngo-1901 wakhipha umqulu "Amanothi emlandweni wezomnotho kwezombangazwe" ku "Umcebo kazwelonke" magazini. Lo msebenzi, kanye kumdlalo walo, liye lahunyushelwa German ngo-1915. Ngo-1919 kwaba khona umsebenzi wokuqala usosayensi ngolimi Ukraine ngokuthi "Cooperation, isimo kanye nenhloso yayo." Kusukela ngo-1906 uye wasebenza kanye Mihailom Grushevskim. Naye wabhala i-encyclopedia "Abantu base-Ukraine e esidlule yayo kanye esizayo." Tugan-Baranowski wayeyilungu Ukraine Social-Federalist Party futhi besula Jikelele likaNobhala we-November 20, 1917 bephikisana ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba Okwesithathu Universal yeCentral Rada, esikhuluma ngezinyoni isidingo sokuba kunakekelwe ngokwezinto ukuzimela esikhulu e-Ukraine.

ukubukwa kwezomnotho

Yonke imisebenzi by Tugan-Baranowski zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu eziningana ngokusho izihloko lapho iphathelene:

1. On izisekelo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni.
2. Ngokwe umqondo wokusabalalisa.
3. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso onganakiwe.
4. Ngesisekelo nokubambisana.
5. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela imijikelezo ezimbonini.

Phezu kwezisekelo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni

Tugan-Baranowski negalelo elikhulu ekutadisheni nokubambisana. Wafingqa isipiliyoni Russian angaphandle. Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Social Izikhwama Omuhle Wokubambisana ', eyakhululwa ngo-1916, usosayensi wabelane nomqondo ukunyakaza ngokuBambisana uhlobo ibhizinisi kwezomnotho njengoba wokubambisana. Ideal sokuqala kudalwa zindlani sezenhlalo, umuntu omusha, kanti eyesibili - inzuzo kwezomnotho ukuthi kahle ngaphakathi ukukhulelwa kosozimali yokulima. Nokho, injongo eyinhloko lolu hlobo inkampani is hhayi ukwenza ibhayisikobho engenisa inzuzo, futhi ukwanda zabasebenzi imali zabantu abasebenza kuso, futhi ukunciphisa ukuba batsengi. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene cooperatives: abalimi, ngobala-wobunxiwankulu futhi lena yesigaba sabasebenzi. Uhlobo oluthile ibhizinisi incike Izinjongo ekilasini, okuyinto kudala ke. Ukuze Tugan-Baranowski nokubambisana - kuwumshikashika ngokumelene ne-capitalism, kodwa hhayi izikhali nemigoqo okwakuvinjwe ngayo, kodwa nge izindlela ezinokuthula.

umqondo wokusabalalisa

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Tugan-Baranowski sifaka incenye ahlukene ukwabelana ngokulingana kwamalimi umkhiqizo social. Usosayensi waveza le nkinga wokusabalalisa indlela ekhona, lapho amakhosi isimo kukhona amakilasi non-ukusebenza. Wage isisebenzi uthola ingxenye encane ngokweqile komkhiqizo nomphakathi. Kukithi sabasebenzi njengoba ikilasi incike ukwakhiwa zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ngoba nguye kuphela khulula emnothweni kusukela capitalists futhi aristocrats. Kwakamuva uthole mali unearned, Ngakho-ke, kumelwe ulwe nabo.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni

Tugan-Baranovsky akazange avumelane umqondo zomsebenzi ukubaluleka Marx. I Umbuso indawo abekelwe emaceleni ngoba - lena isizathu ukubaluleka izimpahla kwezomnotho. Akumele ikhangele izindleko zomsebenzi, kodwa abe umphelelisi kunesidingo. Ngokusho Tugan-Baranowski, inkinga ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni ngokuvamile kahle. yokufundisa Ricardo sika ugxile ezicini umgomo amagugu, futhi Menger - subjective. Ngakho-ke, awayona abasiphikisayo ngokwemvelo. Ngokuphambene, imfundiso lomtshikatshika ukubaluleka Bakhipha Marx umphelelisi umqondo Umbuso abekelwe emaceleni, kuyadalulwa e Menger. Konke ivumelana ngokuphelele. Usosayensi wafakazela ukuthi Umbuso indawo abekelwe emaceleni kwezimpahla ngokukhululekile reproducible uhlale wakhona value abo zabasebenzi. Lesi sikhundla uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi theorem ka Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin akazange uyavumelana nalokho Economist Ukraine. Tugan-Baranovsky babekholelwa ukuthi lokwakuvamile isimo ungakulungele - kuyinto indlela ngqo yobugqila kanye nokuntula jikelele sabantu. Usosayensi bavikela indima ekhethekile zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba njengoba isixhumanisi phakathi abasebenzi kanye nezazi. Nokho, eSoviet Union imfundo yakhe yayinezinkinga ezinkulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngisho Lenin uyaqaphela ukuthi isakhiwo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni - lena esizayo.

Theory ka imijikelezo ukukhiqizwa

ukubukwa Kwezomnotho Tugan-Baranowski babe ebanzi ngokwanele. Lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu kuyinto inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela imijikelezo utshalomali. Tugan-Baranowski enza ucwaningo zinhlekelele zezimboni eNgilandi. udaba lwabo ayekubona ongalingani dolobha ukwabiwa, okuyinto luqiniswe elinganiselwe izinsiza ebhange. Encwadini yakhe ethi "izinkinga Industrial Zanamuhla England", wagcizelela ukuthi umnotho kosozimali ngokwayo ungakha emakethe, ngakho-ke akanakho ukulinganiselwa ekuthuthukiseni yayo nokukhula. Nokho, Tugan-Baranowski wagomela ukuthi umncintiswano khulula engathiya ukunwetshwa ukukhiqizwa. Imbangela nezinkinga ecabange hhayi kuphela ngaphansi-ukusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi izinkinga udumo nemali kwegazi. Njengoba ngesisekelo yayo umjikelezo utshalomali theory usosayensi wathatha umqondo kaMarx ukuthi iyehla iyenyuka zezimboni ezihlobene isidingo sokuvuselelwa zesikhathi fixed capital. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana Tugan-Baranowski, esigabeni zezimboni lomjikelezo kuchazwe imithetho utshalomali. Iyehla iyenyuka zenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka impindamqondo ezindaweni ezahlukene emnothweni ngesikhathi wenyuka, a nokungahambisani phakathi izimali kanye ukonga, disproportion kwamanani yomthengi letitsintsa imali. Tugan zihlolwe futhi indima zenzalo emnothweni. Wathi izithelo zawo kuwuphawu lokuthi leli lizwe linazo dolobha elincane kakhulu, kanti isixuku esikhulu iyona mbangela eyinhloko esibucayi, ngokuvumelana nososayensi.

Tugan-Baranowski: imisebenzi

1. "Inkinga zezimboni eBrithani yesimanje, izimbangela zazo kanye nomthelela ekuphileni kwabantu" (1894).
2. "The Factory Russian esikhathini esidlule nesamanje" (1898).
3. "Imfundiso kaZiqu-Umbuso indawo abekelwe emaceleni" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, ukuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi" (1891).
5. "Tindzaba phezu Umlando Political Umnotho" (1901).
6. Inani imisebenzi ngesiJalimane.
7. "Imidwebo emlandweni wamuva wezomnotho kwezombangazwe ndawonye" (1903).
8. "Izikhwama echazwa Marxism" (1905).
9. "Uhlelo lwe-socialism njengoba imfundiso omuhle" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - ovelele Economist ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Indawo ekhethekile ukuthuthukiswa wezomnotho njengoba isayensi kuthatha kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela umkhakha imijikelezo, elaba kwandulela nomqondo utshalomali ngokuhlanganyela. Usosayensi wabona imbangela crisis akuyona kuphela ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele, kodwa nokungapheleli ohlelweni lwemali kanye credit kwegazi. Akayena nje kummeleli Marxism zomthetho, kodwa futhi omunye zezomnotho edume kakhulu kwekhulu elidlule. Anakho umsebenzi, abazinikele imfundiso yokuziphendukela value, imali yezenhlalakahle ukusatshalaliswa umqondo, ukuthuthukiswa ayisisekelo ukuphathwa. Legacy Mikhail Ivanovich siyaqhubeka ugqozi ososayensi yesimanje futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile Tugan-Baranowski angilahlekelwe ukuqondana abo namuhla.