Kuyini ukuvula futhi umklamo wayo uthinta kanjani izinga lezithombe.

Ikhamera yasungulwa eminyakeni engamashumi amabili neshumi nesikhombisa nguJoseph Niepce. WayenguNiepce ophethe isithombe sokuqala sezwe, "Buka kusuka kwiWindows," okwagcina imizuzu engu-30. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amakhamera avela kumadivaysi e-opto-mechanical alula kakhulu aphenduke amadivaysi e-elekthronikhi ayinkimbinkimbi asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva kanye nentuthuko cishe kuwo wonke amagatsha wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Izinguquko eziyinhloko, kodwa, azithinte zonke izingxenye zekhamera. Mhlawumbe, ibhloko elibaluleke kakhulu nelinqumayo lazo zonke izinhlobo zamakhamera - i-lens - ishintshile hhayi ngisho nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umzimba ogcwele izinto zobuchwepheshe. Kwanele ukuphawula ukuthi ama-lens amadala avela kumakhamera wefilimu asebenza kahle namhlanje kumakhamera wezedijithali zanamuhla ngezinto zakamuva ze-elektroniki ngendlela yama-matrices, ama-sensor electronic, ukushayela ukuzenzekelayo kanye nezinye izinto ezintsha. Abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi abathanda ngisho nokusebenzisa ama-lense amadala, ababhekwa kangcono, banikeze i-charm ekhethekile ezithombeni.

Umklamo we-lens kuqala ekuboneni ulula futhi ungahloniphi. Iqukethe ama-optics ngendlela ye-lens (noma ama-lens amaningana, ahlangene ohlelweni olulodwa oluvamile), ifreyimu ekhonza njengezindlu zensiza, kanye nesimiso se-diaphragm.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-lensi kuncike enjongweni yayo. Ngama-lens ajwayelekile ayisisekelo konke okuyisisekelo kakhulu. Amalensi amaningana anesisindo esiphathelene nohlobo lwekhamera (ebanzi ububanzi be-lens, umthamo wokukhanya nokukhanya okuncane), umdwebo kanye nezindlu ngokugxila nokugcoba izindandatho zokugqoka eziphambili kanye nendlela yokunamathisela emzimbeni ohambelana nekhamera.

Ku-zoom lens, indlela yokwehliswa ingeziwe kule setethi yezinto.

Yiqiniso, ikhwalithi ye-lens inqunywa ngokuyinhloko yiziphi izinhlobo ze-optics ezifakiwe kuso. Kusukela ku-lens material kuxhomeke ekubeni khona noma ukungabikho kokuphazamiseka, ngobubanzi bawo - izinga lokuvignetting, okungukuthi, ukunyamaza emaphethelweni ohlaka, ukuphazamiseka nokunye ukuphambuka.

Ingxenye ebaluleke ngokufanayo ye-lens yi-diaphragm yayo.

Iyini i-diaphragm? Lesi yisici se-lens, okukuvumela ukuba ulawule inani lokukhanya eliza ngokusebenzisa i-lens ku-matrix noma ifilimu.

Ukuvulwa kuqukethe okuthiwa ama-petals futhi kuchaza imingcele enjengokujula kwensimu nokuma kwe-bokeh. Futhi uma umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi i-diaphragm, kubonakala kulula, ngakho-ke akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi yiyiphi i-bokeh, futhi ukujula kwensimu kumane kuyisici sesithombe sekhwalithi.

Ngakho, ku-bokeh. I-diaphragm inezinhlamvu eziguqula, ukunciphisa ukuvulwa nokuhlukanisa, ukukhuphula. I-Bokeh inqunywa inani lalezi zikhalazo: okungaphezulu kwazo, ngcono i-bokeh, okungukuthi, ifomu elifanele kakhulu liyahluma ngaphandle kokugxila.

Uma uqonde ukuthi yiyiphi imfucuza, ungaya ekujuleni kwensimu. Kuyinto enkulu, encane ukuvulwa kokuvula. Mayelana nokudubula kwamazwe, amanani amancane wezimbobo zokuvula ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukuba nemininingwane eningi yesithombe, futhi ukuthungwa kwe- portrait, amanani amakhulu okuvula angcono, okuvumela ukugxila ekugxilweni kwendaba futhi kugweme imininingwane engadingekile yasemuva.

Ngakho-ke, sinqume ukuthi yikuphi ukuphakama , ibhuki nokujula kwensimu, futhi futhi sithole ngokujwayelekile ukuthi ikhamera ihlelwe kanjani nokuthi yimuphi umklamo we-lens. Lolu lwazi luyisimo sokuthola iqiniso kuphela, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni abathwebuli bezithombe, njengoba ziyisisekelo sokuqonda izici zobuchwepheshe zamakhamera, eziningi kakhulu kulezi zinsuku futhi ezakhiwa yizikhukhula kanye nemingcele ekufinyeleleni universalization kanye nokwenza lula ukudubula. Ihlala kuphela ukukhetha ikhamera efanelekayo futhi uqale ukudala ubuciko bakho bokubukwa kwesithombe. Kuyinto elula kangaka, futhi epholile!