Kungani eMoscow ezibiyele elakhiwa phezu kwalo? Ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow Kremlin. Umlando eMoscow ezibiyele

Moscow ezibiyele Ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ukukhangana eyinhloko inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Wonke umuntu uyokwazi ukuthola ngokushesha futhi kalula. Kukhona metro station, ngesikhathi uphume okungaba pretty ngokushesha ukufinyelela isakhiwo YaseMoscow Kremlin. Ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele zibhale.

Lapho kufanele baphume esitimeleni ukuya ensimini ezibiyele?

"U-Alexander Garden" esiteshini

Ephuma ngalesi stop, wena uyothathwa, njengoba siye uqagele, abadumile Alexander Garden. Ungase futhi sibheke Kutafya umbhoshongo, lapho ukudayiswa kwamathikithi kuya ensimini ezibiyele kanye Armoury. Eduze kukhona inala isikhumbuzo izitolo lapho ungakwazi ukuthenga izinto kancane nezipho wabekela abangane.

Station "Lenin Library"

Uzokwazi ubunyoninco eduze Kutafya umbhoshongo, okuzokwenziwa etholakala eduze kakhulu - nje kudingeka ukuya phesheya.

Station "Revolution Square" futhi "China Town"

Bona iyokuhola ngqo Red Square, nje ngezindlela ezahlukene. Esimweni sokuqala uza evela Historical Museum, kanti owesibili - kusukela Pokrovsky Cathedral.

"Okhotny Ryad" esiteshini

Ukuza aphume esiteshini "Okhotny Ryad", ungase futhi ukuhamba izindawo zokuhweba ovelele. Kuphela kuba ngaphambili kudingekile ukulungisa lokuthi amanani kuyoba ngempela "engavamile" ngoba esontweni elula ...

Zazibiza malini izinto?

Yini intengo umuntu ulindele, wanquma ukuvakashela kulesi ezibiyele Museum? Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokushesha ukuthi lokhu fun akayona ezishibhile. Hamba Armoury Chamber, eyothatha cishe ihora nesigamu, izobiza ruble angu-700. Ukuvakashela i-Diamond Isikhwama izobiza ruble 500. Uma nje abathanda ukuhambahamba begqoke ibalazwe ubone lombhishobhi, uzodinga ukukhokhela ruble 350. Ngaphandle ukuhlolwa uhambo ababhishobhi izobiza ruble 200. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kunabantu abathanda kungani eMoscow ezibiyele elakhiwa phezu kwalo?

Lokho kuyingxenye izinto?

Ngaphansi igama "ezibiyele" kusho hhayi kuphela izindonga nemibhoshongo, njengoba ungacabanga abanye abantu, kodwa konke okuphakathi kwalo. Emva kodonga ungabona amasonto omangalisayo, izikwele abadumile, iminyuziyamu nezigodlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi muva nje, ehlobo ngeMigqibelo at 12 pm ungabona ukushintsha emisiwe abaqaphi ezibiyele Regiment, okuyinto ekhombisa amakhono ezempi.

Futhi manje ake sixoxe umlando eyinkimbinkimbi abadumile ezakhiwo dolobha ukuphendula imibuzo mayelana nokuthi kungani eMoscow ezibiyele lakhiwa.

Nasi ukwakhiwa umlando

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi igama elithi "ezibiyele" kuyinto ngempela lasendulo. Libhekisela kuleyo ngxenye enkabeni yedolobha, okuyinto buye baqina. Ngamanye amazwi, lo ezibiyele - inqaba. Esikhathini ezikhathini zasendulo yayibizwa njengenkulumo cool. Ngakho kungani eMoscow ezibiyele elakhiwa phezu kwalo? Kunezimo lapho lomuzi lwalunezisekelo ukuze aphebeze ukuhlaselwa ukumangala amabutho esitha abaningi. Kuyinto kulezo zikhathi waya isiko ukuqoqa ngokuphelele zonke izakhamuzi zomuzi wakubo ngaphansi kwesivikelo Kremlin. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibadala, kuba ngokuphelele bonke abantu efihlekile ngemuva eziqinile futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ubani wakwazi ukuphatha izikhali - ukuzivikela, ukuthatha izikhundla ku ezindongeni zezakhiwo.

Ukubukeka of inqaba entabeni

Umlando eMoscow ezibiyele aqala khona ukubala eminyakeni engaba ngu-4000 edlule. Leli qiniso yasungulwa abavubukuli. Bekabadosa izinsalela amabhodwe zobumba, izimbazo itshe futhi Flint arrowheads eziye zatholakala yibo. Zonke lezi zinto zazisetshenziswa izifiki lasendulo.

Indawo lapho kwanqunywa ukuba uqale ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow ezibiyele, wakhetha ngengozi. Ukwakhiwa kwenzeke egqumeni kahle eliphezulu, azungeze yiwo ogelezela emfuleni - uMfula eMoscow Neglinnaya. Ngenxa indawo yayo okusezingeni eliphezulu, le nqaba ephethwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi ubone isitha bekude futhi ulungiselela ukuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfula ugubha njengesithiyo yemvelo endleleni amabutho esitha.

Ezibiyele kwaba ngokhuni?!

Umlando eMoscow ezibiyele owaqala ngokuvukela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo lokhuni. Simngungile, izifiki wadala isihlahla emhlabathini, bese kukhula ukuthembeka inqaba. Izinsalela lezi zaba yizincithakalo izinqaba ubudala kutholakele phakathi umsebenzi wokwakha, eyaqala kakade izimo zamanje.

Akunjalo kudala yabe seyaziwa ukuthi izindonga wokuqala ezakhiwa kudala njengoba 1156. I-oda ukuze kwakhiwe le nqaba wanikezwa Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Sazi kanjani? Labhaliwe nakumasiko - imibhalo yasendulo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV, wanyukela sobukhosi Ivan Kalita. Lokhu isidlaliso yanikwa ingcebo ezingenakulinganiswa yena njalo sasiphatha isikhwama esincane - Kalita.

Prince sinqume ukuqhubeka hhayi kuphela ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow ezibiyele, kodwa futhi ukuze uqale zokuhlobisa kanye nokuqinisa izindonga ukuze siwethembe kakhudlwana wonke umuzi. Wasinika ukuze udale izindonga entsha ngokuphelele. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile le nqaba Yakhiwa oki izingodo obukhulu kangangokuba azikwazanga zihambisana izingalo zakhe.

Ukuqinisa ukwakhiwa zamatshe

Umlando ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow ezibiyele eyayihambisana idatha entsha nge ukufika umbusi ozayo. Dmitry Donskoy senziwe kabusha ngokuphelele izindonga. Kwakungesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe baqala itshe. Nge zonke izifunda ezisemadolobheni zathathwa master nabakhi. Ngo 1367 ku ukwakhiwa izindonga ezintsha ezibiyele, waqala umsebenzi. Abasebenzi basebenza bengaphumuli, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile Borovitsky amagquma kwaqhamuka ukuqinisa enamandla, wenza ngokuphelele zamatshe. I ukushuba we izindonga safinyelela ezimbili, futhi kwezinye izindawo amamitha amathathu. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa le-limestone yasetshenziselwa, isizinda okwenzeka eduze nomuzi. Ezibiyele obekulokhu ukukhetha umuntu akukho izindonga zawo ezimhlophe, nokuthi eMoscow yayibizwa ngokuthi itshe elimhlophe.

Prince Dmitry ayedume ngempela indoda onesibindi. He yodwa ngalwa ngaphambili, futhi ukuthi ulibangisephi yibutho ngokumelene ijoka amaMongol. Ngo 1380 ibutho ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe empini elimazayo uwine Kulikovo Field eduze noMfula Don. Kwaba ngemva kwempi nesibalulekile isikhulu futhi waqala ukubiza Don.

White itshe odongeni kwaba inviolable isikhathi eside

Ezibiyele nge white walls wema iminyaka engu-100. Ngalesi ubude besikhathi kwanele, kuningi osekushintshile. umhlaba Russian ekugcineni uba munye isimo sasivumela ezinamandla, eMoscow yaba inhloko-dolobha. Zonke lezi zinguquko zenzeka phakathi nokubusa Prince Ivan III. Njengoba sabizwa ngokuthi Grand. Izazi-mlando wambiza "ngalendoda kwamazwe Russian."

Kwaba Ivan III ziye zabizwa ngokuthi sezingcweti engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamema abaklami ezihamba phambili kusukela Italy - Aristotle Fioravanti, Antonio solari nabanye ochwepheshe abaziwayo emkhakheni wabo. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa abaculi abamenyiwe umlando izindawo elivela kuzo ezibiyele eqala ukukhuluphala nge ezintsha. Lokho edolobheni wasala ngaphandle inqaba ngesikhathi emsebenzini, ezibiyele eyakhelwe izingxenye: Okokuqala Ukudilizwa endaweni ezithile ezimhlophe itshe odongeni, bese endaweni yayo ezakhiwa izakhiwo ezintsha ngezitini. Clay, eyayisetshenziswa ngesikhathi imisebenzi yokwakhiwa, ukuthatha eduze enhlokodolobha. Brick ngaphambi laying senzeka yokuwugazinga inqubo, kuphumele lukhuni.

Kule minyaka edlule, kuyilapho kwakukhona ukwakhiwa, inkosi Italian uyekile waqonda njengabantu bangaphandle. Amagama abo ngisho remade isitayela Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Antonio saba Anton Fryazin. Leli gama yanikwa ngoba izwe Italian okhokho bethu ngokuthi fryazhskie. Ngokwemvelo, kunezilwane abomdabu kuleli zwe yayibizwa ngokuthi Fryazinov.

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezintsha

Ukwakhiwa ezibiyele entsha yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-10. I inqaba wawuvikelwa ezinhlangothini ezimbili yimifula. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI nge wesithathu kwathiwa amba umsele sasivumela ububanzi ukuthi exhunywe ukusakaza ezimbili ndawonye. I ezibiyele ivikelwe ngokugcwele nxazonke by amanzi izingozi.

Yini uyakwazi ukutshela kwemibhoshongo indaba ezibiyele? izakhiwo ezinjalo kwakhiwa esinye emva kwesinye. Zagijima ngokushesha eline diverter strelnitsa ukuthuthukisa amakhono ukuzivikela. Ngaphezu nokubuyekeza master inqaba ngokushesha kabusha enjalo amasonto eyaziwa ngokuthi Blagoveshchenskii, Arkhangel'skii, Assumption.

Kunonophisa ukwakhiwa kwalesi ezibiyele

Ngemva sobukhosi matasa Romanovs, ukwakhiwa izindonga ezintsha le nqaba waya nge entsha, ijubane kuqiniswa ngaphezulu. Wizards yakhelwe Filaret isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi eduze Ivan Bell Omkhulu. Futhi, kukhona izakhiwo eMoscow ezibiyele, njengoba Terem nezigodlo ezihlekisayo, amasonto Nambili kanye Palace uMbhishobhi Omkhulu sika. Phakathi nokubusa uPetru mina lakhiwa Arsenal. Kodwa ngesikhathi lapho inhloko-dolobha kwanqunywa ukuthuthela Petersburg, ukwakhiwa omusha kumisiwe.

Lapho esihlalweni sobukhosi uCatherine II, abanye izakhiwo eMoscow ezibiyele ezidiliziwe, kanye omunye izingxenye odongeni eningizimu. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze ukwazi ukuba bamakhele indlu entsha. Kodwa ngemva esithile zokusebenza baye kukhanselwe. Cishe, isizathu salokhu kwaba ukungabi nemali. Kodwa kukhona futhi inguqulo olungekho emthethweni. Kumayelana isimo sengqondo esingaqondile abantu umsebenzi walolu hlobo. Esikhathini kusuka 1776 kuya 1787 yakhiwa isakhiwo iSigele.

Ngale kokubukela azisebenzi

Incazelo eMoscow ezibiyele inedatha ezimbi. umonakalo omkhulu isakhiwo sonke uye wabangela ayehlasela Napoleon. Ngalesi sikhathi, amabutho esitha zaphangwa futhi bawona amasonto amaningi. Phakathi odongeni, tower ne izakhiwo ukubaleka ngakwazi ukubona kancane ubhujiswe. Ngemva kwempi waqala umsebenzi wokubuyisela, futhi ngo-1917 e-Kremlin lwakhiwe mayelana 31 isonto.

Phakathi Okthoba Revolution, i-Kremlin iye ngamabhomu. 1918 kwaphawulwa ukudluliselwa Uhulumeni RSFSR esakhiweni iSigele. Phakathi nokubusa amandla zaseSoviet ezibiyele Isigodlo congresses lakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwemibhoshongo Kwamiswa izinkanyezi, futhi ibekwe esisekelweni Tsar Cannon futhi Tsar Bell. Kule nkathi ukubuyiselwa izindonga ngabanye kanye zonke izakhiwo Kremlin.

umcebo Yamandla ngokubabazekayo Russia

Manje ngiyaqonda ukuthi kungani eMoscow ezibiyele elakhiwa phezu kwalo? Yiqiniso, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke waqala ukuba waqonda hhayi ngokombono eqinisa, kodwa njengoba ngephuzu elithakazelisayo ezweni lonke.

Inqubo ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow ezibiyele eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka ayisishiyagalombili, futhi kungashiwo ukuthi phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakukhona impela eningi izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Akubona bonke babo nomthelela omuhle inqaba. Nokho, ezibiyele wakwazi ukumelana nobunzima. Yena uyaqhubeka uthakazelisa abantu emhlabeni wonke nobukhulu bayo. Amandla nobuhle lokhu isakhiwo asikwazi esachazwa noma yimaphi amagama, kanye ezibiyele akubanga yize ohlwini World Heritage UNESCO.

umlando ezibiyele sika eduze zithandelana izenzakalo ezibalulekile zokuphila emphakathini. Ngekukhula ukwakhiwa komuzi kuqala kube khona ukwanda, bese wonke umbuso. Life ezibiyele ziqine exhumene ups zezombusazwe nezimbi: kwathiwa elise namagunya aphakeme nezinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu esathathwa umlingisi mlando. Ukwakhiwa ingenye izikhumbuzo enhle kakhulu isiko Russian, okuyinto umlando lasungulwa, walahlekelwa eziningi, kodwa kakhulu yazuza. Lokhu awamenzanga ube Luhambo yangempela.

Kulesi sihloko esiye sazama ukuchaza eyakha eMoscow ezibiyele, futhi yini indima eyadlalwa ukwakhiwa kanye udlala kuze kube yilolu suku emlandweni isimo Russian.