Izakhiwo sulphur. incazelo sulphur

Sulphur - ikhemikhali okwamanje ufundwa abantu cishe ngokuphelele. Ezikhathini zasendulo-ke kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso eyimfihlakalo esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe izimfihlakalo, izindaba eziqanjiwe nezinganekwane ukuthi zibe ngenxa yokwesaba ngendlela ebonisa ukukholelwa ezeni abantu ezingaziwa ku lonke. Nokho, eziningi izakhiwo ngokomzimba sulphur kwakwaziwa bantu engakaboni nakubona Mendeleev ukubeka izici kuthebula gqwa wamnika inani 16. Le into is kabanzi kwenkathi zikaHomer, ngaphezu, olunye ulwazi (okunokwethenjelwa kuqhathaniswa) ngakho ingatholakala ezintsha futhi Old eTestamente.

chemical isici

Ngobusuku obubodwa nokumisa namakhulu eminyaka zanqwabelana uthole imininingwane egcwele ngaloludaba, njengoba sulphur, kwakunzima ngempela. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo ososayensi abaningi, kodwa ukunquma ukuthi utfolakala kuluhlobo ka izakhi zamakhemikhali ayengakwenza D. I. Mendeleevu. Esikhathini uhlelo batch kuboniswa inkomba inani 16. sulphur Kutholwe esikhathini lwesithathu, iqeqebana wesithupha iqembu main, mass-athomu - 32, ukuminyana (ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile) - 2070 kg / m ^3.

Umlando ukusetshenziswa

abantu basendulo ngenkuthalo wasebenzisa Izakhiwo zanoma nesibabule, okungukufa babaziwa kubo. Umthombo ivelaphi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli onkulunkulu emhlabeni, noma phansi abantu, wanika izimfanelo ezikhethekile. Isici iphunga ketshezi futhi kalula ukuthungela isonto ewusizo ekufezeni emikhosini yenkolo ezihlukahlukene futhi ukuxoshwa "imimoya emibi". Kamuva sulphur waqala isetshenziselwe izinjongo abezempi, ingxenye ingxube ezivuthayo. Nge awokuthi singasho ukuthi asisebenzisa ekudaleni "umlilo YesiGreki", okusikisela ngokwesabekayo ungcwele isitha. Endlini isibabule compounds yayo zisetshenziswa izimonyo, ezolimo, ngosizo izicubu ukuphupha kanye nezinambuzane ahoxiswa. Ngo eChina yasendulo, ucwaningo lokuqala pyrotechnic Kwakuseshwa ngosizo nesibabule. I Izingxube okuholela babengakakhuli powder okuxekethile, kodwa wakhonza njengesisekelo ukudalwa ifomula ayo, okuyinto ngenhlanhla e ngezimo esiphila kuzo yathuthukiswa. Nokho, lapho besanda kuqala isisekelo salo kwaba nesibabule. Chemistry, noma kunalokho Alchemy sikhathi, ubiza lesi sici "uyise wabo bonke insimbi." Lesi siphetho sisekelwe emazwini ku khona nesibabule imikhando eziningi combustibility yayo ethuthukisiwe. Sixoshe la manga ehluleka Lavoisier e 1789. Usosayensi wathatha element non-izinsimbi, futhi, njengoba kuboniswa ukuba aqhubeke efunda, wayeqinisile. Kwezokwelapha, kwakwakhe sulphur isetshenziswa njengenhlangano ejenti isinqandakuvunda anti-yisinanakazana.

Emvelweni,

Kwamadwala sulphur uqweqwe akuyona into engavamile. Ngokwe-degree ukutholakala kugcwele ke esikhundleni 16 phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ukwakheka kwe-sulphur athomu kwenza ketshezi ukuba injalo emsulwa (ezimweni ezithile zemvelo). Kodwa ezimweni eziningi kuba ingxenye imikhando ahlukahlukene, e compounds yakha sulfides nama-sulfate. Okuvame kakhulu yokuxhumana kwawo insimbi: yensimbi pyrites (pyrite), cinnabar, Galena (Galena), i-zinc blende (sphalerite). Ngo izilwandle phezu magnesium sulfate, i-calcium, i-sodium. Kuze kube manje, ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezikhonjwe namaminerali. Okwesibili - mass ingxenyenamba okuqukethwe - beqembu Gypsum, kieserite, usawoti Glauber sika. Sulphur likhona ukubunjwa amaprotheni amangqamuzana, isb. E. Tholakala ku isilwane eziphilayo. kabanzi kakhulu organic compounds ekhona uwoyela, igesi yemvelo namalahle. Umthombo oyinhloko sulphur nemikhiqizo yalo kukhona mlilo, kodwa umsebenzi womuntu (ezimbonini, yasendlini) yanda futhi ahlanganiswe inqubo. Inani enkulu efana zanqwabelana komhlaba, Clays, Gypsum, ezansi ezilwandle kanye namachibi, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo namalahle, usawoti emaxhaphozini futhi olwandle. Ukusakazwa sulphur ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kwenzeka esebenzisa ezincane, futhi lokhu kusenza sibe umswakama okuyinto iyasha ebusweni umzimba omkhulu wamanzi, uwela njengoba imvula udoti imilambo iphindela olwandle izilwandle.

igama

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yentuthuko alchemy, kwakukhona amagama amaningana ukuthi isho yesimanje amakhemikhali isici nesibabule. Yini izidakamizwa Asho ukuthini kubo - akuyona esicacile ngokuphelele, mhlawumbe, kwaba umbuzo mayelana noxhumo, Okunengi nofana sulfide igesi. Esikhathini gqwa ohlelweni Mendeleev sulphur esiqokiwe uphawu S (Sulphur). Leli gama Latin ayinakho imvelaphi ecacile, cishe, kwathiwa lathathwa ngolimi lwesiGreki kanye kwisi kungenzeka ngokuthi "evutha". Ngamagama elisetshenziswa isiRashiya kuyinto izimpande lwasendulo. Igama elithi "nesibabule" lisho unpleasantly ukunuka izinto, ingxube ezivuthayo. Kukhona nguqulo ye umsuka igama izinto umbala: .. "Kuphuma ophuzi", "grey", ie hhayi eziqondile. Ngakho thina ngokuthi zonke inhlaka. Igama lesibili efana alisetshenziswa ezikhathini zanamuhla - "bogey". Futhi ithwala kwencazelo imiqondo flammability futhi kunuka kabi. Izazi zolimi baye bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isi-Sanskrit impande igama elithi "ukubulala", okuyinto cishe ngenxa izakhiwo-sulfur dioxide.

Izakhiwo Sulphur

Kuye ukulungiswa allotropic ngaphakathi kobubanzi zokuxhumana cell. Ihlukaniswe yaba ezintathu ezakhiwe ngehele ifomu (esitebeleni ngamaketanga-athomu): orthorhombic, plastic, monoclinic. Umbala, izakhiwo ngokomzimba we ketshezi abancika ukuguqulwa nesibabule. Okuvame kakhulu izinze futhi S ₈ kwakwakhe eyindilinga. Kuyinto lolu hlobo uchungechunge sici ngoba crystalline sulphur - impahla ziyaqothuka kokuba tint aphuzi. Plastic futhi ukuguqulwa monoclinic akusazinzile futhi uguqulwe ube isakhiwo eyindilinga angesabi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ngemva kokuthola. Formula nesibabule Kulokhu yakhiwa uphawu S ₄ futhi S _6. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (Igumbi lokushisa), kwakwakhe lizimelele uchungechunge rhombic: ngesikhathi amalahle ketshezi sishintsha kusimo liquid wokuhlanganisa ke sikhula. Ukupholisa Kancane Kancane yakha monoclinic sulphur izinaliti ukuthi abe umbala ezijulile ophuzi. Ngo ukusabela impahla oncibilikisiwe amafomu ngamanzi abandayo allotropic plastic ukuguqulwa, okuyinto has a isakhiwo esifana iraba futhi yakhiwa ngamaketanga eziningana polymer, it has a (amnyama) umbala ezingcolile-yellow. I njalo iningi nesibabule incazelo ophuzi okuqinile okungadingi uxhumana amanzi asele phezulu. Njengoba kuphela ingasetshenziswa organic compounds: .. turpentine, carbon disulfide, njll nesibabule into elula ezimweni ezijwayelekile ine Izakhiwo ezilandelayo thermodynamic:

1. Ubuningi Isihlobo - 2,070 g / cm ^3.
2. conductivity ezishisayo - 300 K.
3. Ukuma - 112 ° ^C.
4. Izinyo lomhlathi ukushisa umthamo - J 22,6.
5. abilayo - 444 ° ^C.
6. ivolumu izinyo lomhlathi - 15.5 ^cm3 / imvukuzane.

Phakathi Ukushisa, kuma-athomu e-sulphur-molecule ngayinye incipha. Ngezinye 300 ^C ke ngenkuthalo ezihambayo uketshezi, ukuthola izinga lokushisa umusi linyuke laba ngu-450 ° ^C sulphur monatomic ingatholakala enqubeni Ukushisa materials 1760 ^{° C} (S ₈ - _S-6 - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Lokhu kwaziswa kuyinto umqhubi abampofu ugesi nokushisa, okuyinto kabanzi uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza.

chemical izakhiwo

Sulphur ihlangana zonke izinsimbi okuholela ukwakheka sulfides. Ezimweni eziningi, ukusabela chemical kudinga kulethe okuyinto uba bafudumale. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (Igumbi lokushisa), kwakwakhe kwenzeka kuphela mercury. Le mpahla osetshenziselwa neutralization of evala yayo, okuyinto akhiwa ukuxhumana we metal yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa amathonsi. Akukona uxhumana element-platinum, Iridium, igolide. I sulfides eziba umphumela kuyizipho compounds oluvuthayo ukuthi ashise lapho lokhelwa ngokwanele kakhulu. Sulphur, ongaphandle nahlanza iyaphendula nomoya-mpilo. Le nqubo kwakwakhe libhekene ekwakhekeni igesi kungenambala (sulphur dioxide) Futhi ukushiswa. Ukusabela esethola ne-hydrogen, kutawenteka ngesikhatsi Ukushisa (by Isifaniso ne-carbon ne-silicon), amagesi ezakhiwe hydrogen sulfide ibizwa ngokuthi, carbon disulfide. Njengazo zonke izakhi yeqembu VI we ishadi lesikhathi, nesibabule is wasabela tube uphawu nge Halogen (sasekhaya, uxhumano lokudlulisa, chlorine, phosphorus). Ekamelweni lokushisa, ukusabela kungenzeka kuphela sasekhaya. sulphur chloride sisetshenziselwa izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini zamakhemikhali. Nge amanzi acid izixazululo ungazange abasabela ngayo, nge i egcekeni alikhali kukhona esethola - bona akhiwa ngaphansi isenzo kulethe. Abaningi acid ekhona nosawoti ezakhiwe inhlanganisela (imfuneko iyona lokushisa) ye-sulphur umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen.

isakhiwo Electronic

Ukwakheka kwe-sulphur athomu kwenza element ukuzibonakalisa njengenhlangano agent oxidizing kanye ejenti ukunciphisa, kanye ukusabela chemical abe Valence ezahlukene. Loku kubangelwa ukusatshalaliswa amazinga electron. nucleus yama-athomu has a icala 16 lapho isisindo athomu 32 (16 proton kanye neutrons) engaba - 127 ntambama. sulphur Scheme (e) kanje: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; uphumule - 1S ² 2S ² bo-3 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. On ezingeni lesithathu-athomu sulphur has orbitals ezinhlanu lutho ngakhoke Valence compounds balo buyahluka ku uhla elandelayo: -2, + 2 + 4, + 6, okuyinto kuxhomeke ngezinga elithile excitation.

idiphozi

Inani sulphur ekhiqizwa luyanda njalo ngonyaka. Lokhu lihlotshaniswa anhlobonhlobo isicelo, okuyinto njalo ezikhulayo ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nokuningi balifundisise izakhi zamakhemikhali eyaziwa kakade. Ubunjalo sulphur eziqukethwe ifomu lwendabuko futhi kuyingxenye inqwaba imikhando. Kuye lokhu, izindlela ezahlukene asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni yayo. Stratiform ezifakwa lusatshalaliswe e-United States, e-Iraq, Middle iVolga futhi esifundeni ZaseCarpathos. Bangabaholi enenzuzo kakhulu e iphesenti imigomo, lapho kukhiqizwa kusuka 50 kuya 60% sulphur. I carbonate sulfate okwakheke rock amanga omkhulu, ukufinyelela amashumi amamitha ukujula namakhulu amaningana - ubude. ezifakwa Soljanokupolnyh kukhona isici okukhulu ezindaweni ukukhiqizwa petroleum. Ukuze imali elikhulu endaweni zihlanganisa eGulf of Mexico, okuyinto kuhambisana ukuthuthukisa US, Chile neMexico. Lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu, imali osanda kusungulwa kukhona ezifakwa mlilo. umsuka wabo ehlangene zomhlaba amaphutha uqweqwe futhi isenzo mlilo. Ngakho, lezi ezifakwa zitholakala elwandle eliKhulu iPacific. Ngezenzo ukuhlola idatha Japan kanye zone Russian. Ngo-Eurasia yayigcwele kwande bomdabu sulphur imali, okuyinto has a umsuka ngokwanele lasendulo futhi mhlawumbe etholakala ezingqimbeni ebusweni. Ural, esiqhingini saseSicily, eVolga esifundeni, saseLviv ukuthuthukiswa imali, okuyinto eyenziwa namuhla. ukukhiqizwa Umhlaba sulphur kuyinto amathani ngonyaka angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50, kanti u-30% - okuyigugu, 33% - igesi namafutha, 14% - icubungula kwekhabhoni zezimboni, 16% - of sulfides, 6% - of sulfate.

Izindlela ukukhiqizwa

Kuye sulphur ukujula imikhando equkethe ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene isizinda kanye kucutshungulwe. Izakhiwo sulphur ongaphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela zokukhiqiza, inqubo okukhipha ukuphepha. Ngokuvamile, kwesigubhu izidakamizwa ephelezelwa olwenzeka enkulu isisi esinobuthi kungukuthi ayifakiwe amacala omlilo nokuguqulwa. izingqimba olukha phezulu izingqimba ore ziyasuswa usebenzisa abembayo - le ndlela iyona okungenani eziyingozi (kuhambisana nazo zonke izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe). Sulphur nahlanza Imiphumela zokulungisa wayo ngesikhathi izitshalo abafanele, lapho akhululwe inkwali. Izindlela zokuhlanjululwa okuhlushwa nhlobonhlobo: ezishisayo, Centrifuge, filtration, Steam, isizinda.

Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza isizinda nesibabule, okungukufa kuqukethwe izingqimba ngomshoshaphansi. indlela Imayini - ngokuhlinzekwa igesi ezihambisana - cishe ezingafinyeleleki, ngakho ngempela ngempumelelo Germana Frasha indlela esetshenzisiwe kusukela 1895. He is ezikhiqiza kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imali ocebile futhi inikeza ukonga eningi ezindlekweni zokuhamba kanye nezindleko kucutshungulwe netshe, njengoba kusho okukhiphayo into emsulwa. Isimiso lokulinganisa ilula: ore izingqimba equkethe sulphur, iphathwa amanzi ashisayo okuyinto enikeziwe ngokusebenzisa ipayipi. Kwahlelwa ngaphakathi ke ezimbili ezihlukene cylindrical isitsha, okuyinto zenzelwe kokunikeza igesi kanye ukukhululwa umkhiqizo osuphelile. Ngenxa ukuncibilika lokushisa eliphansi ebusweni ngaphansi kwengcindezi akube kusakhulunywa sulphur esincane amanyela.

isicelo

Umthengi eyinhloko kungukuhlasela amakhemikhali nesibabule, okungukufa ngeke kube khona kungekho acid esekelwe lesi sici. Textile, uwoyela, ukudla, uginindela, izingxenye zokukhiqiza izimayini ngeke akwenze ngaphandle lolu ketshezi. Formula sulphur kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sisebenzise compounds yayo womshini iziqhumane, umentshisi iraba, izimonyo, imithi nokunye. D. ezolimo sisuke sicabanga into kufakwe yokwakheka Umanyolo enhlabathini (yenyusa iphesenti kufakwe phosphorous) ubuthi ukuthi iphathwa imbewu ehlukahlukene izinambuzane. Ukuze kukhiqizwe udayi futhi luminescent izingoma esetshenziswa sulphur ukuhlanzwa. Ngokwe-degree besizwe, ukucubungula ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sakhi kungabonwa bezikhali yezimboni wonke umbuso. Iningi ngentuthuko yakamuva emikhakheni eminingi ulwazi kakhulu emnothweni esekelwe ukusetshenziswa isibabule compounds yayo. Kunzima ukuhlola amandla aphelele isicelo lesi sakhi acid, esetshenziswa abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi uyaqhubeka kutsi bahlanganyele kwezobuchwepheshe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.