Isinyathelo sokulungisa eenkambisweni zobulelesi

zokulungisa - ngakho lonke iqoqo izinyathelo avunyelwe ukwenziwa emthethweni ebugebengu kanye. Imingcele semthethweni kwalezi izenzo ngaphakathi kohlaka imithetho sobugebengu ezweni. Yonke imisebenzi okuholela ukulungiswa icala leli cala, angawa ngaphansi kwencazelo "isenzo zenqubo".

Incazelo kanye nezimiso

Ngokusho incazelo ezivamile, isinyathelo sokulungisa kungenziwa ngokuthi ngaphansi koMthetho futhi wenza ingxenye yakhe lomcimbi, abenza ukuba izakhamuzi ogunyaziwe ekuziphatheni zobulelesi noma izinto.

Zonke izenzo ezihlukahlukene zenqubo angena izimiso ezithile lingaba yisiqondiso e kwebulungisa. Ukuhambisana lezi ziqondiso kuqinisekisa Ukubuyekeza olubanzi nangokuhlola ngokujulile amacala ku enkantolo. Zonke ezihlukahlukene inqubo efanele eziyisisekelo izimiso kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe ezingu elandelayo:

• ukulingana yato tonkhe takhamuti kukhululwe phambi komthetho;
• ukulingana zenqubo labahlanganyeli inqubo zokwahlulela;
• inhlanganisela collective ukucabangela ngazinye kunjalo;
• ukungakhethi nokuzimela zamajaji;
• obala kanye nokuvuleka kwesivivinyo.

tinchubo olwandulelayo

Tigaba letehlukene zemibango babe imininingwane yabo, okungase kunqunywe izici of kunjalo, ubunzima ubufakazi ukuhlangana nezinye izinto. isinyathelo sokulungisa kutinchubo civil ilawulwa Article 142 Code of Civil Inqubo, iqukethe uhlu zonke izinyathelo kungenzeka ukuthi zingenziwa ekulungiseleleni kunjalo. Abantu ogunyazwe ukuthi enze inqubo akubalwa enze zonke izenzo kuhlinzekelwe kulesi sihloko. Konke kuncike ezicashile ngazinye esimweni ngasinye. Ukuze amajaji isinyathelo zenqubo - okulandelayo:

• isinqumo mayelana nodaba zijoyine ibhizinisi-abaphendulayo, co-kwabamangali kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza;
• ukunikeza imvume ukusebenzisa ezibhalwe phansi ngesinqumo ecaleni lasenkantolo e ukulamula umbango enkantolo nge ilungelo ukuchaza imiphumela isenzo esinjalo;
• ukunikeza ilungelo nokubiza abofakazi bonke labo abathintekayo;
• tinchubo, ehlanganisa ucwaningo kanye ezidingekayo Luhlolo forensic ;
• isiqondiso kwemiyalo yenkantolo ;
• nezinye izenzo.

Imithetho eyisisekelo komthetho we-civil

Imithetho amalungelo ezakhamuzi yesimanje akunakwenzeka ukuhlonza lonke uhlu izenzo zenqubo ezidingekayo ukuze acutshungulwe zemibango. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo zenqubo ekuqhutshweni civil ummangali inquma isikhundla salo esebenzayo, okuyinto ngazo ukuvikela impahla noma izithakazelo ezivikelwe ngumthetho, futhi yini okufanele isikhalazo enkantolo. Izenzo kushushiswa kulokhu ahloselwe zokuqoqa ubufakazi bokuhlola izitatimende ummangali ngokunemba. Ngesicelo amaqembu umahluleli sifuna kusuka izinhlangano noma abantu abazimele yangempela noma ubufakazi ebhaliwe. Lo mthetho ungomunye izimiso yomthetho impikiswano, okuyinto esikhathini sethu isiqala nje ukuba lusebenze ekuqhubeni yasekhaya. Kwecala esimweni izenzo civil simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• sokufunwa kobufakazi sihluke umnikazi ngenjongo yokudlulisa kwabo inkantolo;
• ukuqoqwa ubufakazi umyalelo wenkantolo;
• okunikeza ubufakazi sizila izivivinyo - edinga ikomiti yokwahlulela noma ezimele;
• ukuthola ubufakazi ezidingekayo ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa.

Engxenyeni Article 142 Code of Civil Inqubo yesibili umahluleli uqondisa noma kunikeza ummangalelwa ikhophi isimangalo ummangali futhi imibhalo enamathiselwe nalokho, kanye isaziso endaweni kanye nesikhathi sokulalelwa kuleli cala. Leli lungiselelo ivumela ummangalelwa ukuqoqa ulwazi, echaza isikhundla sakhe. Ngakho abahlonishwa ingenye zezimiso isinyathelo zenqubo - ukulingana amaqembu yenqubo, njengoba kujwayelekile oyisazi yesimanje.

inqubo lobugebengu

Kuwo wonke komlandu wobulelesi ekuqhutshweni lilingana enemininingwane, esikhathini esingamahora anga-ubufakazi amaqiniso athile akhethiwe ukuze acutshungulwe esizayo yinkantolo. Indlela eyinhloko yokuqhuba inqubo lobugebengu iyona ukuhlaziya ubufakazi eqoqwe futhi amaqiniso. Futhi ukuqoqwa ubufakazi isicelo ekuqhutshweni. Lokhu Ikhodi Criminal Procedure libhekisela njengoba izinqubo okuphenya ezidingekile ukukhethwa, kokuhlaziywa nokuhlolwa kobufakazi uphenyo lokuqala.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izenzo okuphenya kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi eyayifunwa umthetho lobugebengu zenqubo futhi isetshenziswa ukuqoqa futhi uqinisekise ubufakazi umcimbi, okuhlanganisa iqoqo ulwazi, nezindlela beyofuna ukuhlonza, izici ezifanele imikhondo ubugebengu. Futhi, kufanele izinyathelo ezibalwe ngenhla ingashintshwa ukuze ngempumelelo ukuthola, ukuqonda futhi ukuvikela ulwazi ubufakazi-based kunesidingo.

Ngesisekelo izenzo okuphenya

Noma yisiphi isenzo zenqubo zobulelesi esekelwe lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo izici ukuhlonza. Kulokhu uhluka izinyathelo, esiqhutshwa abaphenyi ngokuhamba kwecala. Zonke izenzo nezinqumo zakhe zingaphansi uhlobo oluthile zenqubo, okusho ukuthi kukhona esisemthethweni, njengoba ngqo ezisekelwe emithethweni kanye nenqubo lobugebengu.

Ukuze lo mseshi isenzo zenqubo - uphenyo okugcwele ngokuphelele icala lokwephula umthetho. Ngalo mqondo, zonke izenzo esibekiwe umuntu ogunyazwe kungenziwa ngokuthi okuphenya. Kodwa umthetho namanje akamukeli noma isenzo kanye uphenyo zenqubo. Umehluko wukuthi uphenyo okuhloswe ngaso ukuhlangana, ukuhlolwa kanye nokusetshenziswa ubufakazi kutholakala kodwa kunemidanti ukumboza yonke inqubo - kusukela ukuqoqwa ubufakazi ukuhlaziya ubufakazi obuphathekayo enkantolo.

Kuyini izinyathelo okuphenya

tinchubo Investigatory we CCP uyazicabangela njengoba inqubo eziyisisekelo yesenzo sobugebengu, okuyinto kuncike kumthethonqubo ofanele iziqondiso ezingokomthetho. Uma imisebenzi okuphenya abazenzi ne ukwephula, ubufakazi obuphathekayo esinabo etholwe ngale ndlela, inkantolo ngeke emukelwe. Ukuze noma yiziphi izenzo okuphenya kukhona nezimfuneko zomthetho ngaphansi imithetho inqubo lobugebengu kanye nenqubo kusebenza ngayinye izigaba. Regulation yezenzo okuphenya, kanye nokuhambisana zabo lomthetho kuchazwe izimo jikelele ezilandelayo:

• Ngalinye isinyathelo okuphenya kumele ihlelwe umzimba yophenyo , futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba esemthethweni Ukusungula kwecala.
• izenzo Investigative lwenziwa khona izizathu ezinhle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yolwazi etholwe mayelana amaqiniso ukuthi ukunquma isidingo ukuqoqwa kanye ukuqinisekiswa base ubufakazi, ngakho amaqiniso bangenile izinyathelo lapho okuphenya.
• Inqubo kanye indlela lokhu noma leso senzo okuphenya kanye nomklamo zenqubo kumele kwenziwe ngokulandela umthetho osebenzayo.
• Isibopho egcwele ukuziphatha uphenyo sabelwe esemthethweni ogunyazwe ukuba aphenye ngalesi icala lobugebengu.

isizinda ubufakazi

Rule lapho kuvezwa udaba ngalunye kufanele lusekelwe ebufakazini. Isinqumo ukuqhuba ezithile isinyathelo okuphenya kuthatha umphenyi noma omunye umuntu othole imvume (ukugunyazwa) umshushisi. Uphenyo kungase kwenziwe umyalelo we kwenhloko yomnyango uphenyo, noma ngesicelo abathintekayo, ezifana ummangalelwa, iseluleko sakhe noma isisulu. Umseshi enquma ngamunye yini noma cha ukwenza isinqumo ngokuziphatha izenzo okuphenya, noma uqale ikakhulukazi isinyathelo zenqubo. Uma isicelo sinqatshiwe, lesi sinqumo kumelwe kushukunyiswe umseshi.

Uma sicabanga amacala amancane zokuphatha ngumthetho Unelungelo afeze "izinyathelo". Lokhu CAO ulawula ngokucacile ngokwanele, kodwa asisho ngokuqondile ukuthi kushiwoni misebenzi. Ngokuvamile, kufanele libhekane nomsebenzi ubufakazi icala, emuva kokucubungula udaba noma enkantolo, noma avaliwe.

Uhlelo sezinqubo okuphenya

Ezincwadini zomthetho yesimanje, akukho umbono olulodwa kohlelo yezenzo okuphenya, ngoba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuhlonza izenzo zokulungisa ezingenziwanga aphenya ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, abameli abakwazi ukuba afinyelele isiphetho ukuthi izenzo ezilandelayo okuphenya:

• ekuthatheni impahla;
• lokumbiwa wezidumbu;
• kabusha lapho kwenzeke ubulelesi;
• ukuhlolwa kwezempilo we isisulu.

Ubunzima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ekufezeni lezi zenzo umphenyi uyaphawula kokubusa inqubo of umkhiqizo wabo, kodwa ulwazi nobufakazi ingemukelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ethatha ukuphuma isidumbu endaweni yakhe yokugcina yokuphumula, isibonelo, akufakazeli lutho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaningi izinyathelo zenqubo zinikelwa mthetho kuyinto ngempela ofanele ukwenziwa ubufakazi futhi kungaba yingxenye yophenyo jikelele. Ziyakwazi:

• ukuboshwa komsolwa;
• ukuthola amasampula ucwaningo laboratory ngokuqhathanisa;
• amasampula isheke etholakalayo ku-site.

Lokho kusho ukuthi ngenkathi beboshwa le ngokufana umsolwa Art. 122 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure, uma umcimbi ngokuqondene ngqo ukuthola izimpawu zobugebengu, nezinqe, isikhathi kanye nendawo yeziboshwa zithole ukubaluleka probative.

imikhawulo yesikhathi

Noma yisiphi isenzo nenqubo, ukuba benze ukuthi umnqamulajuqu kufanele igcwaliswe ekupheleni isikhathi esabelwe ukuqoqwa ubufakazi. Izinsuku kokuqhutshwa angathunyelwa ngumthetho futhi angabelwa yinkantolo. Inqubo isikhathi kunqunywa usuku, inkomba umcimbi noma isikhathi esiphelele isikhathi esabiweko lezi zenzo.

Iphela kwethemu sincike oda inqubo kubalwa labelwe sikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukuqulwa kwecala, yelulelwe phezu kweminyaka eminingana, kuba ukuphela usuku ephelele (izikhala zosuku, inyanga) konyaka odlule sonke isikhathi. Uma isikhathi ibalwa izinyanga ikhalenda, ke zizofana ekupheleni kwenyanga edlule kwesikhathi.

zokulungisa, umngcele phakathi okuyinto igibele imigomo nenqubo, kungaqedwa ngosuku olulodwa ngaphambi Ukuvalwa yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhalazo, izicelo noma imali enziwa kungakapheli amahora kosuku lokugcina elithi 24, lezi zenzo akuzona ngenxa hhayi elithi izinqubo inqubo esidlule yeqiwe. Kodwa uma isinyathelo sokulungisa okufanele zithathwe ukuze inkantolo noma enye indawo yomphakathi, isikhathi ngemva kokuqedwa kwalo kuncike imizuzu yokugcina umsebenzi kulesi sikhungo.

Ilungelo ukuqhuba izenzo zenqubo ngeke kukhanselwe ekupheleni kwesikhathi nangesikhathi esibekwe ngokomthetho noma owaqokwa inkantolo. Uma inkantolo kuletha isinqumo noma imibhalo okufakiwe ngemuva kokuphela isenzo nenqubo, kungukuthi kubhekwe. Okuhlukile imibhalo okufakiwe emva isicelo ukwelulelwa isikhathi imikhawulo, samukelwa yinkantolo.

prolongation

Uma ekuqhutshweni bamiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo okwesikhashana bese isikhathi kunjalo. Uma uvuselela zokukhokha zenqubo eziqhubekayo kanye umnqamulajuqu is lihlehliselwe usuku.

Uma umuntu ophethe isenzo nenqubo, uphuthelwe zokukhokha ngezizathu elivumelekile, inkantolo ingase ibeke usuku ezahlukene ukuphela kwecala. Isicelo sokuvuselela kunikezwa enkantolo lapho isenzo kwadingeka kucatshangelwe. Bonke ababambe iqhaza kufanele aziswe kusengaphambili mayelana isandiso okungenzeka isenzo zenqubo. Uma behluleka ukuvela enkantolo, ngeke abangele ukwehluleka masicabange ku ukuhlehliswa zenqubo.

Kanye nokunikezwa sokuba ezinwetshiwe isenzo zenqubo bangafaka izicelo inselelo isandiso isikhalazo noma uyephuza uphenyo ngamabomu.