Kuyini lokuqopha? umbhalo Vintage (isithombe)

Kuyini lokuqopha? Lo mbuzo iyathakazelisa eziningi. Kwezinye izwi angaphandle sonorous lihlotshaniswa umfanekiso indaba kweBhayibheli phezu kwensimbi noma itshe ibhodi, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu nje kuyinto umdwebo, eqoshwe ngommese etafuleni.

Noma kunjalo, umbuzo: "Yini kunyatheliswa?" - ongeke uphenduleke nangokunembile, njengoba ubuchwepheshe ihluzo abasakwazi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ongasho ngokuqiniseka. Umbhalo - lena uhlobo olukhethekile art ingcaca, esesikhundleni abaculi ayo ovelele okuyinhloko consummate.

imishini umbhalo

Ubuciko Umdwebo ingabe akuhileli nganoma iyiphi indlela yobuchwepheshe, ngaphezu iqoqo emabhulashini kwezobuciko, Iphalethi futhi Iyizeli. Enye into - mikhondo adinga ukuqeqeshwa multi-lobuchwepheshe, kanye eziningi Isivivinyo iphelela. Kodwa-ke kungani idingeka? Aint ke kulula ukudweba isithombe futhi ungachithi isikhathi namandla ngezimpikiswano amakhophi wakhe eziningi. Lapho ukuthi wabuciko akakubekezeleli ezinikezwa. Kodwa lapha, lesi simiso akusebenzi. umbhalo umphumela itholakala engavamile yayo, ukudweba isakhiwo izintelezi.

Ihluzo etholwe ukuphrinta indlela ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuphrinta". Nokho, ukuphrinta - ukubhala kuzo zonke ukuphrinta yasekuqaleni futhi - is sihleli nge-plaque libhalwe. Kuyini lokuqopha ngokombono yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe? zokukhwabanisa Simple, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kubalulekile ucindezela ishidi iphepha ebhodini, owawuke isicelo upende. Leli shidi ke ahlukaniswe ngokucophelela ebhodini - futhi ilungele ukuphrinta.

Metal nezinkuni

Art mikhondo alikho ukuphrinta, futhi umkhiqizo yasekuqaleni, okuyinto ungakwazi ke wenze noma yiziphi inani lamakhophi. Kunamandla indaba sokwakha "ebhodini", umxhwele ngaphezulu izotholakala. Kwendandatho kukhona ezinhlobo ezimbili: ukuphrinta okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi Gravure. Indlela yokuqala original ikhefu kwezobuciko kwesibuko, ngendlela yokuthi udayi idluliselwe iphepha kusukela ebusweni elingaphandle iphethini cut. Indlela yesibili inikeza ukuthi upende uyaqhubeka ephepheni aphume kude agcwala "ebhodini".

Ubuciko umsuka ngekhulu le-15, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukushintshwa. Umbhalo amabhodi ekuqaleni ezazenziwe ngethusi ishidi njengoba metal ezithambile kakhulu. Kamuva, kwakukhona ubuchwepheshe xylographic lapho ibhodi sanqunywa kusukela okhunini oluqinile. Le ndlela iye yaba isikhathi ukudliwa, ngaphandle kwakunokwenzeka ukudala multi-umbala yezicathulo. Ngenxa yale njongo-ke kwakudingekile ukuba enze amabhodi ambalwa nge ilungiselelo ezahlukene izakhi umdvwebo. Ishidi lasetshenziswa yanjalo ukuba ibhodi ngalinye, omiswe Lesisemkhatsini, lapho isithombe umbala etholwe.

umbhalo vintage

Kunyatheliswa yathi chithi saka ngekhulu le-15. I mikhondo eyigugu kakhulu adaliwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, e-workshop umdwebi German Martin Schongauer futhi Albrehta Dyurera. Asazi angamuki kuzo amaNtaliyane Andrea Mantegna futhi Antonio Pollaiuolo.

Ekhulwini le-16 art ukuphrinta art iye ubhekwa eYurophu lokuqopha wavuselwa ezingeni yobuciko okusezingeni eliphezulu, ikakhulukazi sibonga yobuciko by Dürer, njengokuthi "The Four Abagibeli be-Apocalypse," "Itshwayo izingalo Ukufa," "Melancholia".

Ukuphela kwekhulu le-16 imakwe intuthuko kule art zokuqopha, imidwebo alula esikhathini esidlule, kwakukhona ehlukile, ukusika ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe seliyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu, kuqondane and cross-hatching ingafinyelela Imiphumela kumnandi ekufezeni ozungezayo umphumela umsindo nokudlala obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Figure atholwe izimpawu intuthuko ukuthi kwaba umfutho ukuze uthole okunye amasu ngcono.

yezicathulo ukuthuthukiswa

Abaculi waqala ukusebenzisa etching we metal isizinda futhi wathola ubuchwepheshe Etching, okuyinto iqhakazile sisebenza okugcwele kuphela ekhulwini le-17. A portraitist brilliant Rembrandt uyabandakanyeka mikhondo futhi baphumelele eside kulo mkhakha. Umculi Zhan Kallo abazinikezele ngokuphelele ukuphila kwakhe art zokuqopha futhi wadala igalari ekumeni babantu besikhathi sakhe. Klod Lorren balithanda ukuhunyushwa imidwebo lakhe eziqoshiwe. A Rubens ihlelwe workshop ekhethekile, okuyinto yakhiqizwa imidwebo yakhe.

ukuthandwa

Ngekhulu le-17 kwaba inkathi yokuchuma ukuthuthukiswa entsha art - yokuqoshwa kanye etchings. Uhlu izinhlobo lapho umculi usebenza, bonke ukunwetshwa. Lawa kwakungamadodana ekumeni kanye namathafa, abaphansi, impi izigcawu, namanje Lifes, izilwane kanye nabakhileyo ekujuleni kolwandle. abaculi Abaningi sikhathi ahlonishwe ukuzama isandla kwabo art zokuqopha. Kwakukhona-albhamu yonke, united thematically ku Scene namadlelo kwezobuciko. Kungazelelwe kwaba etchings abadumile satirical ka Hogarth, Daniel Chodowiecki miniature uchungechunge yokuqoshwa Francisco Goya.

Art mikhondo Japan

Japan, owaziwa ngokuba nesiko lako kwezobuciko, ayizange usehambile. yezicathulo Japanese - kuyinto sonke isendlalelo zesiko lizwe, ingxenye yobuciko yayo kazwelonke. Indaba le mikhondo lokuqala, "ukiyo-e" elisuka ngekhulu le-17. Khona-ke isitayela seshidi Japanese ephrintiwe ngombala omnyama nomhlophe. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, abadwebi sethule umbala ukunyathelisa "ukiyo-e 'siguqulwe.

Umbhalo eJapane abiza engabizi futhi ngajabulela funa izinze. Zifanekisela izigcawu kusukela ukuphila kwabantu abavamile. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko geisha amahle (kwaba isihloko esikhulu), khona-ke wahamba sumo wrestlers, futhi endaweni yesithathu babe abalingisi odumile Kabuki yaseshashalazini. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, kwafika vogue landscape oqoshiwe.

Ukuvikelwa izinto eziyigugu kakhulu

I etchings edume kunazo zonke, midala kodwana eminye wenza ezikhathini zamuva, kukhona systematized. Umbhalo izithombe ezitholakalayo umphakathi, inenombolo ayo ukubhalisa futhi, njengoba umthetho, ibhalisiwe. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani layo kwezobuciko wahlala isetshenzwe. Ezehlakalweni ezingakajayeleki, ezifana yobuciko Albrehta Dyurera, kukhona ngaphansi kwesivikelo UNESCO. Edumile emhlabeni noma ewusizo ngokukhethekile kwendandatho, izithombe kanye yakhiwe zazo zitholakala kuzinkomba ekhethekile Interpol, ivikelwe amasevisi ekhethekile.

yesimanjemanje

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, intuthuko zokuqopha njengoba ifomu art baqhubeka. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet, kwakukhona sonke isizukulwane abaculi abanamakhono abasebenze ngempumelelo emkhakheni etchings kanye yezicathulo. Phakathi nale nkathi lokuqopha wazibonela enzeke esilandelayo, ukudweba kuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu, amazwi akhe bafika umvuthwandaba wawo. Ngo-30 yalolucwaningo kwakhiwa isiRashiya, futhi kamuva Soviet lokuqopha esikoleni, eyethulwe abaculi abanethalente, kanye abafundi yabo. Ithemba ukuqhubeka ubuciko etching lagubuzela rainbow. Khona-ke, eminyakeni eyandulela impi, umbhalo baba iphosta, nokuduma yayo unqabe ngokuphawulekayo.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-20, kuphela mikhondo zavezwa njengendlela yokuthola ze engabizi kodwa eziphumelelayo Soviet. Okwamanje, ubuciko zokuqopha uku stalemate, akukho abathanda entsha, abaculi kanye amadala nencenye emsebentini wekwakha kwezohwebo. Nakuba namuhla umbuzo lokho oqoshiwe, nhlobo isiRashiya esimweni ukunikeza impendulo ephelele. Mhlawumbe kuzoba nezinhlobo ezintsha mikhondo esikhathini esizayo, ngoba art unekhono ukuvuseleleka e guises entsha.