Kumila ugebhezi. Yini amathambo yakha base Yekhanda

Ugebhezi womuntu limelela ingxenye ebalulekile of the system zemisipha. Ukuqoqwa amathambo ekhanda - uhlaka ichaza ezakheke nasekukhonzeni silahla ubuchopho kanye nezinhlaka sezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e ugebhezi elise tincenye letitsite amasistimu zokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla. Ukuze imisipha namathambo akhe eziningi enamathiselwe, kuhlanganise nokubukeka kwakhe akusho lutho futhi ukuhlafuna. Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi izigaba ezilandelayo Yekhanda womuntu: ubuso kanye nobuchopho, kodwa lokhu division nje njengoba kabi amandla akhe, njengoba kuba division zibe isethi futhi base. Eningini ithambo cranial has simise eziyinkimbinkimbi okungajwayelekile. Basuke axhumene ngu ezinkulu izinhlobo ezahlukene. Okuwukuphela ngokuhlanganyela esihambisekayo skeleton ikhanda - kuba joint temporomandibular, abahilelekile ka ukuhlafuna futhi inkulumo.

Anatomy Yekhanda womuntu: uMnyango ingqondo

Lo mnyango has simise eyindilinga futhi siqukethe ubuchopho. Skull kwakhiwa ayibhangqiwe (occipital, engaphelele kanye sphenoid) and umusi (yesikhashana futhi amathambo parietal). umthamo wayo imayelana 1500 cc. Umcondvo kuyinto umnyango we ebusweni. Upper amathambo cranial - bushelelezi (out) kanye flat. Ziyakwazi kuqhathaniswa nomzimba omncane, kodwa amapuleti eziqinile, esemgwaqweni umnkantsha. skull womuntu, isithombe okuyinto abekwe ngezansi - isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ephelele, isici ngamunye lwenza umsebenzi walo ohlukile.

phambi ehhovisi

Njengoba for esifundeni ebusweni, bese-ke iphathwa abhanqiwe maxillary futhi amathambo zygomatic, mandibular ayibhangqiwe, palatal, igridi, ithambo hyoid futhi lacrimal, vomer, ithambo acinene kanye turbinate bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi. Amazinyo futhi yavlyutsya ingxenye ugebhezi ebusweni. Sici isici uMnyango amathambo ayibhangqiwe - khona kuzo emoyeni izimbobo emazinyweni, ezisetshenziswa for zifudumele emizimbeni. Lezi amathambo yakha odongeni izimbotshana temlomo na acinene, kanye nezinyawo. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-nezici ngamanye izuzwe ezihlukahlukene izici zobuso.

ukukhula Izici

skull womuntu anatomy Sekuyisikhathi eside wafunda, kodwa namanje isimanga. Ngo inqubo yokukhula, bese ukuguga, ukuma ikhanda kuyahlukahluka sekleta. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingane ubudlelwane phakathi neminyango ebusweni kanye cerebral akuzona efana abadala: a evelele yesibili. Skull olusana bushelelezi, amalunga yokuxhuma libhekene kuyaqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathambo abakhona phakathi lwaleli izingxenye ezicutshini noma fontanels. Benza-ke kungenzeka offset ingxenye Nogebhezi lwawo ngesikhathi sokubeletha ngaphandle ukulimala kobuchopho. Ngu ngonyaka wokuphila wesibili fontanels "ivaliwe"; ikhanda uqala ukwandisa kakhulu ngobukhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu eziyisikhombisa emuva futhi zakha phambi ingxenye, amazinyo ubisi esikhundleni bomdabu. egumbini iminyaka Kufika 13 ubudala futhi base Yekhanda sikhule ngokulinganayo futhi akasheshi. Bese kufika ithuba lika-engaphelele kanye neminyango ebusweni. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-13 uqala ukukhombisa umehluko ocansini. Ngo abafana, ugebhezi kuba side kakhudlwana futhi akhululwe, amantombazane is babanjwa futhi abushelelezi. Phela, e abesifazane inani umnyango ubuchopho esingaphansi amadoda (njengoba skeleton kwabo isimiso wawungaphansi besilisa ngobukhulu).

Bekusele kancane nje ukuba ngobudala bayo

Omude kunayo yonke owake ukukhula kokuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa esifundeni ebusweni, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engu 20-25, futhi ehlile. Lapho ufika, indoda eneminyaka engu-30 ubudala eqala ukukhula ezivuzayo. Ngo asebekhulile kukhona ukwehla okunwebeka namandla amathambo (kuhlanganise ikhanda), kukhona ukusonteka yesifunda ebusweni (ikakhulukazi ngenxa kwamazinyo kanye Ukuwohloka umsebenzi masticatory). skull Human, ogama izithombe kungabonwa ngezansi, kungokwalabo bomuntu omdala, kuyacaca ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Arch futhi base

Brain skull yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili ukungalingani. Umngcele phakathi kwabo ubabonisa kancane ngezansi umugqa egijima kusukwa kuya infraorbital inqubo zygomatic. It kuvumelana suture nhlonhlo-zygomatic ke sihamba phezu zangaphandle acoustic ukuvulwa bufike yokhalo occipital. egumbini yesilinganiso futhi base Yekhanda akudingeki imingcele ecacile, ngakho lokhu kwehlukana kunemibandela.

Noma yini ngaphezu kwalo umngcele umugqa anolaka, eyaziwa ngokuthi egumbini noma ophahleni. Arch ezakhiwe parietal futhi amathambo engaphelele kanye occipital namathambo yesikhashana. Zonke izingxenye lwaleli - flat.

Kumila okufanayo - yindawo engezansi Yekhanda. intuba enkulu etholakala maphakathi nalo. Therethrough ingaphakathi cranial ehlangene umsele vertebral. Khona-ke kukhona amakhambi eziningi imizwa nemithambo yegazi.

Yini amathambo yakha base Yekhanda

Ebusweni uhlangothi base akhiwa abhanqiwe ithambo yesikhashana (ngokunembile, izikali zabo). Ngemuva kwabo ukulingana ithambo occipital, okuyinto has simise hemispherical. It liqukethe izingxenye eziningana flat, okuyinto kweminyaka eyi 3-6 is tho ngokuphelele zibe munye. Phakathi kwabo imbobo enkulu. ngqó, impendulo ingu-base Yekhanda kuhilela kuphela ingxenye basilar futhi anterior ithambo occipital.

Enye ingxenye ebalulekile base - ithambo sphenoid. It ixhuma nge cheekbones, ngikwazi ukuqala bese ithambo lacrimal, futhi ngaphezu kwabo - ne occipital sekushiwo futhi yesikhashana.

ithambo Cuneiform yakhiwa izinqubo ezinkulu kanye nezincane, futhi amaphiko, mzimba wakhe. Kuyinto ziyalingana futhi sifana uvemvane noma ibhungane enamaphiko ukusakaza. Indawo yayo kuyinto engalingani, esingemnandi, nge uhlevane eziningi, esonta kanye izimbobo. Kusukela occipital ithambo nhlonhlo kuyinto sinhrondozom axhunyiwe.

isizinda ngaphakathi

Ingaphezulu base kwangaphakathi - ngilugweda engalingani ihlukaniswe awalethe eyinqaba. It recapitulates nesimo sendawo ingqondo. yangaphakathi skull base kuhlanganisa izimbobo ezintathu: ngemuva, phakathi futhi phambi. Eyokuqala yalezi iyona ezijulile kakhulu futhi capacious. Lakhiwa izingxenye occipital, sphenoid, ithambo parietal, kanye ebusweni ezingemuva mbhoshongo. I fossa posterior esiyindilinga imbobo, ezisabalele kuya occipital kwangaphakathi protrusion occipital Crest.

Phansi fossa phakathi yilezi: ithambo sphenoid, zibe maholoholo kobuso ithambo yesikhashana kanye phambi kobuso mbhoshongo. Phakathi kuyinto okuthiwa sehhashi Turkish, okuyinto iwuMnyuziyamu pituitary. Kumila sella efanelekayo carotid sulcus. izigaba Side fossa phakathi ejulile, izimbobo eziningana kuyo zenzelwe izinzwa (kuhlanganise ezibukwayo).

Ngokuphathelene phambi base, walibumba is uphiko elincane ithambo sphenoid, ingxenye esemkhathini wethambo engaphelele kanye ethmoid. Ukukhonza (central) ingxenye fossa libizwa cockscomb.

ebusweni elingaphandle

Kuyini base Yekhanda kusukela ngaphandle? Okokuqala, phambi ingxenye yayo (okuyinto ukuhlukanisa ithambo ulwanga, amazinyo, futhi kulinganiselwe maxillary izinqubo alveolar) zibusithile ubuso amathambo. Okwesibili, base ezingemuva Kumiswa ahlukaniswe yesikhashana, ithambo occipital. Njengoba kukhona ezihlukahlukene imigodi ukudlula emithanjeni yegazi nezinzwa. Le ngxenye eyinhloko base ihlanganisa Magnum foramen, ezinhlangothini zazo ziyafana igama condyles. Basuke ehlangene wesibeletho ikholomu vertebral. On ebusweni elingaphandle base styloid futhi akhiwe futhi mastoid pterygoid ithambo sphenoid futhi izimbobo eziningi (jugular, stylomastoid) kanye neziteshi.

ukulimala

Kumila Yekhanda, Ngenhlanhla, hhayi njengoba sengozini njengoba isethi. Ukulimala le ngxenye iyivelakancane kodwa nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ezimweni eziningi babangela kukhona iwa ukuphakama enkulu, kulandele ukufika ekhanda noma imilenze, izingozi kanye uhlevane e umhlathi ongezansi futhi kumila ekhaleni. Ngokuvamile ngenxa yezenzo ezinjalo ezilimele ithambo yesikhashana. Ngokuvamile abantu baphuka izinqulu base ephelezelwa liquorrhea (kokuphela cerebrospinal fluid kusukela indlebe noma kusukela ekhaleni), bleedings.

Uma ezilimele anterior fossa cranial, kwakheka ukulimaza ezizungeze amehlo, uma isilinganiso - ukulimaza endaweni yenqubo mastoid. Ngaphandle liquorrhea futhi opha ngesikhathi waphuka base kungenzeka ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa, ukulahlekelwa ukunambitheka, ukukhubazeka, futhi kwadala umonakalo impumuzo.

Sivame ukulimala base skull kuholela kakhulu ukuba ugobile yomgogodla, kanti okubi - ukuqedela ukukhubazeka (ngoba nomphumela zokuxhumana iphazamiseke phakathi CNS nobuchopho). Abantu abaye waphuka yalolu hlobo bevame meningitis.