Lapho izimiso ka suffrage jikelele ziye kwethulwa? suffrage Universal - kuyinto ...

Kuyini suffrage jikelele? Leli yithuba ukuvota okhethweni zonke izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki yabo ubulili, inkolo, ubuzwe, isimo sabo emphakathini, Iholo elingakanani, njll Lapho suffrage jikelele kukhona imfuneko eyodwa kuphela - .. Age. Izakhamizi kokuba ilungelo lokuvota, ngaleyo ndlela ukhetha nababamele e neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, iqhaza referenda futhi ukukhetha inhloko yezwe.

intuthuko zezombusazwe

Namuhla, jikelele suffrage - kuyinto imfanelo esiyisibopho uthi yeningi. Nokho, isintu besilokhu indlela eside futhi olunameva ukufeza wamiswa ngo emazweni amaningi emhlabeni.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ukwethulwa suffrage jikelele e nangenkathi ezahlukene kulo kubonisa kwekuhlela kabusha ezahlukene. Ngokokuqala ngqá, lesi simiso waqalwa ngo France wamavukelambuso kwekhulu XVIII. Kodwa umphakathi ke babekholelwa ukuthi suffrage jikelele - ukuthi kuyilungelo kuphela labantu besilisa.

Inguquko French

Ngo 1792, amavukela-mbuso ashaqe Palace waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha. Umbusi liketulwa. Abavukeli wanquma usethe entsha ophakeme zomthetho umzimba ummeleli. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-abadumile National Convention.

Kanyekanye isimemezelo Agasti 11 wakhishwa 1792 ukuthi ezilungisiwe okhethweni kungafiki sikhungo esisha. Kuyinto le dokhumenti empeleni wasungula suffrage jikelele kuleli zwe. Kwaba isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando, ukubaluleka okukhulu kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukhetho EMhlanganweni kaZwelonke

Ngaphambi Isinqumo 1792 abavoti French zahlukaniswa yekwentiwa. Ukuze uthole ilungelo lokuvota kwadingeka ukuba isakhamuzi emzini futhi sikhokhe nezintela zabo ngokwanele. Kwakuyisikhathi ziqu impahla zakudala, okuyinto quashed esinqumweni "Ngo ukubiza soMthetho-sisekelo Kazwelonke." Manje, ngenxa yokwemukela okhethweni kwaba ngokwanele ukuba abe engumFulentshi engaphezu kwengu-21 futhi ube nesikhathi ongeke sedentary yonyaka endaweni yokuhlala yabo. Futhi, nomthetho omusha yaletha ngokwezifiso lokubakhipha kwesifungo civil.

Ukukhethwa 1792 uma kuqhathaniswa wamanje inqubo yokhetho, isibonelo, i-French efanayo zazingakapheli jikelele (namanje ayikwazanga ukuvota abesifazane). Kodwa kwaba nezenzakalo Revolution Omkhulu ajabula kakhulu yeningi phambili. Uyekwa impahla iziqu, futhi abantu isimo ezahlukene zomphakathi (isibonelo, aristocrats futhi abalimi) banikwa amalungelo alinganayo. Ukwehlisa umkhawulo yobudala kusukela 25 kuya eminyakeni engu-21 futhi ngo-izithakazelo uquqaba.

Old and New Order

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani wokulwela isiqinisekiso suffrage jikelele kwaba phakathi nekhulu XIX. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu ne French Revolution in the Old World uqalile inqubo ekuqedeni izinsalela ifa medieval amakhosi asendulo.

Wonke amazwe aseYurophu (ngaphandle Switzerland) zazisekhona monarchies. Kwakuthinta yisikhathi futhi ifomu iyasilela kahulumeni. Ukuba khona imibuso, principalities duchies akazange ivumelane onxiwankulu sifuna ukuqinisa ukuma kwayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela yeningi.

Ukubhekelela ushintsho

Eminyakeni eyikhulu omphakathi lesichubekako, abafundi, abasebenzi, abampofu basemadolobheni kanye nezihlakaniphi wazama ukuphoqa uhulumeni wabo ukwethula suffrage jikelele. Le mfuneko uvele 20s. XIX leminyaka phakathi amalungu zabasebenzi British. Nokho, lapho izinguquko yokhetho umelana imibuthano olandelanayo monarchical futhi ahlukile. Baqaphela ukuthi intando yeningi uyingozi siqu esizayo alukhethayo.

Ngisho eFrance ngemuva kokuphela izimpi kaNapoleon ukubuyiselwa ohlanga kabusha yethulwa impahla neziqu. Kwaba ngemva 1848 revolution kanye kokugumbuqelwa King Lui Filippa ku Umthethosisekelo omusha ekugcineni livikeleke ilungelo labo bonke abantu ukuthi bavote. Njengoba kungekho reactionaries ungazange usikhanselile. Ngemva kwenzeka izinguquko inani abavoti French lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba abantu abayizinkulungwane 240 kuya ku-9 million.

suffragettes

Nakuba ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX uye emazweni amaningi bavunyelwa ukuvota wonke amadoda, indaba suffrage labesifazane ingakasombululeki kunoma yiziphi lezi uthi. Ukushikashikeka setingucuko ezifanele waqala suffragette. Ngokokuqala ngqá izichibiyelo ezinjalo New Zealand komthetho 1893. Izimiso suffrage jikelele futhi bathola kuleli zwe, ngoba ngaphandle ukubandakanywa okhethweni labavoti besifazane abakwazi ukukhuluma nanoma zabo "jikelele."

Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa alandelayo, suffragists wenza izimfuno zabo emazweni amaningana. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi-Empire Russian abaningi kwakungabantu besifazane bavunyelwe ukuvota ngo-1906. kabusha beqiniso isenzo sandile kuphela ensimini Grand Duchy of Finland. Kwakungekhona kuphela experiment ezinjalo. EFinland, ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha Russian wayevame ukwethula emisha ezithuthukile kukhona, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene asikwazanga ukusebenza nawo wonke umbuso.

Ilungelo lokuvota ngesiRashiya

Ngemva inguquko ka 1905 uvele uMbuso Duma yeRussia. Nokho, ukhetho ePhalamende yayiba iziqu ezahlukene. Thina kuyaphikisana ukuphikiswa ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngakwesobunxele. Zazifuna kwenziwe ukuthi suffrage jikelele yethulwa kuleli zwe. kwemvelo ePhalamende eRussia tsarist wathiywa besizukulwane seMpi Yezwe olandelayo. Kwaba ngemva October Yenguquko 1917 liqala ukubusa, amaBolshevik wamemezela ukuthi ngeke balahle "wonxiwankulu" umthetho ukhetho.

Nakuba Lenin wagxeka oda abaningi emazweni isicebi, ekungeneleni ukhetho, wayengeke akwazi ukuba siyeke phansi. ezimele (Imikhandlu) yena waqhathanisa parliamentarism yisikhathi. Ngo-January 1918 umhlangano iphazamiseke nje, uvele wavula le ababamele LoMhlangano. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, amaBolshevik waqala ukwakhiwa isimo yayo, ngaphandle kokubheka kwalabo ababephikisana nayo kwezombusazwe.

kwamaBolshevik kabusha

Ngezimfundiso kukaLenin esikhathini esizayo ke kwadingeka ukuba beze ubukhomanisi - esimweni enhle emphakathini. Lokhu utopia ayengenabo nesimo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umholi KwamaBolshevik wazizwa ukuthi kwadlula isikhathi esithile kuhulumeni kanye nezikhungo esibekiwe kudingeka uhambe. Okokuqala lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukuzivikela izinzuzo inguquko. Ukuwa kwe-autocracy wavula phambi amaBolshevik eningi indawo nokucwaninga ekwakhiweni model entsha isimo.

Julayi 10, 1918 UMtsetfosisekelo RSFSR (ngaphambi eU.SSR wayesekhona iminyaka 4) kwavunyelwana. SiGaba ahlukene yayizimisele emthethweni oku amakhetho namaSoviet. Kulo mbhalo, isimiso suffrage jikelele iye ngokomthetho fixed okokuqala emlandweni Russia. Vote ayengakwenza manje futhi abesifazane. Ngokusho kumagama, ilungelo lokuvota, "wanika zonke izakhamuzi Russian Federative Soviet Republic." Umkhawulo yobudala eyayibekwe ngezithuba 18 iminyaka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazwi zaphucwa abantu abahlala ku engenayo unearned (izimuncagazi), abaholi benkolo, amanxusa e-amaphoyisa wangaphambili tsarist, izigebengu kanye uphazamisekile emqondweni. UMthethosisekelo RSFSR ngo-1918 iziqiniseko eziyisisekelo suffrage jikelele zazibonakala. Nokho, lo mbhalo kwadingeka eziningi izikhala zomthetho eziphathelene okhethweni. Zenza nemithetho ngabanye zendawo nezikazwelonke.

isipiliyoni isiZulu

E-UK, izinyunyana zabasebenzi babe umholi umzabalazo suffrage jikelele. Unyaka nonyaka, bafuna izinguquko zezombangazwe. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke wathola Chartist ukunyakaza. Breaks zenzeka kancane kancane. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX ukuthi iziphathimandla zasivumela suffrage jikelele amadoda. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngaphandle ekuvukeleni njengasezulwini lonke elaseYurophu.

Umzabalazo kokulingana zezombusazwe abesifazane e-UK baqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela suffragette kulelizwe wayengomunye walaba amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni Izwe Elidala. Nokho, isiqongo ngxabano zawo umphakathi kanye nesimo kungazange kufinyelele. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okuyinto ekhuluphalisiweyo emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, hhayi kuphela e Albion, kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1918, uhulumeni uNdunankulu Lloyd George waphasisa umthetho ukunikeza ilungelo lokuvota bonke abesifazane abaneminyaka engama-30. Yonke into yayenziwa ngendlela ngaphandle isikhathi. Ngisho ephalamende kuqhathaniswa yiphini 23 kuphela. Leli zwe lalihlukaniswe elalihlala impi, futhi kwakungeyona kuze izinguquko zezombangazwe. Njengoba sekunama-yokuthula baseBrithani bethola ukuthi bahlala okungcono umphakathi omusha ngaphandle ukucwasa ngokobulili.

United States

Ngokushesha ngemva yoMnyango Wezemfundo kuleli zwe, uMthethosisekelo kwavunyelwana. Ukuze ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII kwaba idokhumenti eziphambili kakhulu futhi okuqhubekayo. It ezilungisiwe ezinye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yomthetho lokhetho. Nokho, isimo ngayinye inquma imithetho yayo siqu, kuhlanganise nomunye ukhathazekile kokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX e Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, uma kukhethwa amalungu ziqu impahla ayekhona.

Inkinga sína ilungelo lokuvota futhi ubugqila base jikelele kulo lonke leli zwe. Kwakuvamile eseningizimu uthi yezolimo oye wabonisa ukuvuthwa kuso ukungqubuzana ngenakugwemeka ne North anezimboni. kubheduka impi yombango (1861-1865 GG.). Kuphela ngemuva kokuphela kobugqila wagcina uyekwa.

Kwakukhona izichibiyelo eziningana uMthethosisekelo, okuyinto kancane kancane isibalo sabantu benawo amalungelo okuvota. Leli qembu wajoyina abamnyama. Futhi ngo-1920-ke bamukela ukuchitshiyelwa XIX, okuye kwenza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Kwaba olungenamkhawulo ukunqoba suffragettes. Ngakho e-United States anqoba suffrage jikelele.