Lokho ngokuya ihogela umthetho wangasese osebenza? umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe Private

Isimo sezwe lanamuhla enezimiso yabo engokomthetho, okuyinto zifana kakhulu komunye nomunye, nakuba mass izici ehlukile. Phakathi kumiswa uhlelo lomthetho owenziwa umkhakha ekhona yezomthetho ehlobene ubudlelwane ezehlukene emphakathini. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi kumiswa ezimbonini ezithile kuye kwadingeka isakhiwo zabo, izindlela, futhi baye basungula izimiso yabo nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Kuye izifundo futhi kuncike zonke umkhakha wezomthetho ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amabili, ngamunye okuyinto iyingxenye ebalulekile kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho. Elinye iqembu lalinabashumayeli izindawo umthetho elawula ubudlelwane zomthetho eziphathelene iqhaza ngqo umbuso ubuso igunya. Elinye iqembu siqukethe izimboni ezithinta ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni. Yilokho mayelana bokugcina imikhakha, ukubizwa ngokuthi umthetho wangasese uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Umqondo umthetho wangasese

Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi umthetho wangasese kuphela emkhakheni ubudlelwano obusemthethweni civil okungukuthi sibi, uma kuphela ngoba lelo lungelo umuntu isakhiwo. Ngokwe umqondo yesayensi athuthukile okwamanje, umthetho wangasese - ke siyingxenye ye yisiphi isimiso somthetho, sibonga elawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Ngakho, umthetho wangasese uhlelo yamazinga ezithile (izimboni based), okuyinto bavikele izithakazelo kumuntu othile ngokuhamba ukuxhumana yayo nabanye abantu. Kwethulwa nomqondo umthetho wangasese kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukugqamisa okuyisici esiyinhloko - umphakathi akufakwanga lobudlelwane zomthetho.

umthetho Family, esibonakala by ukwabiwa umthetho wangasese

Ngokomlando, akusiyo kuwo wonke umbuso umthetho wangasese ivelele njengoba isici esihlukile. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kungabonwa isibonelo emazweni-Anglo-Saxon, nomndeni zomthetho Muslim. imfundiso Political isimo uthi ngokuphelele noma iyiphi ingxenye yamalungelo kugunyazwe uhulumeni, noma wabadala. Ngakho-ke, ngisho engxenyeni ezimele kumele khona umphakathi. Kodwa umndeni Romano-zamaJalimane zomthetho okuhluke kakhulu. Lapha ngokuya ihogela umthetho wangasese sisebenza kunoma yikuphi uhlobo ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, okuyinto lubuthwe yonke umkhakha, okuyinto kusiza kakhulu imisebenzi esisebenzayo abameli.

Umlando Yomthetho Okuyimfihlo - eseRoma sasemandulo namuhla

Njengoba sishilo, ukuze ngokuya ihogela umthetho wangasese osebenza nezinto ezifana izithakazelo ngabanye, izinhlangano. Lesi sici sekwakhiwe isikhathi laseRoma lasendulo. Tit Livy emisebenzini yakhe waveza ukuthi main umthombo umthetho wamaRoma, we Imithetho amathebula 12, ugxile imithetho kokubili umthetho kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Ngakho, ngisho ngalezo zinsuku abameli wabelane legatsha komthetho, kwaba ngamaqembu amabili main. Division isisekelo wabeka Ulpianus. Ngokusho kwakhe, konke ukuze kuzuze isimo, kuyilungelo lomphakathi. Lokho kusho ukuthi izithakazelo abantu abazimele kuyadingeka ukuze ubheke umthetho wangasese. ukulingana izikhali phakathi kwabo - isimiso esibalulekile wayo yonke umthetho wangasese wafakwa ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi zezazi wamaRoma. Uma sicabanga ngakho konke izici ezingenhla, kwenkululeko umthetho wangasese osebenza isithakazelo kubantu, alinganayo ngokuphelele komunye nomunye amalungelo nemisebenzi yabo. umfutho Ngisho namandla ekuthuthukiseni leli lungelo lanikezwa Renaissance, bese ekhulwini XX.

Izimpawu Umthetho Wobumfihlo

Kunemibono eminingi yesayensi mayelana nezici kangcono elichaza umthetho wangasese. Namuhla singazibona eziningana "zakudala 'kakhulu:

1. Umthetho Okuyimfihlo - somthetho of ubudlelwano ngabanye yangasese.

2. Inikeza ukuqaliswa, izithakazelo ngokuyinhloko yangasese: kuzokwenza, inkululeko kwezomnotho, ukulingana amaqembu.

3. Ukwanda amafomu izivumelwano of kwamalungelo abo.

4. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa amalungelo wephule, ezifana nezinkantolo.

5. linqoba imithetho discretionary.

6. walondoloza ngokugcwele inqubo engokomthetho classical.

uhlelo lokusebenza ezibhedlela ezizimele umthetho

Namuhla ikhiphe uchungechunge amagatsha zomthetho ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu umthetho wangasese. Inqubo yokwabiwa kokubili komphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele has inqubo yayo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukhona izimfuneko ezithile ukuze "kokuhlaziywa" (isithakazelo indlela, izifundo kanye netintfo). Ngakho, kukhona amagatsha alandelayo umthetho wangasese:

1. Umndeni.

2. Civil.

3. Labor.

4. Private International Law.

5. Civil Law ngokwenqubo.

6. Ezezindlu Law.

Umhlaba ningemi, ukuze bakwazi zabelwe imboni entsha umthetho wangasese, esekelwe ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo lokuxhumana komphakathi.

Indlela kanye nemithetho

Sikhishwe isihloko umthetho wangasese, esakhiwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana bemvelo izinto, kufanele uhlinzeke indlela ekhethekile wesi zomthetho. Ngo umthetho wangasese owandile indlela dispositive. essence yayo wukuthi isihloko unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ngokuzimela ezilawula ukuziphatha kwayo ebuhlotsheni zomthetho ahlukahlukene. Lokho kuvunyelwe imithetho kuphela regulative (ezizimele), ezichaza kwenkululeko nokuziphatha okwamukelekayo. umthetho oyimfihlo ejwayelekile emithathu isici fomu. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo yabo banalo mbono, dispositions futhi unswinyo. Izikhonzi umthetho wangasese zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. izinhlangano zomthetho inkululeko enkulu kunazo zonke iziqondiso ezingokomthetho futhi isemthethweni yombango, okuyinto kakhulu kuthinta indima yalesi umkhakha kwezamabhizinisi.

International yangasese umthetho wemboni

umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wangasese iqoqo namazinga omhlaba wezomthetho nemithetho, imithethonqubo, amagugu yangaphakathi, kanye nezivumelwano international namasiko ngqo alawule ezindabeni zomphakathi. I engavamile kulezi zimiso wukuthi basuke nzima isici angaphandle. Private Law International (ngemuva kwalokhu - MCHP) ikhona ukuqaliswa kanye nentuthuko ezizimele emhlabeni wonke ngo ukuthuthukisa imiqondo ezivamile zomthetho nemibono.

imithombo pil

imithombo International umthetho wangasese njalo elokhu ivela kulekelelwa, kanye ukwakha uhlaka olulodwa wezomthetho iziqondiso ngamazwe nezikazwelonke.

1. ngesisekelo Ministry of Izimo eziphuthumayo ngokuyinhloko izimiso komthetho wamazwe omhlaba.

2. Abaningi imithetho umthetho wangasese kufakwe izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene amazwe, njenge "Isivumelwano ku Izinto Trade-Related of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)."

3. izici eziningi ezizimele ilungelo yakha kule nomthetho ezifuywayo States ngabanye. Ngokuqondene Russian Federation, izenzo ezilandelayo yilezi: umndeni, Civil Code nemithetho kahulumeni.

4. Arbitration futhi Litigation yenza neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni MPP.

Isihloko Ukwakheka MPP

Izihloko SPE kungenzeka abantu abakwaziyo nokusebenzisa amalungelo nezibopho. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo izinhlangano: ngabanye, izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kanye nembuso.

1. abantu Yemvelo ehilelekile ubudlelwane yangasese zomthetho ngesisekelo izigaba ezimbili: amandla angokomthetho. Isici sokuqala esivela wonke umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni. Ingqikithi kuba ukuthi wonke umuntu namalungelo nezibopho okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukunqabela. Umthamo ukwenza - yikhono ukubhekana nemisebenzi yayo ukuze uthole imisebenzi komthetho. Kuyinto nalezi zindlela ezimbili njani umuntu njengoba umhlanganyeli, isihloko ubudlelwane umthetho wangasese kanye MPP.

2. abantu Legal ingxenye yawo yezomthetho ngokusebenzisa MPP umthamo isigaba, okuyinto ihlukaniswe yaba jikelele futhi ekhethekile. Ubude ivumela ukuba uqaphele amalungelo nezibopho ngokulinganayo nabantu. Ngokuphathelene zomthetho ekhethekile ke khona layo izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kungenzeka amalungu ubudlelwane zomthetho, okuyinto lokwelekelela kulawulwa umthetho futhi iyoqhubela ixazululwe kuphela ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo othile.

Engxenyeni ezimele amalungelo anoma yimuphi tahulumende zomthetho kanye nabantu ukudlala ngempela indima ebalulekile. Nokho, MPP "isisindo" iningi ndaba isimo.

Isimo njengoba isihloko esivelele IPL

umthetho International ulawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe, okuyizinto abadlali central. Lithi kuleli IPL ongangena abaningi kakhulu ubudlelwano nabanye States, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, zomthetho futhi abantu zemvelo. Kukhona futhi izibonelo lapho State ingena ebudlelwaneni zomthetho nabantu. Kuze kube yimanje, MPP theory kuthathwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ubudlelwano zomthetho, lapho isimo kuhileleke, okuyilezi:

- Ubudlelwano somthetho phakathi States, kunhlanganiso zamazwe omhlaba kanye States.

- Ubuhlobo Legal phakathi isimo kulolu hlangothi, futhi abantu yemvelo kanye zomthetho angaphandle ngakolunye.

Kufanele kutsi uphindze ugcizelele izici iqhaza isimo sika ku SPE. Mayelana kufanele njalo zikhunjulwe, ngoba isimo akusona ezifanayo nanoma iyiphi inhlangano umthetho wangasese.

1. Isimo isihloko ekhethekile. Akukhona inhlangano esemthethweni, njengoba ngokwayo ulawula isimo imithetho yayo.

2. izinkontileka lapho ngenye inhlangano - state, namazinga kazwelonke zisetshenziswa amalungelo zokugcina.

3. Ukuthengiselana nesimo, kungakhathaliseki isimo salo ezombusazwe uhlale okuyingozi, ngoba ubukhosi.

4. UMbuso, njengoba isihloko, kanye nezinye izinto futhi ayinaso amalungelo.

Ekuphetheni, udinga ukwengeza yokuthi isiqondiso umbuso angeke khona umthetho civil njengoba izimiso peremptory. Noma kunjalo, sathola ukuthi ngokuya ihogela umthetho wangasese osebenza ku eziningana ubudlelwane zomthetho phakathi kwabantu, okuyinto kumele balawulwe. Ngakho-ke, "izilungiso" okungasho lutho kwesikholwa isimo ziyamukeleka ngempela.