Ukufana of DNA ne-RNA. izici ngokuqhathanisa DNA ne-RNA: ithebula

Zonke izinto eziphilayo njengoba siphila kuleli zwe akafani nabanye. Yehluka nomunye hhayi kuphela abantu. Izilwane nezitshalo zenye futhi kukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwakho. Isizathu salokhu akuyona kuphela ehlukene izimo zokuphila kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho ekuphileni. Nobunye bomuntu ngamunye ezinhlelo umzimba ngamunye selibekiwe therein by izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo.

imibuzo ebalulekile futhi ezithakazelisayo mayelana acid nucleic

Ngisho engakazalwa zisifake ngamunye has iqoqo layo yezakhi zofuzo inquma ngokuphelele zonke izici isakhiwo. Akukhona nje kuphela umbala elingenamikhono noma leaf ukuma, isibonelo. Amangqamuzana abekwa nezici ezibaluleke kakhudlwana. Phela, amakati ayikwazi kuzalwe hamster, inzalo kakolweni ngeke sikhule baobab.

Futhi konke lokhu ndathane yokwaziswa ukuhlangabezana acid nucleic - DNA ne-RNA molecule. ukubaluleka wabo nzima overestimate. Phela, nabo basuke hhayi kuphela ukugcina imininingwane kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, zisiza nekuwusebentisa ngosizo amaprotheni, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ayidlulisele isizukulwane esilandelayo. Kanjani lokho, kunzima kangakanani babe isakhiwo ye-DNA kanye RNA? Ukuthi abukeka kanjani futhi yini umehluko? Kukho konke lokhu sizokwenza baqonde zingxenye ezilandelayo lokhu ephepheni.

Lonke ulwazi thina sizohlaziya ezingxenyeni, eziqala izisekelo. Okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuthi onjalo acid nucleic, bona avuleka, bese ukhulume isakhiwo yabo nemisebenzi. Ekupheleni kwe-athikili silindele itafula ngokuqhathanisa RNA ne-DNA, lapho ungafaka isicelo nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Uyini nucleic acid

Nucleic acid - kukhona organic compounds kokuba isisindo yamangqamuzana eziphezulu, polymers. Ngo-1869 bona achazwa ngokokuqala Fridrihom Misherom - ezinto ezivela eSwitzerland. Yasho izidakamizwa sakhiwa phosphorus kanye nitrogen ubomvu amaseli. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi kuphela nuclei, usosayensi walibiza nukleina. Kodwa lokho uhlala emva ngokuhlukana amaprotheni, kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi nucleic acid.

monomers zako ziyizindlela nucleotide. Inani labo e-molecule ye-acid ngayinye ngayinye zilwane. Nucleotide-molecule eyakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu:

• monosaccharide (pentose), kungaba ezimbili zama - ribose futhi deoxyribose;
• isizinda nitrogen (ukuthi wayengenye yamadoda amane);
• wali band acid ezisalayo.

Okulandelayo sibheka ezihluke ngazo nezinto ezifana of DNA ne-RNA, ithebula ekupheleni isihloko ngeke afingqa ingqikithi.

Izici isakhiwo: pentose

Into yokuqala ukufana of DNA ne-RNA wukuthi ziqukethe monosaccharides. Kodwa ahlukile acid ngalinye. Lokho, kuncike ekutheni i-molecule pentose, nucleic acid, ehlukaniswe ne-DNA nezinto RNA. Isakhiwo DNA ifakiwe deoxyribose, njengoba e-RNA - ribose. Bobabili acid pentose ezitholakala kuphela β-fomu.

Ngo deoxyribose yesibili carbon athomu (eyabizwa ngokuthi 2) mpilo lingekho. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ukungezwakali kwawo:

• sifushanise isibopho phakathi C ₂ no C _3;
• It yenza molecule ye-DNA uzinze;
• Lwenza nemibandela nokupakisha compact DNA nucleus.

Ukuqhathanisa izakhiwo: elisekela nitrogen

izici ngokuqhathanisa DNA ne-RNA - akulula. Kodwa umehluko kuyabonakala kusukela ekuqaleni. lezisekelo nitrogen - ke iyona ebaluleke kakhulu "amabhlogo wokwakha" e-molecule yethu. Bathwala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Okuningi ngokunembile, hhayi isisekelo, futhi oda yabo lapha. Ziyakwazi purine futhi pyrimidine.

Ukwakheka DNA ne-RNA monomers kuyahlukahluka kakade ezingeni: e -deoxyribonucleic acid singahlangabezana adenine, i-guanine ne-cytosine ne thymine. Kodwa esikhundleni thymine e-RNA iqukethe uracil.

Lezi zisekelo ezinhlanu ezisemqoka (ezinkulu), bakha iningi acid nucleic. Kodwa nangaphandle kwalezi zinto, kukhona abanye. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela, yilezo base ezincane. Futhi zombili sitholakala kukho kokubili acid - lena ngenye ukufana phakathi i-DNA ne-RNA.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe elisekela nitrogen (futhi alifani nucleotide) esikuziphathimandla DNA ichaza okuyinto amaprotheni kungaba synthesize kule seli. Yikuphi molecule zidalwe okwamanje incike izidingo zomzimba.

Ake sibheke amazinga yenhlangano of acid nucleic. Ukuze isici ngokuqhathanisa of DNA ne-RNA uthole eziphelele kakhulu umgomo, sizobheka isakhiwo ngasinye. Ngo-DNA ezine, futhi isibalo amazinga kwenhlangano RNA kuncike hlobo yayo.

Ukutholakala isakhiwo DNA, izimiso isakhiwo

Zonke izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe umklamo core. Labo nezinye DNA etholakala iseli ngesimo chromosome. Lesi sakhiwo ekhethekile lapho deoxyribonucleic acid-molecule nakanjani amaprotheni. DNA inamazinga amane kwenhlangano.

Isakhiwo eyinhloko imelelwa uchungechunge nucleotide, ukulandelana zazo akuvunyelwe okuqhubekisela umzimba ngamunye nokuthi yiziphi oxhumene phosphodiester izibopho. Umkhakha obhekelele isimo Huge ekuhloleni isakhiwo DNA uchungechunge safinyelela Chargaff futhi udondolo lwakhe. Zathola ukuthi i-ratio lezisekelo nitrogen angaphansi kwemithetho ethile.

Babizwa ngokuthi imithetho Chargaff sika. Eyokuqala yalezi lithi inani purine elisekela kufanele alingane inani pyrimidine. Kuyokhanya ngemva kokufunda isakhiwo yesibili DNA. Ngenxa izici zayo kufanele umthetho wesibili: isilinganiso izinyo lomhlathi A / T ne-T / C alinganayo indlela eya ebunyeni. Umthetho Kunjalo nangalabo acid yesibili nucleic - ukuthi esinye isici of DNA ne-RNA. Kuphela endaweni thymine kuwufanele uracil yesibili.

Futhi, ososayensi abaningi baqala ahlukanisa DNA zinhlobo ezahlukene phezu inombolo enkulu ngezizathu. Uma isamba "A + T" ngaphezulu "D + C", DNA enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ama-AT-hlobo. Uma ngokuphambene nalokho, sibhekene ne GC-uhlobo DNA.

yesibili isakhiwo imodeli kwahlongozwa ngo-1953 ososayensi Watson Crick, futhi wayesalokhu saziwa kahle. I imodeli double helix, esakhiwa imicu emibili antiparallel. I izici eyinhloko isakhiwo yesibili yilezi:

• Ukwakheka Strand DNA ngamunye esokuba oluthize zinhlobo;
• hydrogen Isibopho phakathi amaketanga, yakheke ngesisekelo complementarity elisekela nitrogen;
• polynucleotide amaketanga entwine nomunye, ukwakha pravozakruchennuyu Kuvunguza ebizwe "Helix";
• izinsalela of wali band acid engaphandle elisekela Kuvunguza nitrogen - ngaphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, luthe ukuqina, nzima

Isakhiwo ephakeme ka-DNA - kuyinto superspiralizirovannaya isakhiwo. Okungukuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi i-molecule ye amaketanga omabili okokusonteka nomunye, ngoba compactness kangcono DNA nilimaza ku amaprotheni ekhethekile - histones. Basuke yizigaba ezinhlanu ngokuvumelana okuqukethwe lysine futhi arginine.

Izinga yakamuva DNA - chromosome. Ukuze ubone ukuthi eduze it is embondelene othwala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, cabangela lokhu okulandelayo: uma Eiffel Tower walihamba lonke izigaba compaction, kanye ne-DNA, lingasuswa ibekwe endaweni Ibhokisi likamentshisi.

Ngokuvamile ama-chromosome awushadile (chromatids aqukethe eyodwa) double (sakhiwa chromatids amabili). Zinikeza isitoreji onokwethenjelwa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, futhi kungaba niguquke futhi ukufinyelela evulekile indawo oyifunayo, uma kunesidingo.

Izinhlobo RNA izici kwesakhiwo

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi iyiphi RNA lihlukile DNA isakhiwo zalo eziyinhloko (ukungabi khona-thymine, khona uracil), izinhlangano ezilandelayo futhi amazinga ehlukene:

1. Ezokuthutha RNA (tRNA) kuyinto ingqamuzana elilodwa-balahleke. Ukuze enze umsebenzi yabo ethutha ama-amino acid kusayithi wamaprotheni zamagama, it has a isakhiwo engavamile kakhulu yesibili. Ibizwa ngokuthi "leaf clover". iluphu ngamunye ke wenza umsebenzi wawo, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu isiqu acceptor (ke linamathela i acid acid) kanye anticodon (okumele kuhambisane codon kuso ngokwaso isithunywa RNA). Isakhiwo ephakeme ka tRNA wafunda kancane, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi iyini i-molecule ngaphandle kokuphula ezingeni lelisetulu inhlangano. Kodwa ezinye ulwazi ososayensi khona. Ngokwesibonelo, e imvubelo ukudluliswa RNA kuyinto ngesimo incwadi L.
2. Isilayezi RNA (okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi Imininingwane) wenza umsebenzi yokudlulisa ulwazi kusuka DNA kusayithi wamaprotheni zamagama. Utshele onjani amaprotheni uyogcina ukuhambisa kuyo zamagama ribosome. isakhiwo sayo esiyinhloko - ingqamuzana elilodwa-balahleke. isakhiwo sesibili luyindida kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba kahle ukunquma ekuqaleni zamagama amaprotheni. mRNA kwakheka uhlobo izikhonkwane, okuyinto zitholakala enisemikhawulweni izingxenye zokuqala nezokugcina ukucutshungulwa amaprotheni.
3. RNA Ribosomal eziqukethwe ribosomes. Lezi organelles yakhiwa subunits ezimbili, ngayinye esemgwaqweni esizeni rRNA. Lokhu nucleic acid inquma nokubekwa wonke amaprotheni ribosomal futhi izikhungo obusebenzayo lokhu organelle. RRNA isakhiwo eyinhloko imelelwa ukulandelana nucleotide njengoba owedlule izinguqulo acid. Kuyaziwa ukuthi esigabeni sokugcina elele rRNA kokuzalela ekupheleni izingxenye eyodwa uchungechunge. Ukwakheka lezi petioles okwengeziwe kunomthelela compaction salo lonke isakhiwo.

imisebenzi DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid uba onalo ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Kungenxa nucleotide yayo ukulandelana "ocashe" zonke amaprotheni emzimbeni wethu. I-DNA abagcinanga igcinwe, kodwa futhi kahle futhi uvikeleke. Futhi ngisho noma kwenzeka iphutha uma ukukopisha, kuyoba ukulungiswa. Ngakho, bonke izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo ukuhlala futhi ifinyelela siyinzalo.

Ukuze idlulisele ukwaziswa ukuze inzalo ilandelaniswa, iDNA unawo amandla kabili. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukufanisana. ithebula ngokuqhathanisa RNA ne-DNA uyakusitshela ukuthi omunye nucleic acid akakwazi ukwenza kanjalo. Kodwa-ke has neminye imisebenzi eminingi.

RNA imisebenzi

Uhlobo ngalunye RNA imisebenzi yayo:

1. Dlulisa ribonucleic acid inikeza ukulethwa acid acid kuya ribosomes, lapho amaprotheni zenziwa. tRNA akugcini kuphela ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha, it is zihilelekile ukuqashelwa we codon. Futhi lowo msebenzi kuncike kanjani amaprotheni izokwakhiwa ngendlela efanele.
2. Isilayezi RNA ofunda ulwazi kusuka DNA nokudluliswa ke kusayithi wamaprotheni zamagama. Elapho unamathele ribosome futhi abizele oda amino acid ku amaprotheni.
3. Ribosomal RNA inikeza ubuqotho organelle isakhiwo, ulawula ukusebenza kuzo zonke izikhungo zisebenza kahle.

Yilokho esinye isici of DNA ne-RNA: bobabili banakekele ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo eyalo kuseli.

Ukuqhathanisa i-DNA ne-RNA

Ukuze uhlele yonke imininingwane engenhla, singakwazi ulibhala lonke etafuleni.

Ngakho, sakhuluma kafushane ngalokho ukufana of DNA ne-RNA. Ithebula kuyoba ithuluzi esisemqoka ku Ukuhlolwa noma isikhumbuzo elula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho siye sesifundile etafuleni amanye amaqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhono DNA double kwadingeka kwezinhlelo cell division ukulungisa kokubili amaseli wathola nesidoda okunikelwe lilonke. Nakuba i-RNA Ukubuyelela kabili e akukho mqondo. Uma udinga enye i-molecule iseli, synthesizes yayo isifanekiso DNA.

Izimpawu DNA ne-RNA ukuthola emfushane, kodwa sesibheke zonke izici isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi. inqubo Very interesting translation - ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amaprotheni. Ngemva kokuthola bajwayelane kuyacaca ukuthi likhulu kangakanani indima udlalwa ngu RNA empilweni yengqamuzana. Umgudu wokubuyelela kabili DNA esijabulisayo. Lokho kuphela iyona Ukubhidliza we double helix futhi ukufunda nucleotide ngayinye!

Funda izinto ezintsha nsuku zonke. Ikakhulukazi uma kusha ke kwenzekani zonke engqamuzaneni elilodwa emzimbeni wakho.