Kabusha Zemstvo ka 1864

Endaweni ukuzibusa eRussia lahlelwa ngokuhambisana izici pre-izinguquko 1864, okuyinto ubeka uhlelo amakhosi asendulo. Oqavile e kwaba umninindlu eyayinawo amandla zokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela, tembusave netemnotfo phezu abalimi lingelakhe.

Okokuqala Zemstvo kabusha ku-internet Ivana Groznogo, olwenziwa emuva ngo-1550, kakade ngaleso sikhathi wayalwa at ukuqedwa "yokudla" nokumiswa akhethwe zikahulumeni.

Kodwa ekhulwini le-19, le nkinga ngokugcwele ngakho futhi engakaze ukuxazululwa. Eliholwa kubabusi izifundazwe ayenikezwe amandla ubanzi kakhulu: amaphoyisa, okugada, zokuphatha, kwezomnotho kanye neminye imisebenzi. Ngakusasa abantu ababaluleke kakhulu esifundazweni babe umholi yesifundazwe izikhulu bezifunda marshal yezikhulu. Okungukuthi, uhlelo lokulawula esinjalo singamane ibonisa isithakazelo kwabanikazi bamazwe. Hhayi kunakwe hhayi kuphela nezidingo labantu, kodwa futhi imboni wendawo nohwebo. Indivisibility kwamandla zokugcinwa komthetho, ukulawula kanye nezomnotho okwengeziwe zaba zimbi isimo.

Ukuze afeze izinguquko ongumlimi kwakudingekile ukuba kabusha uhlelo. Kuze kube yimanje, ekuqaleni okulungiselelwe Zemstvo izinguquko 1864. On wendawo ukuzibusa kwakufanele singabakufanelekelayo ukuphathiswa + imisebenzi kanye nomphakathi. Ukuze isebenzise ukulawula kubo Sasinjani isimo ngesimo uhulumeni ekhethekile ukwengamela noma ekutheni nesabelo iziqondiso eziqondile. Ama-oda ngokwabo emizimbeni zemskih angase eziqhutshwa yilo Mnyango usebenzisa iziphathimandla kwezimali kwezimali noma ngamaphoyisa.

Zemstvo kwenziwe izinguquko sebehlushwa iziphathimandla ukuba agxilise amandla ezandleni bureaucracies wendawo. Vula isifiso ukuba asebenzise indlela entsha wendawo nokubusa kabusha Estates isimiso abagqugquzeli akazange alinge. Universal suffrage lwalungamukelekile ngabo. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba sikhethe County ihlukaniswe labantu ku ezintathu curiae (izingxenye), ngalinye elikwazi yayibuswa abameleli isigaba ethile. Ngenxa ukuba khona impahla ziqu uhlelo curial evumela uhulumeni ukuhlela inani electors izikhungo zemstvo, ukuhlinzeka iningi abameleli lesigaba esibusayo.

Januwari 1, iziphathimandla 1864 ivume "weMithethonqubo izikhungo zemstvo". Kusukela ngalolo suku kubo waphathiswa superintendence dolobha, imali kanye nempahla ye Zemstvos, ekuxoxisaneni nezakhiwo, ekufezeni imisebenzi yesihle, iqhaza kwezempilo nemfundo, mutual umshwalense kwempahla, ukunakekelwa umkhakha wendawo nohwebo.

Zemstvo kabusha kuhlanganisiwe ukudalwa ezintathu curiae: abaninimhlaba wesifunda, izakhamizi kanye nabamele emzaneni. IsiGungu umzimba Zemsky inhlangano - umkhandlu - akhethwe iminyaka emibili. Amalungu yesifundazwe zemstvo inhlangano likhethwa emihlanganweni County.

Zemstvo kabusha akakayakhi uhlelo eyodwa evumelanayo: ekwenzeni futhi ayizange bakha umzimba ukuthi ngabe ekudidiyeleni umsebenzi wonke zemstvos. Kwenziwa umzamo ukuze indalo yayo ngo-1865, uMkhandlu wesifundazwe Petersburg, kodwa impendulo kule isinyathelo uhulumeni ukuncibilikisa ke. Ngakho, ukuba khona kahulumeni wasekhaya uvunyelwe kuphela ezingeni izifundazwe nezifunda. Nor was it wadala futhi ephansi-level - neminyango County.

ohulumeni okusha ngenxa ukulinganiselwa nokulingana kanye nabasebenzi elingenamandla okulawula bathembele kuhulumeni. Nokho, izinguquko wesifunda nomthelela ekwenzeni ngcono wendawo izinhlelo umnotho, ukuxhumana, ukunikeza umphakathi imfundo kanye nezempilo. Zemstvos kwaba sasikhungo isikole sezombusazwe ngoba abameleli ukunyakaza yeningi kwezenhlalo futhi ovulekile. Kule ndaba, izinguquko kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi wobunxiwankulu.