Izinqolobane Bank kanye ukubunjwa yabo. Okuphoqelekile izinqolobane yasebhange futhi ngesilinganiso

Njengoba sekunama-Central Bank kanye nokuthuthukiswa isiqondiso zezimali izinqolobane of ngamabhange sezisunguliwe ezingeni wombuso, kanye zokuthenga ngesikweletu. Ngenxa yabo kulawulwa ubuningi elihambisana izinsalela (esikhundleni) akhawunti noma imibandela yokuthatha ukunxenxa yabo. Ake sicabangele eminye kuyini izinqolobane yasebhange saziso.

Uhlolojikelele

Bank izinqolobane ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezimali kubulawa abushelelezi izibopho inkokhelo eziphathelene senkokhelo imali ngabanye kanye zasemizaneni nezinye izinhlangano zezimali. Ngamanye amazwi, benza isiqinisekiso. Amalungiselelo kufanele agcinwe ngendlela imali cash njengoba imali e Central Bank noma ngesimo izibambiso ukuze uvikele ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile.

izidingo

Namuhla, cishe wonke amazwe nge ezimakethe zomnotho langena kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela edingekayo ebhange. Ukuphumelela kwaleli thuluzi zezimali credit isiqondiso kwaqinisekisa futhi ucwaningo lokubalulekile, futhi nokwenza kwamazwe omhlaba. ERussia, nezidingo abe umthombo buyiselo izibopho ukuba abakweletwayo futhi izimali uma ukuhoxiswa ilayisensi kwenhlangano ukuze bafeze imisebenzi. Ngo umkhuba, indlela ukubuya anabamemezeli emaphakathi izinqolobane yasebhange, kahle ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka. Ubuncane ngokuyinhloko asetshenziswa kohlaka ukulawulwa kwezimali kanye credit ekuxazululeni izinkinga eside ngaphambi kokuba izinze nokusakazwa imali okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa kwamandla emali. Leli thuluzi uba izinga limiter yemali ukunikezela ukukhula nekuphatfwa kwesidzingo emabhange izinqolobane. Inhloso yayo ethize inikezwa Regulation №342. Ngokuhambisana definition kule isenzo, isicelo sale ithuluzi kwenza isiqondiso zezimali jikelele yasebhange RF isakhiwo. Control imali uquqaba Kwenziwa ukunciphisa Okuphindaphinda imali.

umgomo oyinhloko

Ekusebenteni, imisebenzi izikhungo zezimali njalo ingozi ukulahleka bengahlosile. Ayikho isikhungo egomekile kwabo izingozi ezivela nxazonke 100%. Kule ndaba, ngesikhathi ukusebenza kanye nabaphathi ingozi ngayinye isikhungo sezezimali kumele aqinisekise kumiswa zigcine ebhange. Ukuqinisekisa nokwethenjelwa inhlangano yabo Kufanele udale izimali ezahlukene, izimali ezizosetshenziswa ukuze zimboze ukulahlekelwa Cishe. Inqubo, owawuthi kumiswa Kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwawo okwalandela ezimweni eziningi Kumiswa imithetho futhi CB. Inani ezibanjwayo kusukela inzuzo phambi intela kulawulwa uMthetho izintela. Inani ubuncane reserves esungulwe amabhange Central Bank. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, ukusebenzisa "reserve" kuyafaneleka uma kunesidingo Inhloso ukunciphisa supply zemali in kwegazi (ukumisa noma ukulawula ukukhula) ukuze kuvinjelwe "okweqile" komnotho, uma ukuze sifinyelele lo mgomo ukusebenzisa elinganiselwe abolekise yokusebenza kwezikhungo zezimali ngokusebenzisa ukuhoxiswa kubo kumaphesenti athile abathintekayo izindlela (noma ukwandisa le ngxenye). Kule kusobala ukuthi Bank of Russia izinqolobane - kusho yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali buthelela njengoba funa imali, okuyinto kufanele ushiywe ngaphandle kunoma iyiphi ukuhweba.

ngezigaba

Okubekiwe wamabhange, ngokuvamile, zinenjongo eyodwa - isinxephezelo nezindleko kungenzeka futhi ukulahlekelwa, uma kunesidingo. Noma kunjalo, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo. Ngakho, esiqiwini zomthetho iyithuluzi ngawo ilungise zezimali jikelele kohlelo. It is esetshenziswa Central Bank ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulawula ngokunciphisa ekuqongeleleni imali ngamabhange. Le ndlela yokwenza kukhawula amandla abolekise izinkampani zezimali futhi igcina izinga elithile imali supply ejikelezayo. Enkabeni yalo, izinqolobane saziso - lokhu kusho ukuthi ngamabhange kufanele ugcine nge Central Bank. Ikhonza njengabameleli isiqinisekiso zezimali Isikhwama, iqinisekisa ukuthembeka ekwenzeni izibopho amakhasimende abo. izinqolobane okunjalo amabhange akuzona omkhulu kangaka izithakazelo kwenhlangano. Anjengesibani ithuluzi kwenqubomgomo yemali kazwelonke. Njengoba uketshezi kakhulu, lezi zimpahla ayikwazi esetshenziswa yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali ngokugcwele ukubukeka kwezimo ezingezinhle. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhungo useqalise outflow kwezimali emabhange, esiqiwini ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngaphakathi kuyinsakavukela aqine.

Foundation

Linikezwa njengengxenye nokulingana ezakhiwe ezibanjwayo yonyaka kusukela inzuzo. inqolobane Isikhwama kute bahlanganise ukulahlekelwa enqubeni lenhlangano yezezimali. Wabuye wadala ukwandisa inhlokodolobha share. Ukwabiwa normative kunqunywa umhlangano jikelele bamasheya. Inani kungaba ngaphakathi inani elithile inhlokodolobha ogunyaziwe. ibhizinisi lwezezimali unelungelo ukwaba izimali e isikhwama reserve kuphela uma kukhona inzuzo. ngaleyo ndlela iqedwa kwenziwe ngenxa yokwanda kwempahla net. Isikhwama aqoqana imali etholwe isikhungo sezezimali ku ekuqhubekeni kwebhizinisi. Kuphethe ukudluliselwa inzuzo esikhwameni, yasebhange Inhlangano inikeza ukusetshenziswa ingxenye izimpahla zalo kuphela izinkomba ezithile. The main wabo kuphuma enamathela ukulahlekelwa.

Bank izinqolobane ukuba kungenzeka imalimboleko ukulahleka

yokudalwa kubangelwa ingozi credit ezingase ziphakame inkambo evamile yebhizinisi. Njalo hlinzeka enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka we inzuzo lapho ebhalela off ukulahlekelwa ubhekene nenkinga yezimali. Ngakho kukhona umthelela inani capital. Ukwakheka izinqolobane ezifana livela iminikelo, okuyinto expensed for loan ngayinye. Lezi zimali zisetshenziselwa kuphela ukumboza esele isibopho esiyinhloko. Ngenxa lezi reserves wenza bhala-offs yokuboleka le mali ukulahlekelwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba alulame. Uma imali enganele ekhokhwa neyaziwayo ngiyaphupha noma okubi, likhona isikhathi ukulahlekelwa. Lokhu kunciphisa base yentela lenhlangano yezezimali.

Okukushoyo ukungakhuli izibambiso

Nyanga zonke ngosuku lokugcina lokusebenza bafeza revaluation ka ekutshalweni kwezimali kumasheya ngemali yasemakethe. Ngaphansi yokugcina kufanele baqonde kwesamba ayisilinganiso sokuphepha eyodwa ngemisebenzi ezenzeka phakathi ngosuku lokugcina kwi exchange isitokwe noma esebenzisa umhleli endalini. Kwezinye izimo, njengoba emakethe kungenzeka ukubaluleka langempela izibambiso kuthengwe yokugcina ukusebenza, kuyehla ngesigamu. Uma kuwukuthi ngezansi zebhuku, isikhungo sezimali kumele ajube ithimba ayibekele ukungakhuli. Ubukhulu bayo kumele ingabi ngaphezu kuka 50% wenani wathi. Ukwakhiwa wenziwa zokugcina ukusebenza usuku lwenyanga, okuyinto yathengwa izibambiso. yokukhansela wayo wenziwa kanye kanye umhlalaphansi nokwabelana. idatha Ukunikezelwa njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, it is eyenziwa ngokuhlukile ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwanda noma silondoloze value abo ngokuphelele.

Ngokucacile reserve for ukungakhuli

Lapho kuba ukutshalwa kudingekile overestimation ka ukunikezela. Nokho, incwadi ukubaluleka ukwabelana uhlala ingashintshiwe. Kule ndaba, izimali, kunalokho, ababhekwa njengoba inqolobane njengoba zenze ushintsho intengo yamasheya ye-akhawunti. Ekupheleni kwenyanga yokubika, isikhungo isikweletu kufanele sihlaziye izinqolobane ngokudlule uzidalela ukungakhuli ukutshalwa kwezimali okusekelwe inani lemakethe kanye nenani lamasheya.

Ezinye izinhlobo

Ngaphezu kwalezi, kunezinye izinqolobane ebhange. Basuke zihlelwe ngendlela iqembu ukulahlekelwa kungenzeka kwamanye amafa. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, phakathi amalungiselelo:

• Ngaphansi-balance sheet izimpahla nge ingozi ukulahleka.
• Kwaphela amathuluzi irekhodwe ku-akhawunti ibhalansi accounting.
• ukuthengiselana Phambili.
• Ngaphansi kwezinye ukulahlekelwa.

Ukwahlukaniswa ukulahleka

Ukuze ukulahlekelwa isikhungo sezezimali ukuthi kunomthelela kwetinhlavu izinqolobane, kuyaqondakala izingozi yezinto esikhathini uyeza, ehambisana ne-nesenzakalo kwalezi zimo ezilandelayo:

1. Ukwanda izindleko noma izikweletu eqhathaniswa ibike accounting.
2. Ukunciphisa izindleko zesikweletu amafa.
3. Ukwehluleka ukugcwalisa izibopho ngofaka igciwane isikhungo uzibophezele zezimali ukuthengiselana (amadili), noma ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalo izithembiso izifundo, ukubuyiswa kwemali efanele ezikweletini okuyinto esikuthola enhlanganweni yasebhange ukukhonza.

Kusukela zigcine yasebhange ngaphezu eziphumelela kakhulu Isikhwama kuphela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, bangakunaki kwendlela yakhe, isikhungo sezezimali ungalawula izindleko zabo. Zonke ezinye zigcine yasebhange awacatshangwa kahle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwanda ngobukhulu ngeke usiza ukuqinisa ikhono wenhlangano ukumelana kuphakama izimo ezinzima.

Igolide futhi currency angaphandle izinqolobane ebhange

Ziyakwazi imali ukuthi izimpawu zezimali okusezingeni eliphezulu. Exchange Foreign izinqolobane ziphethwe Central Bank futhi Ministry of Finance. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-kuhlanganisa:

1. igolide Wemali.
2. Spetsprava kwemali.
3. Reserve isikhundla Umhlaba VF.
4. Kwemali Foreign.

Izindleko yalezi izinqolobane okuboniswe usuku balance sheet, esekelwe nedola laseMelika.

aphoyintimenti

izinqolobane International ukukhonza ngokuthi izabelo zezimali, lapho ukukhokhelwa zingenziwa noma kwenziwe izikweletu zomphakathi izindleko ezikhokhelwa ngesabelomali uma kunesidingo. Ukuba khona kwabo, ngaphezu, ivumela ibhange elikhulu nohlobo ukuzivocavoca ukulawula Dynamics of the ruble exchange rate ngokungenela ezimakethe exchange. Ubukhulu balesi reserve kufanele ngokuyinhloko ukumboza ivolumu nenqwaba zemali in kwegazi, ukuhlinzeka izinkokhelo bobabili ezizimele kanye eNgophezukonke ezikweletini yangaphandle futhi ziqinisekise sezinyanga ezingu-3 ukungena. Uma singakwazi ukufinyelela ubukhulu izinqolobane wezizwe Central Bank uyakwazi ukuqondisa kahle ukuhamba ruble exchange rate kanye zenzalo.