Isikweletu somphakathi yisamba sezindleko zombuso zangaphambilini noma ukulahlekelwa kwesabelomali?

Bonke abantu bajwayele umqondo wesikweletu sempahla: izikweletu emabhange, izitolimende ezitolo, njll.

Futhi ubani onombuso futhi ngani? Ingabe kunenzuzo ukuboleka uhulumeni? Umqondo wokuthi "isikweletu somphakathi" usho ukuthini? Ingabe lena inani lemalimboleko yangaphambili noma izindleko? Sizozama ukukuqonda lokhu okunye.

Umqondo wesabelomali

Isikweletu sezwe siyisamba semali esele isabelomali esandulele.

Lena enye yezincazelo. Umqondo oyinhloko kuwo yisabelomali. Lokhu kungumthamo wazo zonke izindleko zikahulumeni kanye nezindleko. Imithombo yokugcwaliswa kwayo yilezi:

• Izintela eziqondile: intela yomuntu siqu, inzuzo, ezolimo ezingafani, njll.
• Imisebenzi engaqondakaliyo yokuthengwa kwempahla ehlukahlukene: ugwayi, utshwala, izimoto zangaphandle. Kusasa uhlu luzogcwaliswa nge-sodas ehlukahlukene, iziphuzo zamandla, iziphuzo, njengoba iziphathimandla emazingeni aphezulu zixoxa ngazo.
• Imali yokulayisense.
• Izijeziso, izinhlawulo, njll.

Izinhlobo zesabelomali

Le mali iwela kwisabelomali sesifundazwe, bese kuthi, ngokuya ngesamba, izindleko zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zihlelwe.

Kusukela ekuphumeleleni kwenqubomgomo yamanje, isabelomali singaba:

• Izindleko ezengeziwe ezingenayo imali.
• Izinkomba ezilinganayo - ezilinganayo.
• Izindleko ezincane ezingenayo imali.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi isabelomali esilinganiselwe kubhekwa njengento ekahle, ekhuluma ngomgomo olinganiselayo wokuphathwa kombuso kanye nokuphathwa kahle.

Izizathu zokwehla kwesabelomali

Ngakho-ke umqondo wezikweletu zomphakathi uvela - lokhu kungumthamo wezindleko ezandulele, eziphakeme kunezingeniso. Izizathu zalokhu zingase zihluke:

• Shintsha ezimweni zemakethe, isibonelo, ukuwa kwamafutha ngesigamu.
• Ukuguqulwa kwamandla ezweni, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuphathwa kwezimali ezingalwazi.
• Ukwandisa izibopho zomphakathi ezithintekayo, isibonelo, ngesibalo esiphezulu sabantu, njll.

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, isikweletu somphakathi singumthamo wemali eyedlule yezimali. Kodwa kungakhuphuka nezindleko ezizayo. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Isabelomali sezwe silungiselelwe iminyaka ezayo kakhulu. E-Russia itholakale iminyaka eminingana. Uhulumeni usuyazi namuhla ukuthi kufanele usebenzise kangakanani kusasa: izimpesheni, izinkokhelo zabasebenzi bombuso, ama-oda wombuso, njll.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikweletu somphakathi samanje yisamba semali esesidlangalaleni esedlule , okufanele ibe ngaphezulu kunezimali ezivela esikhathini sangaphambilini. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, ingakhula eminyakeni ezayo. Ukuze uqonde zonke izindlela, indlela uhulumeni alinganisela ngayo kuleso simo, siphendukela kumqondo we "bonds loan bonds" (OFZ). Okuningi kulokhu okuqhubekayo.

Izibopho zezibopho ze-Federal (OFZ)

Izibopho zezibopho ze-Federal ziyizibambiso ezicashunwe eMoscow Stock Exchange. Eqinisweni, lawa amaresidi uhulumeni akhuluma ngawo ngamaphesenti athile. Ngenkambiso yezinqubo ezehlukene, bafaka ukushintshaniswa, lapho ngokusebenzisa ukuhwebelana kwabahwebi kanye nabathengi bamasheya, noma yisiphi isomali esingayithola. Umgomo ukwandisa imali enkulu ngezingozi ezincane ngaphansi kweziqinisekiso zikahulumeni. Yiqiniso, kungakhohlisa nalabo abahlala ngo-1998, bayazi into enjalo njengokungalungi - ukwenqaba ukukhokha izibopho zabo. Naphezu kwalokhu, iziphathimandla zithembeke ngaphezu kwamabhizinisi ezentengiselwano, okungahle kube khona nanoma yiluphi usuku.

Izibopho zemalimboleko yombuso kukhona amarisidi wangempela. Ngoba ukwethembeka kwabo kuqapha ukushintshaniswa. Abashalizimali namuhla bathenga izikweletu, okwathi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ungathola imali. Kukhona i-OFZ, okumele ikhokhwe kuyokwenziwa eminyakeni engu-20-30. Abanikazi babo, njengomthetho, bathola amabhonasi wonyaka (amakhuphoni).

Sesivele sishilo ngenhla ukuthi isikweletu somphakathi singumthamo wezindleko zangaphambilini. Kodwa imali ivela kuphi? Ubani ophethe umbuso? Omunye wemithombo ngu-OFZ. Okusho ukuthi isabelomali sesivele silungiselelwe ukukhokha izibopho zeminyaka elandelayo, kodwa izibikezelo zayo ziye zaba nzima. Kulesi simo, uMnyango Wezezimali uzama ukuguqula amalungelo omkhipha ngosizo lweBhange Elikhulu, okungukuthi, ukuhlehlisa ukukhokhelwa kwezikweleti. Ihlinzeka ngamakhuphoni amaningi anenzuzo (inzalo) kumabhondi futhi iphakamise inani layo eliqokwe ngokulinganayo (inani elikhonjiswe ngamacala ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhokha).

Ngakho-ke, isikweletu somphakathi yisilinganiso samaphuzu esabelomali esedlule.

Izinhlobo zezikweletu zomphakathi

Kuye ngemithombo yemali mboleko, isikweletu somphakathi sihlukaniswe ngokuthi:

• Ngaphakathi;
• Ngaphandle.

I-Internal yenziwa ngenxa ye-OFZ yokuthengiswa kwe-stock exchange yaseMoscow. Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izibopho, sesivele sisho. Isikweletu sangaphandle singakhiwa kusuka emithonjeni ehlukene. Okuyinhloko yilokhu:

• I-International Monetary Fund ingumklomelo omkhulu kunazo zonke ezisezweni. Inhlangano yadalwa ngabanikeli bezimali zangasese, kodwa ngokubambisana iqhaza ne-UN kanye ne-European Union.
• Amabhange asemhlabeni wonke.
• Okunye uthi.
• Izibambiso ezindaweni zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe.

Noma yisiphi isikweletu somphakathi ngemali yangaphandle sibhekwa ngokuzenzekelayo, njengoba iziphathimandla kanye neBhange Elikhulu laseRussia abakwazi ukukusika ngezinsimbi ezehlukene zezezimali: ukulinganisa, ukwehla kwamandla emali, isonto, njll.

Isikweletu somphakathi saseRussia namuhla

Sitshilo kakade ukuthi isikweletu sikazwelonke siyisamba semali eyedlule yesabelomali, kodwa yimali engakanani namhlanje.

Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2015, uHulumeni waseRussia uzoba nezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-7,4 zama-ruble ezikwelekheni zasekhaya, kanti phakathi no-2016 le mali isuke ibe yi-ruble angu-7.9 trillion.

Isikweletu sangaphandle siyizigidi eziyi-7 zamaRandi, okungekho emthethweni, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GDP yezwe. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zamemezela ukuboleka kwezikhwama ezidinga ukuhwebelana ngamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nasemakethe yasekhaya.

Isibonelo, isikweletu se-US singama $ 19 trillion. Inani libonakala lihlaba umxhwele, kodwa lingu-109% weGDP yezwe. Uma iRussia inesikweletu esinjalo, ngakho-ke, sinikezwa izinkomba ze-macroeconomic, sizoyikhokhela izizukulwane eziningana.

Okuzenzakalelayo ngeke kube?

Ngaphambi kokufakazela ukuthi izwe lihlehlisiwe, kudingekile ukuqondanisa izinga leGDP lezwe, inani lesikweletu kanye nokusebenza kulo.

Isimo emakethe yaseRussia sinyanyiswe yizikweletu zamabhizinisi amakhulu. Ngokwezifiso, lezi zibalo azifakiwe esikhwameni sesabelomali sesifundazwe, kodwa empeleni iziphathimandla zixhasa lezi zimabhizinisi, futhi eziningi zazo zichaphazela ngqo inhlalakahle yethu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2016, isikweletu senkampani sasiyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-799, okwezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi zamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7. Njengoba kunikezwe izigwegwe eziseNtshonalanga, umuntu angasho ukuthi lezi zinkampani azikwazi ukukhokhwa kwamabhange angaphandle, ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa kabusha, ukuhoxisa izikweletu zabo. Uma lesi simo singashintshi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, izinkampani zizohlehliswa ngokukodwa. Lokhu kuzoholela ekudakaleni kokulinganisa kokuzethemba ezweni, ngoba akekho omunye ozofuna ukutshala amabhizinisi angahle aphele.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, isikweletu somphakathi yisilinganiso uhulumeni oboleka kuso kubatshalizimali ukuba bahlanganise ukulahlekelwa kwesabelomali esikhathini esidlule. Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sasiwusizo futhi sibafundisa.