Lo mthetho owenqabela isisu. A bill lokuvala izisu eRussia

Izisu ku Russian Federation ukuxazululwa ezingeni zomthetho. Lezi zinqubo eyotholakala ngemihlomulo isabelomali isimo. Uma iminyaka yobudala isukela sokukhulelwa zamaviki 12, isisu wenziwa ngesicelo sowesifazane. Uma isikhathi isikhathi esingamasonto 12-22, inqubo wenziwa esimweni liqine Eqinisweni okudlwengula. kungenziwa kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhulelwa inqanyuliwe zivume ukwelashwa ngalo.

Imininingwane zomlando

Lo mthetho owenqabela isisu e-USSR likhishwa ngo-1920. ESoviet Union yaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni, wavumela inqubo ezingeni olusemthethweni. E-UK, isibonelo, isinqumo sathathwa ngo-1967, e-United States - ngo-1973, eNtshonalanga Jalimane - ngo-1976, e-France - ngo-1975. I Union isisu ban laqanjwa emuva 1936. I okuhlukile isisu uju. izinkomba. Nokho, ezimweni eziningi, le nqubo yase eyenziwa ngokungemthetho. Ban izisu eRussia lezwakala sisebenza kuze kube ngo-1955

Dynamics

Ngokwezibalo, inani abakhulelwayo kuleli zwe uphazamisa falling kusukela ngo-1980 njalo ngonyaka. Noma kunjalo, amazinga jikelele ahlale ngempela eliphezulu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi isisu, njengoba ithuluzi wesi isikhathi kanye nenani abantwana abazalwa, ukulahlekelwa phansi ukuze ukusetshenziswa zokuvimbela inzalo yesimanje. Lo mkhuba ikakhulu imakwe nje isizukulwane esisha.

ezingokoqobo zamanje

Igama elithi "isisu" is kwezokwelapha kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi "yisisu". Kungaba nokuguqulwa noma yokufakelwa. Ukukhipha isisu likhona uhlu lwezinhlobo kwezokulapha umshuwalense. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhamuzi yezwe unelungelo lokufaka isicelo emtholampilo inqubo ngezithukuthuku isabelomali isimo. Ngokuhambisana Eziyisisekelo kwemitsetfo lelawula engxenyeni yezempilo, yilowo nalowo wesifazane ithuba lokunquma ngokuzimela mayelana konina.

ngokucacile

Ukukhipha isisu ngendlela yokufakelwa kumaviki awu kufika ku-12. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Kwenziwa isicelo yisakhamuzi. Ngakho ku amasonto 4-7 futhi 11-12 inqubo wenziwa ngaphambili kuka emva 48 h. Ngemva kokuguquka emtholampilo, amasonto 8-10. - hhayi ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-7. Lesinqumo LoMkhandlu Uhulumeni wayeka ukuvimbela isisu sihlehlela 12-22, uma kungaba ukuthi ukukhulelwa kuphazamisa umphumela ukudlwengula. Lapho inqubo kwezokwelapha wenziwa kungakhathaliseki ubude isikhathi kanye kwemvume wesifazane.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Abasebenzi bezempilo Unelungelo senqabe izisu ku izinkolelo zomuntu siqu. Ukukhethwa yilapho isisu ezidingekayo ku wobufakazi, noma awukwazi esikhundleni udokotela. Uma isakhamuzi omdala ubelokhu eqashelwa siphelelwe amandla, isisu kuvunyelwe ngaphansi kokucindezelwa yomyalelo wenkantolo. isinqumo esinjalo uyothathwa ngesisekelo isicelo sifakwe yi nabesifazane bameleleke ngendlela. Ngo-July 1, 2014 usethe inhlawulo inqubo emthethweni. It efanelekela ukuba ukuhlukumeza zokuphatha.

Isimo Sengqondo kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi

Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene njengoba sekube nesicelo umbono ohlukile ukukhipha izisu ngemishini. Isimo Sengqondo isimo kanye nomphakathi incike izici isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona, izimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe, kwabantu futhi inani izakhamuzi, izinkolelo zenkolo. Emakhulwini eminyaka 15-18. Etching ukuze umbungu usebenzisa potions, noma kukhulunywa umbelethisi kowesifazane esikhulu ukuphenduka 5-15 amalitha. Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-17 yesibili. UMbusi u-Alexis umthetho ekhethekile ekuvimbeleni isisu sivunyiwe. Ngenxa yokwephula isigwebo sokufa usumisiwe. Peter kwadambisa unswinyo ngo-1715. Ngokusho amalungiselelo yalela ukudluliselwa kwamandla wokuphatha 1845 ukukhipha izisu wafanisa ukuba umuntu nezinsana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo icala waqaphela futhi abesifazane ngokwabo, futhi labo ababa nengxenye ukuqaliswa kwe-inqubo. Njengoba isijeziso efakwe kanzima iminyaka 4-10 ngoba udokotela ukudingiselwa eSiberia, ukubeka abesifazane esikhungweni sokuqondisa izigwegwe ngoba 4-6 amalitha. Ngokusho Art. 1462 Ulozhenie abanokwethenjelwa i- nokuvimbela isisu, uma imisebenzi ngempumelelo beswela uthi futhi isiqondiso ezindaweni ezikude. Uma ukukhipha izisu kwalolu impilo yowesifazane, indoda, nekuwusebentisa, kwakusongela iminyaka engu 6-8 kanzima. Kulokhu, khona medobrazovaniya yakhe kubhekwa njengesimo esandisayo.

Izinguquko emithethweni kanye nemitheshwana

Ngaphambi inguquko, waphasisa umthetho ekuvimbeleni isisu, owawuthi, unina enecala lokubulala fetus, Uliqaphele trehh kweminyaka eboshiwe endlini ukulungiswa. Isijeziso efanayo kuhlinzekelwe yimuphi umuntu ukusiza inqubo. Kulokhu, uma umuntu wephule umthetho Ukuvinjelwa izisu, wenziwa umbelethisi noma udokotela, inkantolo ungase wayiziba ikhono ukuqhuba isikhathi seminyaka eyisihlanu nokwambula sinqumo yayo. Isijeziso kuhlinzekelwe besithathu, ngisho noma iqhaza kule nqubo noma nokukulungiselela ngenkululeko emtholile lona wesifazane okhulelwe. Ngu umthwalo bakhangwa bonke abahlanganyeli, abadayisa amathuluzi adingekayo kanye kusho ukubulala umbungu. Uma kuphazamiseka kwenzeke ngaphandle kwemvume yalowo wesifazane, isephulamthetho ziyakuba yiminyaka eyikhulu 8 ekubeletheni. Abanganaki isisu umthwalo ukhule.

Isimo emva kwempi

Nge eza emandleni amaBolshevik uthando khulula phathelana waqonda njengoba omunye izimo ayinhloko ukuze Ukukhululwa abesifazane. In the engekho ngesikhathi inzalo isimo sengqondo esinjalo kuye kwavula ekwandiseni kunombolo asizalwanga ngokuphinga. Lokhu kwakwenza kudingeke ususe ukuvinjelwa Imininingwane ngokukhipha isisu. Ngenxa bonke abesifazane abaningi abathakazelayo base sokuqeda bakhulelwe esikhungweni ekhethekile mahhala.

Isinqumo 1920

Ukukhipha isisu wavunyelwa kuphela esibhedlela sikahulumeni kanye nodokotela kuphela. Ukuze inqubo, kwaba okwanele isakhamuzi kwemvume. Ngenxa yezizathu zempilo ke wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza:

• Engqondweni iyagula.
• nabancelisayo (ingane ize izinyanga 9.).
• Iziguli acute izinso ukuvuvukala, ugcunsula, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sofuba, 2 no-3 tbsp.

isisu Ivunyelwe isimo emphakathini. Ukuze inqubo futhi banelungelo:

• Elikhulu.
• omama abangabodwa.
• Abahluphekayo.
• Idlwenguliwe.
• Hhayi kokuba endaweni okwanele yamagceke.
• Seduction udakiwe.
• Labo abesaba ngumama.
• Ukubona ukungayithandi kumyeni wakhe.
• Citizen, baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe ngokuvamile nokunye.

Nokho, ngo-1924 i-isiyingi ekhethekile sivunyiwe. Yena kukhawula abesifazane. Ngakho, kusukela manje kuqhubeke isidingo citizenesses kwaba ukunikeza imvume ekhethekile. Eyakhishwa ngesisekelo imibhalo efana:

• Isitifiketi yokukhulelwa.
• Isitifiketi yesimo somshado.
• Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we iholo.
• Isiphetho ngalesi sifo.

imikhawulo

Ngo-1925, abantu abayinkulungwane bahlala emadolobheni amakhulu, zaba cishe 6 amacala isisu. Ilungelo kuqala for inqubo ukubulawa esisetshenziselwa abasebenzi izimboni kanye izitshalo. Nokho, ngokushesha kwenkathi semthethweni isisu luvaliwe. Isimo kancane kancane enwetshiwe kophiko lwayo phezu zonke izindawo zomphakathi. Ngu-1930, amandla ukungena emkhakheni ukuzala. bill ekuvimbeleni isisu sivunyiwe ngo-1926 abesifazane ayakhulelwa okokuqala, kanye afeze kunemidanti ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ezedlule. Ngo-1930, imali laqanjwa izindleko zokuhlinzwa kwakho. Ngo-1931, le nqubo abiza mayelana 18-20 p, ngo-1933 -. 2-60 p, ngo-1935 -. 25-300 p. Eminyakeni 1970-80-xx. abesifazane abathola 80-100 k., mina kukhokhelwe isisu ruble angu-50. Mahhala ukuqhuba Inqubo ayengakwenza waphathwa isifo sofuba, ukusangana, isithuthwane, kanye nokuba azalwa naso inhliziyo isici.

ukwehla wenzalo

Ukwandisa inani ekukhipheni izisu senzeka ngo parallel eziya ziba zimbi ka isimo lokubala ubuningi babantu ezweni. Kakade emva kweminyaka 4-5 emva semthethweni lokuzalwa imisebenzi banyukubala ngokushesha. Kule ndaba wethulwa okusalungiswa ekuvimbeleni isisu. Ngo-1936-ke sivunyiwe. Manje, ngenxa ukwephulwa amalungiselelo ezisengozini necala lobugebengu. Noma kunjalo, isisu wavunyelwa ngezizathu. Ban isisu wabasekeli babenethemba lokuthola abanye abantu ngcono isimo yezibalo. Njengoba zokuvimbela inzalo ngesikhathi zazingasetshenziswa ngoba bengibonisa zabo, empeleni esilinganisweni nomthelela ekwandeni okuzala. Nokho, nale wemboni ayisihluthulelo emnothweni isithunzi waqala imisebenzi engekho emthethweni. izisu Criminal, Ngakho-ke, baye kuyinsakavukela. Ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi ngokuvamile yenziwa abantu abangenayo imfundo ekhethekile, abesifazane bavame isathela. Uma uhlangabezana yezinkinga isakhamuzi ezinjalo Awukwazi ukukhalaza emtholampilo isimo ngoba udokotela kwadingeka ukuba uwulethe izakhiwo abanekhono. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho ekuvimbeleni isisu eRussia, hhayi kuphela awazange asize ukwandisa izinga lokuzalwa, kodwa futhi kwaholela eminye ukunciphisa ke.

Isinqumo 1955

Ephakeme KaHulumeni ye-USSR Ephakeme Council wathatha isinqumo sayo ukuqhuba umsebenzi uvinjelwe. Ngokuhambisana evunywe Isinqumo, inqubo evumela zonke kwabesifazane ababenobuhlobo kungekho contraindications ke. Ukulungiswa kumele kwenziwe imisebenzi kuphela ezikhethekile ezikhungweni zokwelapha odokotela. A bill lokuvala izisu in emitholampilo yangasese liqhubekile. Mthetho imithetho ezisengozini necala lobugebengu. Ikakhulukazi, udokotela angase bancishwa inkululeko isikhathi unyaka elilodwa, futhi uma isiguli yafa ngesikhathi ukuhlinzwa - kuze kufinyelele eminyakeni 8. Ngo-1956, imiyalelo ezikhethekile ukuba alawule oda imisebenzi yanyatheliswa. Ngo-1961, e idokhumenti normative wenza izinguquko, okuyinto ukhathazekile Ukukhishwa amashidi ukukhubazeka.

nokubhala

Naphezu semthethweni olungaphelele imisebenzi kuleli zwe uhlala funa esiqinile izinsizakalo zangasese. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi ngemva kokuhlinzwa, lo wesifazane kube isikhathi esithile isikhungo sokwelapha. Emva kwalesi sikhathi wathola incwadi kadokotela, okuyinto "ukuxilongwa" kushiwo "isisu." Akuwona wonke isakhamuzi wayefuna ukwenza umphakathi imininingwane yokuphila kwakhe. Kule ndaba, amasevisi amaningi oluyintandokazi yangasese. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba abameli wakhuluma esikhundleni uphethwe ukuba "ukulimala umthengi." isiphakamiso okunjalo kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi, like kwezisu, awusebenzi akuhileli isinxephezelo nomphakathi. Lo mbono Nokho practice akukakasetshenziswa.

Isimo ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20

Ekuqaleni 1980. lokusekela ukuphila liye lenyuka, okuyinto wavunyelwa sokuqeda ukukhulelwa amasonto angu-24. Ngo-1987 umsebenzi usuvuliwe izisu amasonto 28. Kulo mBhalo, ukusebenza kwadingeka ukuba athobele kwezimo ezithile. Ikakhulukazi, abesifazane avunyelwe ukuba akhiphe isisu uma:

• Umyeni wami wavelelwa a 1 noma 2 amagremu. ukukhubazeka.
• Umlingani wafa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa yomkakhe.
• Umshado sahoxiswa.
• Umlingani kubo basejele.
• Umyeni / unkosikazi, noma kokubili ngasikhathi sinye bancishwa amalungelo sabazali noma kubekelwe kubo.
• Ukukhulelwa ngemuva ukudlwengula.
• Umndeni has isimo enkulu.

ukuhlinzwa sinenkonzo yokunakekela iziguli emakhaya (mini-isisu) - Ngo-1989, cleaner nenshisekelo isixazululiwe na. Ngo-1996 yena lalimisa mfushane umnqamulajuqu ukukhipha izisu kuya emasontweni 22.. Ngesikhathi esifanayo thina enwetshiwe uhlu izinkomba kwezenhlalo inqubo. Uhlu kuhlanganisa:

• Ukungabikho kwezindlu zamanani.
• Isimo ayizisebenzi / lababaleki.
• engenayo emndenini ezinganele (ngezansi ubuncane ukudla).
• Isimo sabantu abangasebenzi.
• Nezamuzhestvo.

Kufanele ukuthi umthetho yasekhaya esehlanganise isisu, kubhekwa emhlabeni omunye ovulekile kakhulu.

umkhuba

Imithetho ekhona Ususe isihloko elawula ukuvinjelwa isisu emitholampilo yangasese. Ngakho, wanwetshelwa uhla izifundo ezingaba sihlinzeke izinhlelo isisu. Njengoba indlela eyisisekelo inqubo wenza Ukuvuleka komlomo futhi curettage. Le ndlela ibizwa obonwa UBANI akusebenzi. Nokho, ngokwe-Federal State Izibalo Izikhungo, ngo-2009, isabelo yayo yonke imisebenzi isisu kwaba 70% ezindaweni zokusiza ngezempilo zomphakathi. Kulokhu, izindlela ivikeleke kakhulu - cleaner nenshisekelo futhi isisu wezokwelapha - zisetshenziselwa kuphela 26,2% futhi 3.8%, ngokulandelana. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, non-state izikhungo izibalo emuva. isisu Medical isetshenziswa 70% amacala.

izibalo

Ngokusekelwe imiphumela ngekucaphelisisa, kusukela ngo-1990 inani eliphelele izisu kuleli zwe kancane kancane unyaka ngamunye. Ngakho, ngo-2012, kwabikwa isibonelo 1.063.982 izimo, futhi ngo-2013 - kakade 1012 399. Nokho, izibalo nzima yokuthi uyakucabangela hhayi kuphela amacala yokufakelwa izibalo ezisemthethweni, kodwa futhi isisu nokuguqulwa. Ngaphezu Rosstat, imiphumela yocwaningo enyatheliswa yi-Ministry of Health. Nokho, idatha yakamuva mancane okukhulu kakhulu. Rosstat izibalo acabangele hhayi kuphela ulwazi ezikhungweni zokwelapha subordinated eMnyango, kodwa futhi neminye iminyango nama-ejensi kanye ezibhedlela ezizimele. Iningi zokukhokhelwa ewela nezikhungo zomphakathi (90%). emitholampilo yangasese amayelana 8% nezinqubo. Ngokuvamile, ukukhipha izisu ukwenza abesifazane abashade futhi usunayo i 1-2 izingane. Okwengeziwe futhi ukhombe ukwanda isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala abesifazane ababemi izikhungo kusuka 28 kuya eminyakeni engu-29,37. Ochwepheshe bathi lokhu kubangwa ukwanda ekwati esizukulwaneni esisha ukuthi kungenzeka basebenzise izinto zokuvimbela inzalo yesimanje. Lokhu, has imiphumela ezuzisayo on zokuhlela umndeni.

Ukukhipha isisu kanye Ukucwaninga amanani

Ukunciphisa inani izisu, nakuba kancane, kepha esigculisayo esibhedlela ngempela namuhla. Kuziwa ngokumelene isizinda ukwanda kuhlelwe izinga lokuzalwa kuleli zwe. Ngo-2007, inani lonyaka ezizalwa Udlule inombolo izisu. Igebe ivame ukwandisa. Nokho, ochwepheshe ukhombe ukungabi khona ukuxhumana okuqondile ne inani ukuthengiselana sandise namathuba. Ngokwesibonelo, izibalo ayengezansi kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-1993 ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngokocwaningo lwamuva, indima ebalulekile silwisana izinga lokuzalwa yizici ocansini nomshado. abesifazane abaningi eminyakeni abo okuzala, musa ukubabela aba omama ngoba ungenayo umlingani unomphela.

ukuphendula umphakathi

Kukhona izinhlangano ezikhankasela kuvinjelwe isisu. Russian Federation - Ngokwentando yeningi efuna ukuqinisekisa kulondolozwe amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu isakhamuzi. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza komphakathi, uwukubonakaliswa amaphuzu ahlukahlukene umbono wamukelekile kuleli zwe. Ezimweni eziningi, izakhamuzi uphucwe sokuma hlangothi. Ngokuvamile, labantu akafuni ukuba ujoyine le nhlangano ukuze uvimbele isisu, kodwa kunenkolelo eyandile yokuthi lezo zinqubo abe nomthelela omubi empilweni yabesifazane. Ingxenye izakhamuzi ukusekela ukwethulwa abanye imingcele. Ngokwe ucwaningo olwenziwa "Levada Centre", ngo-2007 57% of the bakubo yayiphambana isisu ban. Ngu-2010, isibalo sabo sehle 48%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eminyakeni emithathu inombolo abasekeli imisebenzi isinqumo kuphela ngezizathu zezokwelapha, kukhuphuke kusuka 20 kuya 25%. A umsekeli umsekeli oqinile izisu ukuvinjelwa liye landa ngamaphesenti 1%. Ngo-2011, i-Duma State Ucabangelé isicelo izinyathelo lokunika ilungelo ukuqhuba imisebenzi. Ngokwe-portal Superjob, aphethwe uma poll, 91% izakhamuzi ukusekela ukwethulwa yokubika esiyisibopho ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwezisu, 45% babe esivuna isiqondiso zabesifazane ukulalela ukushaya kwenhliziyo we ingane esibelethweni, 65% kufanele ukuthi ahlinzeke okhulelwe umama "Isikhathi Sokuthula" ukucabanga ngesinqumo sakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo 63% okwaxoxwa nabo bakholelwa ukuthi kudingeka imvume kumyeni wakhe ukuba bafeze inqubo kuzoholela ukwanda kwemacala imisebenzi engekho emthethweni phakathi iziguli oshadile, 53% bakuphikisile exclusion isisu kusukela uhlu khulula medetsinskogo amasevisi.

Isichibiyelo ukulawulwa zamaphini ka Samara

Ngo-2013, iqembu isinyathelo iphrojekthi wethulwa, owawuthi kulindeleke ukuba ushintshe Art. 35 zoMthetho Federal elawula inqubo yomshuwalense yezokwelapha eziphoqelelwe. Ngokusho lokuchitshiyelwa, ukukhipha isisu kwenzelwa kulolu hlu, wayenikeza abantu izinkonzo khulula. Ukukhethwa kulapho sokukhulelwa okusongelayo ekuphileni sowesifazane. Kodwa lo mthethosivivinywa waphindiselwa kwamaphini, e-non-ukuthobela imithetho h. 3 tbsp. 104 soMthethosisekelo futhi Art. 105 we State Duma Regulations. Samara amasekela akayitholanga umbono kusuka kuhulumeni. Okunye imizamo kungukuthi kuthathwe ukuchibiyela.