Kanjani amapensela? ukukhiqizwa amapensela

Pencils sisebenzisa kusukela enkulisa. Kodwa bambalwa kithi ukwazi ukuthi ukwenza ipensela, abanye ukhuni isetshenziselwa le njongo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukudalwa mikhiqizo zokubhala ukwenziwa ngamunye imboni yakhe siqu. Kodwa yize kukhona izinkinga ezivame ayisisekelo inqubo ukukhiqizwa.

Yini esihlahleni?

Classical ipensela lokhuni has eqakathekileko - izinkuni kusukela lapho izinga wokusebenza isesekeli kuncike. Kusobala ukuthi akuwona wonke esihlahleni kufanelekile le njongo. Esikhathini esidlule, embonini ukusebenzisa ukhuni virdizhnskogo noma umsedari obomvu, okubhekisele nezomjunipha ubudala. Long fibre, ukungabi khona amafindo, kalula yokuphatha - yilokho ayimkhangi kule material. Kodwa uma sicabangela ukuthi zibiza lemikhiqizo European futhi American, esikhiqiza amapensela, baqala ukusebenzisa umsedari California. Futhi ngenxa yalesi simo ukudala imikhiqizo high ukuthi asetshenziswa ngezinhloso ingcaca futhi kwezobuciko.

Ezimweni eziningi, amapensela wenza kusukela Alder, basswood, uphayini, uphayini eSiberia futhi California, kanye izinkuni ezingavamile njengoba Jelutong. Ungadla kuyo yonke imithi amapensela ezenziwe ezweni lakithi? Ngo iningi amacala, Alder futhi Linden, okuyinto ensimini ka Russia omningi.

Alder akulona impahla isikhathi eside kakhulu, kodwa likwazi isakhiwo iyunifomu, okwenza kube lula ukucutshungulwa futhi elondoloza zemvelo umbala zemvelo. Ngokuqondene lime, lihlangabezana zonke izimfuneko ukusebenza, futhi ngenxa yalokho asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni futhi ezishibhile, futhi ipensela ezibizayo. Ngenxa ezinhle impahla viscosity ngokuqinile ophethe phambili.

Abahlukile ukudala amapensela impahla - umsedari, okuyinto kabanzi izitshalo eRussia. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa akulona ukhuni enempilo futhi izinto ngenayo ukunikela ziyadliwa.

Rod: ngasiphi isisekelo?

Ukukhiqiza amapensela olwenziwa kusetshenziswa induku ekhethekile. phambili Graphitic siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu --graphite, umule kanye sludge, avamise ungeze binders organic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, graphite wumkhakha unomphela, kuhlanganise nombala, njengoba eshiya phambili ephepheni elandelayo.

Ama-rod zenziwa kusukela mass zilungiswe ngokucophelela, okuyinto has a lokushisa ezithile kanye nomswakama. Kubalulekile ukuthi ingxube ingabe yini wome, njengoba lokhu kuzothinta bafake kwamangqamuzana kwemishini. Govuza inhlama isikhunta ekhethekile, bese badabula imishini nge izimbobo, okwenza mass-like noodle. Lezi noodle kwakheka amasilinda, izinduku zazo yilezi extruded. Uhlala kuphela yabo luvutha e crucibles ekhethekile. Khona-ke izinduku kuthiwa wadubula, bese kuthi emva kwalokho kwenziwe zhirovki: ikhule ezimbotsheni esakhiwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa ethile zigcwele amafutha, a wax noma stearine.

Kanjani ezinemibala amapensela? Lapha, umehluko esiyinhloko siwukuthi, futhi, induku eyenziwe zombala, fillers, futhi fatliquoring izingxenye isibopho. Kukhona inqubo ukukhiqizwa induku simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• izinduku ekhiqizwa embondelene in anemifantu ekhethekile ebhodini futhi embozwe uqwembe yesibili;
• Bobabili amabhodi ethe njo ndawonye nge glue ezimhlophe, induku asisho anamathele;
• uphela slats ethe njo ahambelana;
• ukulungiselela kwenziwa kwezinqumo, okusho kwalokho fat in the ingxube esikhona kakade.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa amapensela olwenziwa ikhumbula izakhiwo umthengi imikhiqizo. Ngakho, ezishibhile ayidaliwe kusukela izinkuni eliphezulu kakhulu, nse - hhayi nqampuna umhlabeleli - kanye igobolondo. Kodwa amapensela, ezisetshenziswa ngezinhloso kwezobuciko, abenziwe izinga okusezingeni nokhuni, okungakwazi has a Sizing ezimbili.

Isiteji kulungiselelwa izinkuni

Womshini amapensela kokuba kahle akhethiwe nokhuni, okungakwazi icutshungulwe ukukhiqiza nemigoqo. Qiniseka ukuthi ukwenza engu- ukusikeka imigoqo ubude bepensela, futhi udinga acabangele izibonelelo, njengoba kuyoba ukuncipha material. At imishini ekhethekile Multiblade wenziwa sawing Amabha ubeke amapuleti, okuyinto babhekana Impregnation nge upharafini e autoclaves ekhethekile. Le nqubo kusiza ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo mechanical imikhiqizo esizayo.

Kuye ngalokho esenziwe nemakhilayoni, kuzokwenziwa bese imimese yayo. Kukholakala ukuthi chips Lihle atholakala uma izimpahla zenziwa zikaphayini, umsedari noma basswood. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba ahole izinga waba anamatheliswe ipensela-ngakho ngisho ne break ukuwa.

Yini igobolondo?

Igobolondo incike ubulula ubuhle ipensela. Njengoba ezenziwe ngokhuni amapensela, kumele ihlangabezane nalezi zimfuneko ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuthamba, amandla kanye lightness: ngesikhatsi operation igobolondo akufanele amakhefu noma sidilike umzimba wonke.
2. Hhayi ukuze delaminate bedle izici zemvelo.
3. Have ukuncishiselwa enhle - bushelelezi futhi shiny, kanye chips uqobo akusho ziwohloke.
4. Lolu khuni kumele kube amelana umswakama.

Yini imishini?

Ukukhiqizwa Kwenziwa usebenzisa amapensela imishini variegated. Ngokwesibonelo, ekwelapheni lobumba okuyinto induku graphite ngeke iyakhiwa, kudinga Izigayo akhethekile Crushers. okuxubile Inhlama processing Kwenziwa wokunyathelisa isikulufa lapho eshelela inhlama izikhala ezintathu ezahlukene ezakhiwe induku uqobo. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo isetshenziswa ne izimbobo die. Iphele izikhala lokhuni wenziwa Ohhavini, lapho imikhiqizo ibhekane Ukujikeleza amahora 16. Nge ezinhle omiswe ukhuni umswakama ezingeni lithola ezingeqi kwezingu-0.5%. Kepha emapeniseli emibala, kungukuthi ngaphansi ukufudumeza ukwelashwa uma kucatshangelwa khona kwalezi fillers, udayi futhi izingxenye fatliquoring. On umshini ekhethekile siphela ilungiswe amapensela ubude.

omiswe

kanjani amapensela? Ngo inqubo ukukhiqizwa ufeza ababalulekile omiswe. It wenziwa imithombo ezikhethekile usebenzisa umshini, futhi amapuleti lamapulangwe ukuze omiswe kwaphumelela kakhulu. Kulezi imithombo omiswe wenziwa cishe angu-72, ipulangwe ke ihlelwa: zonke noma imikhiqizo ebukekayo aqhephukile kuthiwa ahoxiswa. izikhala ekhethiwe elicwengisiswe upharafini, ulinganiswe, okusho ukuthi usika anemifantu ekhethekile, okuzokwenziwa izinduku elise.

Indlela amapensela zenziwa emsebenzini wokukhiqiza esilandelayo? Manje asetshenziswa Milling throughput umugqa, enikezwe division zibe amabhlogo amapensela. Kuye ngalokho ifomu imimese ukusetshenziselwa lokhu esigabeni etholakala ngokuzikhandla amapensela noma round, noma faceted, noma okusaqanda. It adlala indima ebalulekile kokungathembeki kuqhubeka icala phambili sokhuni: kumele kwenziwe ngokuphepha futhi enokwethenjelwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi ukulahleka izakhi ukuhola. ingcina Nokunwebeka ukuthi isetshenziselwa nemisipha, okwenza ipensela ngokuqinile.

Ukusabalala Izici

elula Modern futhi emapeniseli emibala yetfulwe okunhlobonhlobo imiklamo kanye nemibala. Ngakho kanjani amapensela kule mboni, lapha ukulalelisisa zonke izigaba ukukhiqizwa. Ukudweba - esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kumele bahlangabezane eziningi izidingo. Ukuze kokuqeda ebusweni indlela extrusion isetshenziswa, futhi ekupheleni sebeqedile ekushoniseni. Esimweni sokuqala ipensela sidlula primer iyunithi, lapho ekupheleni elihambayo ke liyaphenduka ukuba overcoating. Ngakho it is etholwe enamathela iyunifomu.

Penda Quality: lokho kuncike?

Ikhwalithi umbala kuxhomeke ezingeni esiphakamisa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo lomthetho ngokwabo uveza, kahle sekusungulwe umshini priming, ngabe amapensela isikhathi iphele eteyipini ilandelwe. Noma yimuphi ifektri ipensela isebenzisa okusheshayo-omiswe izingoma akha phezu ifilimu okuqinile, okuqinile futhi nokunwebeka ithobela kahle kwamanzi izinkuni.

Esinemthombo wenziwa nge primer ekhethekile ukuthi ifa viscosity ezithile futhi aqukethe zombala. Uma lo mbala ingxenye likhulu, kuyonciphisa isicwebezelisi we ifilimu futhi kuzodinga kusebenza nakwesinye isimo ebusweni lacquer nitro. Ngisho amapensela babhekana varnishing nge ecwebezelayo nitrocellulose ukuvenisha.

Uma ipensela shades amnyama, it is ezinemibala okungenani 5 izingqimba futhi 4 zamatshe ukuvenisha. Ukuze kuzuzwe umbala okhanyayo usebenzisa inhlanganisela 7 zamatshe inki nge lacquer izingqimba 4. Kulokhu, ngoba iyunifomu kanye nokubika komhlaba olunembile kubalulekile ukuthi ebusweni has a esiphezulu 18 izingqimba. Umbala amapensela ekupheleni izingxenye wenziwa emotweni okunalnoy, elehla kusuka uzimele esisogwini ke amapensela.

Uhlaka ipensela

Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani wenze amapensela begodu lokho izinto ziyahlukahluka futhi kulungiselelwa yabo. In the version yendabuko ipensela it has a uhlaka lokhuni, kodwa emakethe yesimanje inikeza uhlu olubanzi imikhiqizo ngepulasitiki, lacquered ngisho iphepha izindlu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, liyanezela kubo ubuhle kanye Singularity, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bawe amapensela kangako ukuthi uhlala.

Ngemva yokudweba amapensela babhekana kokuphothula. Ngenxa yale njongo, izitembu ehlukahlukene UTJHAPHISA anemibala ehlukene. It ngokuthi esebenzayo control lokushisa ukucubungula.

Yini ubulukhuni?

ezinemibala Zonke amapensela kanye ubulukhuni ezahlukene phambili, njengoba kubonakala kophawu yabo. Khetha kubo njengoba kudingekile: iphepha ayazika futhi okuqinile, nzima ukuba induku graphite. Kodwa kunzima kakhulu kungalimaza iphepha graphite. ERussia ungathenga amapensela okulandelayo wokugubha:

1. M - eliphuphile.
2. T - okuqinile.
3. TM - kanzima esithambile.

Mayelana kophawu kufanele bazazi lapho ekhetha ipensela ukudala imidwebo noma udwebe art efanele.

amapensela Izici enombala

Okwenza amapensela elula, sesivele waqonda. Manje kudingeka bazi lapho nokuthi kwakukhona ngamakhrayoni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokuqala ngepeniseli umbala Nokho uvele 1820, ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela kuwo, ayikaziwa ezaziwayo. I anemibala ipensela phambili ngokuya ngenhlanganisela ye yokuxhuma izidakamizwa, yamathebhu nombala zombala. Njengoba ukwaziswa ngokujoyina iphumele ingcina kaolin, esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa lapho umthofu kanye lobo bunzima. Ngo eliphezulu ezinemibala izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa nepepper kanye zombala anemibala, lapho lo mbala kungenzeka base organic noma wezinto ezingaphili. Sami umbala zombala zisekelwe izinto amelana lantambama bedle emisebeni yelanga nokuphepha kwemvelo. Kuze kube manje, amapensela ayatholakala 36 umbala shades ngokuvumelana ngamazwe esikalini Pantone shades. Ngokuqondene fillers, kulesi sabelo, kaolin kanye wokulinganisa zisetshenziswa, okuyinto angaphansi ukugaya ngokucophelela.