Lona indima futhi umsebenzi namaprotheni iseli. Yini umsebenzi amaprotheni kuseli enze?

Amaphrotheni - iyona ebaluleke kakhulu izinto zokwakha eziphilayo, isibalo okuyinto ubusa ngaphezu kwawo wonke amanye macromolecules abakhona e kwengqamuzana ephilayo. Akha abangaphezu kwengxenye isisindo ndaba ezomile kokubili yezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Imisebenzi amaprotheni ahlukahlukene kuseli, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi Basebaningi abangamazi isayensi. Noma kunjalo, iziqondiso eyinhloko "umsebenzi" yabo bawuqonda. Abanye kudingeka akhuthaze izinqubo kwamangqamuzana nezicubu. Okunye ebalulekile amaminerali kwakwakhe idluliswe ngokusebenzisa cell ulwelwesi negazi izitsha komunye isitho kwenye. Ezinye ukuvikela umzimba emagciwaneni angaphandle ngokuvamile. Enye into icacile - ngaphandle amaprotheni akuthathi indawo inqubo emzimbeni wethu.

Imisebenzi esemqoka amaprotheni

Umsebenzi amaprotheni emzimbeni ahlukahlukene. Iqembu ngalinye has a chemical isakhiwo ethile, wenza "umsebenzi" ezikhethekile. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlobo eziningana amaprotheni ezihlobene nomunye. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo etigabeni letehlukene inqubo efanayo. Noma kuthinte ezimbalwa nje. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi zokulawula amaprotheni is okwenzeka enzyme hormone. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenziwa emelelwa, ukukhumbula adrenaline hormone. He khiqiza ungqimba cabange nezindlala adrenal. Kokuqhubeka e imithambo yegazi, it kwandisa umoyampilo egazini. Rises nomfutho wegazi kwandisa lokucuketfwe ushukela. Kuvuselela umzimba. Futhi, i-adrenaline iyi-neurotransmitter isimiso sezinzwa e inhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo.

Umsebenzi enzymatic

Ziningi okwenzeka amaseli eziphilayo ukusabela kwamakhemikhali abazenzi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kanye pH hlangothi. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi, izinga ndima sincane kakhulu, kudingekile ukuze yelikhono ezikhethekile eyaziwa enzyme. Zonke ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo kuhlangene zibe 6 amakilasi, okuyinto zingafani ngokucacile izenzo zabo. Enzyme kuthiwa kwemiqondo ku ribosomes kumaseli. Isifundo sabo abathintekayo isayensi enzymology.

Ngokungangabazeki, ngaphandle enzyme ayikwazi ukusebenza amaprotheni zokulawula. Banezinhliziyo selectivity eliphezulu senzo. Umsebenzi wabo kungenziwa kulawulwa activators futhi inhibitor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-enzyme ngokuvamile abonisa ngokucacile ngokuphathelene substrates. Futhi umsebenzi enzymatic incike izimo emzimbeni futhi ikakhulukazi emangqamuzaneni. ukugeleza yabo umphumela ingcindezi pH-esidi, izinga lokushisa, amandla ionic yesixazululo, isb lokuhlushwa nosawoti cytoplasm.

Ezokuthutha umsebenzi amaprotheni

Esikhathini yezinyoni njalo kufanele wenze umzimba udinga amaminerali kanye udaba eziphilayo. Zidingeka njengoba izinto zokwakha kanye imithombo yamandla kumaseli. Kodwa indlela sokufika kwabo kubenzima. ulwelwesi Cellular iqukathe hhayi kuphela amaprotheni. ulwelwesi begazi zakhiwe ngokwemigomo isimiso ungqimba double of lipids. Phakathi kwabo namaprotheni ahlukahlukene obutholakala. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi izifunda hydrophilic zitholakala phezu ulwelwesi, kanye hydrophobic - kwikholomu wakhe. Ngakho, isakhiwo esinjalo kwenza igobolondo eliqinile. Ngalo bengayi bebodwa, ngaphandle "usizo" kudlule izingxenye ezifana ezibalulekile, ezifana ushukela, ama-amino acid kanye ion METOLIT. Ngaphesheya ulwelwesi cytoplasmic phakathi cytoplasm, basuke zithutha amaprotheni ezikhethekile, zazo ogibele ezingqimbeni lipid.

Ezokuthutha izidakamizwa komunye isitho kuya komunye

Kodwa ukusebenza kwezithuthi amaprotheni Kwenziwa phakathi hhayi kuphela izidakamizwa intercellular kanye iseli. Ezinye izinqubo ezibalulekile bokuphila ezidingekayo ukuletha sidakamizwa eyodwa isitho kwenye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthuthwa amaprotheni igazi - albumin serum. It is benawo ikhono eliyingqayizivele lokwakha kwakwakhe ne-fatty acid, okuyinto avele ukugaya amafutha, nezidakamizwa, kanye ne-hormone steroid. Okubalulekile yenethiwekhi amaprotheni kukhona elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi (ekuletheni mpilo) transferrin (yokuxhuma nensimbi ion) kanye tseruplazmin (ukwakha izakhiwo ngethusi).

Uphawu umsebenzi amaprotheni

Lokubaluleke kakhulu ngokuhamba izinqubo bokuphila e eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi abe yokwamukela amaprotheni. Basuke aboshelwe ulwelwesi plasma. Bakhonza for Bebona futhi ifunda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba amasignali lapho beze ukusakaza okuqhubekayo lamaseli hhayi kuphela ezicutshini ezincikene nawo, kodwa futhi kusukela imvelo bangaphandle. Okwamanje, mhlawumbe okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu yokwamukela amaprotheni acetylcholine. Itholakala eziningi interneuron oxhumana nabo ulwelwesi cell.

Kodwa umsebenzi inhlabamkhosi amaprotheni Kwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi amaseli. hormone amaningi abophezele receptor ethize ku ezindaweni zawo. ifomu okunjalo uxhumano futhi iyisiginali okuyinto oyenza izinqubo bokuphila kumaseli. Isibonelo namaprotheni anjenge kuyinto insulini, wenza ohlelweni adenylate cyclase.

umsebenzi Avikelayo

Imisebenzi ye-namaprotheni engqamuzana zihlukile. Ezinye zazo zinengxenye amasosha omzimba. Kuvikela umzimba ezifweni. Amasosha omzimba angaphendula ejenti angaphandle elibonakala synthesis amaningi lymphocyte. Lezi izinto labo abazokwazi ngokukhetha kokulimaza kwala magciwane, angase angaphandle umzimba, ezifana nama-bacterium, izinhlayiya supramolecular, noma kungaba amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Elinye lamaqembu - "beta" lymphocyte - zokukhiqiza amaprotheni ukuthi ufaka ekusakazeni igazi. Sinenkosi isici kakhulu. Lezi amaprotheni kufanele aqaphele amaseli angaphandle kanye macromolecules. Base zabanye zahlanganyela nabo, ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi okungukuthi ubhujiswe. Lezi amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ama immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Sami izingxenye alien - ke antigen. A immunoglobulin, ayisiza, okuyinto zivumelana kubo - amasosha omzimba.

Ukwakheka umsebenzi

Emzimbeni, ngaphezu ezikhethekile kakhulu, kukhona amaprotheni kwesakhiwo. Ziyakwazi kudingekile ukuqinisekisa amandla lokukhanda. Lezi imisebenzi namaprotheni engqamuzana ibalulekile ukugcina isesimweni futhi alondoloze umzimba bobusha. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kuyinto kuyi-collagen. Lona amaprotheni eyinhloko matrix extracellular kwezicubu zezinzwa. Ngo ezincelisayo ephakeme, kukuwe 1/4 of the isisindo ingqikithi amaprotheni. collagen kuhlelwe fibroblasts, okuyizinto amaseli eyinhloko izicubu zezinzwa.

Imisebenzi enjalo amaprotheni kuseli kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu i-collagen, eyaziwa omunye amaprotheni kwesakhiwo - mithambo ine-elastin. Libuye libe ingxenye matrix extracellular. Mithambo ine-elastin uyakwazi uyokhipha igunya kungenzeka kwezicubu elula ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile futhi kalula ubuyele ukuma yokuqala. Esinye isibonelo salokhu kwesakhiwo amaprotheni - fibroin, okuyinto etholakala izibungu amacimbi kasilika. Lona Isakhi esiyinhloko kasilika ngentambo.

motor amaprotheni

Iqhaza amaprotheni kuseli ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Futhi iqhaza umsebenzi imisipha. Imisipha kuyinto inqubo ebalulekile bokuphila. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguquka elondolozwe njenge ATP macromolecules ibe amandla amakhemikhali. Ngqo abahilelekile ezimbili amaprotheni - actin futhi myosin.

Lezi amaprotheni motor-molecule asamicwana ukuthi ukusebenza contractile lwamathambo kwemisipha uhlelo. Babuye ezitholakala non-kwemisipha izicubu kumaseli eukaryotic. Esinye isibonelo namaprotheni motor - tubulin. Kulo eyakhelwe microtubules, okuyizinto esibalulekile flagella futhi cilia. Futhi microtubules equkethe tubulin ezitholakele amaseli sezinzwa izicubu izilwane.

imithi elwa namagciwane

indima enkulu zokuzivikela amaprotheni kuseli. Ingxenye yalala eqenjini, okuthiwa antibiotic. Lezi izinto odabuka yemvelo, okuyinto kwemiqondo, ngokuvamile amagciwane, isikhunta ezincane, namanye amagciwane. Basuke okuhloswe ngaso abacindezela izinqubo bokuphila nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuncintisana. Ukutholakala kwemithi elwa namagciwane amaprotheni umsuka ezazisemizini 40s. Baye yashintsha imithi, wasinikeza yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni.

Ngokwemvelo chemical zabo, imithi elwa namagciwane - iqembu zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ahluke indlela izenzo zabo. Ezinye ukugxambukela amaprotheni zamagama ngaphakathi kwamaseli womuntu, block yokugcina ukukhiqizwa enzyme ezibalulekile, zinqanda ukukhula lesithathu, lesine - ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-streptomycin eyaziwa kahle uxhumana ribosomes kwamaseli virus. Kanjeyana they kakhulu kubambezela zamagama amaprotheni. Antibiotic idatha musa uxhumana ribosomes eukaryotic umzimba womuntu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi izinto akuzona anobuthi ukuba ezincelisayo ephakeme.

Lena akuyona yonke imisebenzi namaprotheni engqamuzana. Uhlu antibiotic ukucacisa, nezinye izenzo ezikhethekile kakhulu ukuthi lezi zakhi ethize zemvelo bayakwazi ukuba ne- ku-bacterium hhayi kuphela. Kuyaqhubeka njengamanje ukutadisha-antibiotic amaprotheni imvelaphi, lapho e nokuxhumana DNA eziphula izinqubo ezihlobene ne ukuqaliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Kodwa inqobo nje uma izinto ezinjalo zisetshenziswe kuphela nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali umdlavuza. Isibonelo nemiyo-antibiotic ezinjalo kuba dactinomycin actinomycetes kwemiqondo.

ubuthi

Amaprotheni iseli ukwenza umsebenzi a eyinqaba ucace kakhulu ngisho. Inani eziphilayo bukhoma ezivezwa ubuthi - ubuthi. Ngokwemvelo yabo, kukhona amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi ongaphakeme isisindo yamangqamuzana kwakwakhe organic. Njengoba isibonelo, ezinobuthi mushroom uginindela ukufa inkomishi.

amaprotheni elingasebenzi futhi ezidliwayo

Ezinye amaprotheni ukusebenza njengoba imibungu ukudla zezilwane nezitshalo. Kunezibonelo eziningi. Inani amaprotheni imbewu cell wokudla okuvalelwe kulo. Bayoba uqinisa igciwane izitshalo abasafufusa kusaqalwa sokuthuthuka. Ngo isilwane amaprotheni ukudla amaqanda albumin nobisi casein.

Unstudied amaprotheni izakhiwo

Okungenhla izibonelo - kuphela ingxenye osekuvele wafunda ngokwanele. Kodwa ngokwemvelo kusenabantu eziningi eziyimfihlakalo. Namaprotheni amaseli kwezinhlobo eziningi ahlukile, futhi manje ngisho nezindaba ezinzima ukuze uhlukanise kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, monellin - iprotheni wathola futhi ukuzihlanganisa izitshalo Afrika. Kunambitheka amnandi, kodwa akakubangeli ukukhuluphala futhi okungezona ezinobuthi. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kungaba esikhundleni kakhulu ushukela. Esinye isibonelo - iprotheni ezitholakala izinhlanzi ezinye Arctic, it kuvimbela okokuqandisa igazi, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni ngomqondo ongokoqobo ngesiqhathaniso. Kunamaphuzu amaningana isinambuzane amaphiko resilin amaprotheni compounds ezikhonjwe nge, kuyaqina cishe ephelele esiyingqayizivele. Futhi lokhu akuyona yonke izibonelo izinto ezokwenza kuphela uhlole uphinde ufake kusigaba.