Electrotechnical izinto, izakhiwo kanye nezicelo

Ukuphumelela ukuqina imishini kagesi kanye izitshalo kuncike nesimo ukwahlukanisa, amadivaysi kagesi asetshenziselwa okuyinto izinto. Basuke izimpawu iqoqo izakhiwo ezithile lapho ibekwe ku-kwezimo field kagesi, futhi ukufakwa amadivaysi esekelwe ngalezi zinkomba.

izinto Ukwahlukanisa kagesi ivumela zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene ekuvikeleni, semiconducting, ukuqhuba izinto enozibuthe ukwelekelela imikhiqizo main: capacitors, babashayeli, isolators futhi izakhi Semiconductor ngomumo.

Izinto ukwenza izinkambu ngabanye kazibuthe noma kagesi nge izakhiwo ezithile, futhi bavezwa radiations eziningi kanyekanye. izinto Magnetic evamile ihlukaniswe izinto wavuma kazibuthe kanye izinto kazibuthe. Ngo inqubo kagesi ngokuvamile baqashwe kakhulu ngezinto ezinamandla kazibuthe.

materials science

Indaba wathi into, libhekene zihlukile kwezinye izinto sokuqanjwa zamakhemikhali, izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo molecule ama-athomu. Ingqikithi ungaphakathi omunye ezine lithi: gaseous, okuqinile, uketshezi noma uketshezi olungenambala olusegazini. Electrical kanye izinto ezihlelekile enze ukufaka ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi.

izinto Ukuqhuba adlulisa electron ukugeleza izakhi ahlinzeke ngabodwa Kwe-dielectric Heating. Isicelo izici Resistor ukuguqulela energy kagesi ku ukushisa, izinto imikhiqizo ukwakhiwa ukugcina isimo sabo, isib, izindlu. izinto zikagesi kanye nokwakhiwa okudingekayo ukwenza hhayi elilodwa eziningana imisebenzi ehlobene, ezifana i yisivikelo ku kagesi umthwalo ukuhlolwa, okuletha ukuba izinto ezihlelekile.

izinto zikagesi isayensi - isayensi ekubhekaneni kwencazelo izakhiwo, ukutadisha ukuziphatha ndaba ngaphansi kwethonya ugesi, ukushisa, amakhaza, kazibuthe kanye nezinye izifundo zesayensi izici ezithile kudingeka ukwakha kagesi imishini, amadivayisi futhi ukufaka ..

Imihlahlandlela

Lezi zihlanganisa imishini kagesi, okuyinto inkomba main uzwakalise conductivity kagesi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi nenqwaba into njalo electron abakhona wavuma nakanjani nucleus nokuba khulula icala zenethiwekhi. Athuthela nge emzileni owodwa-molecule komunye bese udala zamanje. Izinto eziyinhloko conductive kubhekwe ithusi, aluminium.

Ukuze babashayeli kukhona izakhi ezine-kagesi resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, lapho okokusebenza umbhidisi kakhulu nge inkomba 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. Zonke izinsimbi kokuba itafula ezinhle wamanje 105 izakhi 25 akuzona izinsimbi kuphela, futhi kusukela kule iqembu olungafani izinto 12 ukuziphatha kagesi futhi zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo Semiconductors.

I-physics materials kagesi evumela ukusebenzisa kwakhe ejenti e-United gaseous ne liquid. Njengoba metal ketshezi ashisa evamile sisetshenziswa kuphela mercury okuyiwona isimo zemvelo. I nezinye izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa njengoba nje babashayeli ketshezi isimo evuthayo. Ukuze babashayeli esetshenziswa ne liquid conductive, isibonelo electrolyte. izakhiwo ezibalulekile babashayeli, ukuvumela ukuze uwahlukanise ngokuvumelana degree of conductivity kagesi, ezishisayo conductivity izici ezibhekwa kanye nekhono isizukulwane ezishisayo.

izinto Kwe-dielectric Heating

Ngokungafani babashayeli, dielectrics mass iqukethe inombolo encane electron khulula ukuma side. Impahla eyinhloko izidakamizwa yikhono layo ukwamukela polarity yasendle kagesi. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa alichaza yokuthi ngaphansi kwethonya namacala ahlobene ugesi-sishukumiseleka bebheke wenza amabutho. Ibanga offset mkhulu, ayanda amandla kagesi ensimini.

izinto zikagesi nangokuvikela kukhona eduze ekahle ngaphandle ezincane Inkomba conductivity, futhi kancane evelele kuka degree of nokwehlukana, okuyinto likhomba ukuhlakazwa futhi ezishisayo amandla Kwabiwa. I conductivity we Kwe-dielectric Heating kusekelwe isenzo esincane dipoles khulula ukuqhela ukuze isenzo yasendle. Ngemva nokwehlukana, le Kwe-dielectric Heating izidakamizwa ngamafomu polarity ezahlukene, isb, amacala amabili izimpawu ezahlukene kwakhiwa phezu.

Isicelo dielectrics kakhulu kakhulu kagesi, kusukela ukusetshenziswa yekwentiwa isici izici.

Ukuze okokusebenza asebenzayo, izakhiwo amenable ukuba ukuphathwa, zihlanganisa:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• zokwakha emitters ku laser.

Basic izinto zikagesi - izakhiwo Kwe-dielectric Heating yokwenziwa, isetshenziswa njengoba nangokuvikela izinto futhi capacitors ohlobo ezivamile. Bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili wesifunda kagesi komunye nomunye futhi ukuvimbela komfula amacala kagesi. Njengoba ngabodwa yabo Kwenziwa nge izingxenye zamanje esithwele ukuze amandla kagesi zishiywe emhlabathini noma izindlu.

ahlukaniswe yisivikelo

Ngo izinto zokwakha eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili Kwe-dielectric Heating zihlukaniswe, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. dielectrics Inorganic zingenalo carbon e ngezithako zawo, kuyilapho amafomu organic kukhona i-carbon eyinhloko isici. izinto Inorganic ezifana zobumba, mica, ngezinga eliphezulu of ukushisa.

impahla kagesi ku indlela ngokukhiqiza ihlukaniswe dielectrics zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Ukusetshenziswa ebanzi zokwenziwa izinto kusekelwe yokuthi womshini ivumela ukunikeza impahla sezindawo oyifunayo.

Ngokusho isakhiwo lwama-molecule yamangqamuzana ngehele dielectrics ihlukaniswe elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye non-polar. I last ubizwa nangokuthi hlangothi. Umehluko ukuthi ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane ngaphambi isenzo sabo samanje sikagesi noma abanalo kagesi. K iqembu kokungathathi hlangothi kuhlanganisa Teflon, polyethylene, mica, asebenza ngebhethri, nabanye. Uhlelo dielectrics polar aqukethe molecule nenkokhiso emihle noma emibi, isibonelo polyvinyl chloride, bakelite.

izakhiwo Kwe-dielectric Heating

Njengoba dielectrics ihlukaniswe gaseous, liquid okuqinile. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izinto zikagesi okuqinile. izakhiwo zabo futhi isicelo esikalini usebenzisa nemingcele futhi izici:

• a resistivity ivolumu;
• permittivity Kwe-dielectric Heating;
• a resistivity ebusweni;
• Coefficient ka permeability ezishisayo;
• Kwe-dielectric Heating nokulahlekelwa tangent ye-engeli uzwakalise;
• amandla we impahla ngaphansi kwethonya ugesi.

Ivolumu resistivity kuncike ikhono elinama ukuba simelane ukuvuza kwalo njalo Inani lamanje. Inkomba ephambene resistivity ngokuthi conductivity ngobuningi.

Surface resistivity kunqunywa ikhono impahla ukuba simelane zamanje njalo egeleza phezulu. Surface conductivity iyona okuhambisanayo sibalo odlule.

I Coefficient permeability ezishisayo ibonisa degree of ushintsho resistivity ngemva kokukhulisa nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa kule ketshezi. Ngokuvamile, ukumelana incipha nge okwandisa izinga lokushisa, ngakho-ke, inani Coefficient alivumi.

I njalo Kwe-dielectric Heating inquma isicelo kagesi izinto ngokuhambisana ikhono impahla ukudala capacitance kagesi. Kala the permittivity eyisihlobo Kwe-dielectric Heating kufakwe nomqondo permeability ngokuphelele. Ukushintsha ukwahlukanisa umthamo inkomba ukuboniswa odlule ezishisayo permeability Coefficient, okuyinto kanyekanye ubonisa ukwanda noma ukwehla capacitance nge ushintsho lokushisa.

Tangent Kwe-dielectric Heating nokulahlekelwa engela ibonisa degree of uchungechunge amandla ukulahlekelwa mayelana impahla Kwe-dielectric Heating waquliswa kagesi uhlelo lokwabelana ngamafayela.

Libhekene Electrotechnical mathiriyeli Kwe-dielectric Heating amandla inkomba, okuyinto inquma kungenzeka yokubhubhisa izidakamizwa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Ekukhombeni amandla mechanical eziningi ukuhlolwa ukusungula Inkomba umkhawulo amandla compressive, eqine, eguqa, torsional, umthelela kanye ukwa.

Ubunjalo bomuntu kanye amakhemikhali dielectrics

Ngo dielectrics aqukethe inani elithile acid ikhishwe. Inani potassium hydroxide e angu edingekayo ukuqeda ukungcola 1 g lomcebo libizwa inombolo acid. Acid abhubhise izinto zokwakha eziphilayo ibe nomphumela ongemuhle kwi izakhiwo nangokuvikela.

izinto Isici kagesi kwahambisana viscosity Coefficient noma ukuhilizisana, okubonisa degree of ukugeleza ndaba. Viscosity sehlukaniswe okunemibandela futhi kinematic.

Degree yamanzi ukumuncwa kunqunywa kuncike mass amanzi amuncwa test usayizi isici izinsuku emva ukucwiliswa emanzini ezingeni lokushisa kusengaphambili. Lokhu kwebalingisi likhombisa porosity we impahla, okwandisa Inkomba liwohloka sezindawo nangokuvikela.

izinto kazibuthe

ukuhlolwa ukusebenza izakhiwo kazibuthe abizwa izici magnetic:

• permeability Magnetic ngokuphelele;
• uzibuthe permeability isihlobo;
• Coefficient ezishisayo permeability kazibuthe;
• amandla esiphezulu kazibuthe.

izinto Magnetic zihlukaniswe kanzima futhi ezithambile. Izakhi ezithambile zinezikhathi ukulahlekelwa amancane okusalele emuva ubukhulu magnetization yomzimba esebenza kazibuthe. Ziyakwazi permeable xaxa namagagasi kazibuthe abe ibutho elincane sibhekwe kanye ephakeme ukugcwaliswa lokungeniswa. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kule transformers kudivayisi imishini kagesi kanye nezindlela, izihlangu kazibuthe noma ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo lapho magnetization ezidingekayo kancane amandla baphawula. Lezi zihlanganisa okumsulwa electrolytic Insimbi - Armco, permalloy, kagesi steel amashidi, nickel-yensimbi Alloys.

izinto Solid zinezikhathi ephawulekayo ukulahlekelwa degree okusalele emuva ka magnetization ku amandla kazibuthe angaphandle. Ukuthola pulses kanye uzibuthe, ezifana izinto zikagesi neze-imikhiqizo uzibuthe, futhi isikhathi eside ukugcina amandla agcinwe. Sinenkosi amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu sibhekwe kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu asalile lokungeniswa umthamo. Elements nalezi zici asetshenziselwa womshini odonsa umile. Abamele makhemikhali Alloys esekelwe izingxenye zensimbi, aluminium, nickel, ayibe, i-silicon.

magnetodielectrics

Lokhu kwaziswa okuxubile, 75-80% lichaza ekwakheni eliqukethe powder kazibuthe, nenqwaba organic okusezingeni eliphezulu ezisalayo polymeric ligcwele Kwe-dielectric Heating. Y ferrites futhi ferrites anda amanani yevolumu resistivity, encane ukulahlekelwa eddy zamanje, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo ephezulu imvamisa ubuchwepheshe. Ferrites ayizikhombisi esitebeleni ezahlukene izinkundla zamandla omsakazo.

INSIMU usebenzisa ferromagnets

Zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ukwakha core transformer coil. Isicelo se-kusetshenziswa ukuvumela ukwandisa kakhulu amandla kazibuthe transformer, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi ekushintsheni Ukufundwa samanje amandla. Ukufakwa Lezo ferrite konga amandla ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi ukusebenza idivayisi. izinto zikagesi kanye nemishini ngemva ithonya zangaphandle kazibuthe ukugcina izici kazibuthe, futhi igcina ensimini esikhaleni eduze.

imisinga Elementary ungadluli ngemuva kokucima uzibuthe, ngaleyo ndlela ukudala uzibuthe ejwayelekile unomphela ukuthi isebenza ngempumelelo headphones, izingcingo, ukulinganisa amadivayisi, ikhampasi, amadivayisi ukuqoshwa komsindo. ethandwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa odonsa ezihlala njalo, hhayi kagesi conductive. kwakwakhe etholwe yensimbi oxides nabanye oxides ahlukahlukene. Lodestone libhekisela ferrite.

Semiconductor izinto

Lawa izakhi okuyinto zinenani conductivity elisezweni isikhawu lokhu Inkomba babashayeli kanye dielectrics. I conductivity lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu kuncike khona ukungcola ngesisindo, umthelela zangaphandle kanye izinkomba sesimweni yangaphakathi.

Izimpawu electrotechnical izinto Semiconductors iqembu libonisa umehluko omkhulu komunye nomunye izakhi ku eheleni isakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo. Kuye lezi nemingcele, izinto zihlukaniswa 4 izinhlobo:

1. Ama-athomu omoya-elementi equkethe olulodwa: Silicon, i-phosphorus, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, nabanye.
2. Izinto equkethe metal oxides sakhiwa - zethusi oxide, cadmium, i-zinc nabanye.
3. Izinto in the kuhlangene iqembu antimonide.
4. izinto Organic - naphthalene, anthracene, nabanye.

Kuye ngehele ihlukaniswe polycrystalline Semiconductor izinto futhi izakhi monocrystalline. Izimpawu izinto zikagesi ivumela ukuba bahlanganyele non-magnetic kanye wavuma. Phakathi izingxenye kazibuthe ukuhlukanisa Semiconductors, babashayeli kanye izakhi non-conductive. Sula Kwabiwa kunzima ukwenza, ngoba izinto eziningi ngendlela ehlukile kulesimo esiguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenza kwezinye Semiconductors ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi ingafaniswa umphumela insulators. Labo dielectrics ngokubeka amalahle emsebenzini njengoba Semiconductors.

izinto esiyinhlanganisela

Izinto ezingenziwanga ihlukaniswe mayelana nekusebenta kanye nokusungulwa, ngokuthi izinto esiyinhlanganisela, kubuye kube izinto zikagesi. izakhiwo zabo futhi izicelo ngenxa inhlanganisela izinto asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni. Izibonelo izingxenye ingilazi fibre ishidi, fiberglass, Izingxube izinsimbi conductive futhi refractory. Ukusebenzisa Izingxube izimfanelo okulingana lembula izinto futhi uzisebenzise lapho zilibangise khona. Ngezinye izikhathi inhlanganisela izingxenye esiyinhlanganisela kuholela ukudalwa i-elementi sisisha nezinye izakhiwo.

ifilimu izinto

Ububanzi Esikhulu Ngokwengeziwe UTJHAPHISA kagesi kanye opholile ingcina umzuzile njengoba izinto zikagesi. izakhiwo zabo abahluke ngaso kwezinye dielectrics eguquguqukayo, amandla anele mechanical kakhulu izakhiwo nangokuvikela. I ukushuba we umkhiqizo luyehluka kuye ngokuthi impahla:

• film ukushuba of 6-255 microns ukwenza, ukukhululwa itheyiphu 0,2-3,1 mm;
• imikhiqizo polystyrene ngesimo opholile kanye amabhayisikobho enziwa 20-110 microns obukhulu;
• obukhulu polyethylene itheyiphu wenza 35-200 m, ububanzi 250 1500 mm;
• fluoroplastic film ukushuba senziwa 5 kuya 40 microns, ububanzi 10-210 mm Envisage.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto zikagesi kusukela ifilimu ivumela ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili: ifilimu ngamakhasimende kanye non-ngamakhasimende. Indaba yokuqala elisetshenziswe kaningi.

Upende ezinengilazi for ukwahlukanisa kagesi

Solutions izidakamizwa ukwakha ngesikhathi solidification ifilimu kukhona imishini yesimanje kagesi. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa amatiyela, omiswe amafutha, inhlaka, cellulose esters noma compounds futhi inhlanganisela yalezi izingxenye. Ukuguqulwa sezakhi viscous e yisivikelo kwenzeka ngemva ukuhwamuka uyaca kuphela imali nokwakha ifilimu obukhulu. Ngu indlela yokusebenzisa ifilimu sehlukaniswe ingcina, enamathela futhi impregnation.

Bakhulelisa varnishes esetshenziselwa Windings kagesi ukuze kwandiswe conductivity ezishisayo kanye ukumelana umswakama. Esinemthombo ukuvenisha engenhla ukudala enamathela okuvikela umswakama, abandayo, uwoyela, ebusweni emazombezombe, ukwahlukanisa plastic. izingxenye Yesigcilikisha kukhona i-glue uyakwazi mica ipuleti nezinye izinto.

Compounds for ukwahlukanisa kagesi

Lezi izinto umnikelo isixazululo ketshezi ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa, kulandele ukuqina futhi sokwelapha. Izinto libhekene yokuthi ukwakheka ayiqukethe yokususa ingcekeza elenkani. Zezakhi futhi uphakathi kwabantu abangenalo leli "imishini kagesi". Amafomu ekubunjweni kwabo futhi bakhulelisa. Uhlobo lokuqala isetshenziselwa zokuvala amazinyo anezimbobo e ikhebula couplings, futhi iqembu lesibili isetshenziselwa impregnation we motor Windings.

Compounds ukukhiqiza Thermoplastic, bona ukuthambisa emuva kokwandiswa lokushisa, futhi thermosetting, steadfastly ekulondolozeni uhlobo solidification.

Elifakwe fibrous ekuvikeleni izinto

Ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezinjalo usebenzisa Imicu yotshani organic izingxenye ezenziwe umuntu. Imicu yotshani Yemvelo yemifino kasilika, nelineni, ukhuni remaking e izinto Lokudabuka organic (fibre, indwangu, amakhadibhodi). Umswakama we insulators enjalo zokhahlamba kusuka 6-10%.

izinto Organic zokwenziwa (inayiloni) aqukethe umswakama 3 kuphela 5%, ezifana ukugcwaliswa umswakama yemisipha wezinto ezingaphili (fiberglass). izinto Inorganic zinezikhathi kuwukwehluleka nomlilo at Ukushisa eside. Uma izinto cwilisa enamels noma lacquers, ukwanda flammability. Supply of izinto zikagesi akhiqizwa womshini imishini kagesi nemishini.

Leteroid

A fibre mncane ikhiqizwa amashidi waligingqa ibe umqulu ngezinto zokuhamba. Kwakuvamise njengoba material for yokukhiqiza i gaskets ukwahlukanisa, okwenyanga dielectrics washers. Iphepha afuthwe ngesibulali asbestos futhi asbestos ibhodi eyenziwe asbestos chrysotile, yehlukanise kube zesivikelo sesifuba. Asbhestosi has ukumelana nezimo ane-alikhali, kodwa ahlahlele i acid.

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi nokusetshenziswa ngezinto zokwakha zesimanje ukuze ukwahlukanisa zokuphila isevisi imishini kagesi is kakhulu anda. Ukuze ukufaka izakhiwo zisebenzisa izinto nge izakhiwo akhethiwe evumela ukwenziwa imishini emisha ukusebenza nge ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe.