Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Duomo), Florence: Incazelo

Church of Santa Maria del Fiore ingenye main ezikhangayo Florence. Lokhu Ensemble yezakhiwo lonke, okubandakanya yokubhapathiza (yokubhapathiza) kanye Campanile (isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi). Lesi sakamuva ukhonza njengesiqondiso elahlekile izivakashi, njengoba antante ayisishiyagalolunye amamitha. A Dome abomvu Santa Maria del Fiore kuyinto isici esiphawula leli dolobha Tuscan. Ekhuluma isihloko. Amasonto anikezelwe Virgin Mary, e Florence ambalwa. Budebuduze siteshi sesitimela Santa Maria Novella. Ubukeka sengathi ibhokisi obunamaparele nge olungaphambili lwesonto yayo omnyama nomhlophe. Kodwa uma yena kuletha phezu Florentines ezesabeka kakhulu, njengoba kwaba kulo ibandla labaseTheselonika Dominicans futhi Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. Kodwa "Madonna e Imbali" kwaba indawo yokuhlangana bendawo, uphawu yobukhulu Florence. Lokhu isonto elithile, noma owaziwa ngokuthi e-Italy, Duomo. Kulesi sihloko thina uzokunika ulwazi oluphelele kakhulu ephathelene nesonto.

Mayelana nomlando ophathelene nokwakhiwa

Kwakuwusuku ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nantathu, lapho ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Ghibellines amandla ESonto LamaRoma Pope ehlanganisiwe. Futhi ukubonisa ngokunqoba iSonto LamaKatolika phezu "patarenskoy (Yama-Albigenses) baqede", waqala esizokwakhiwa amasonto ababhishobhi amakhulu. Kwakumelwe ahlule edolobheni njengoba iwuphawu ukubusa kwegunya lesonto lamaKatolika. Futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, ngaleso sikhathi kokudabula Italy. Duomo Florence kwadingeka ukuba "muhle" emadolobheni ubudala ngakho imbangi efana Pisa kanye Siena. Umuzi futhi abadinga ithempeli yokuthi kungaba ukwazi ukwamukela kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. A elikhulu kulabo izikhathi Florence singcono kakhulu ngenani abahlala eLondon. abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu aba - yilokho amandla lombhishobhi-dolobha Tuscany. Kutsatfwa njengoba abakhi Ngangimbheka njengomuntu okumelwe iforamu lapho bengahlangana khona zonke izakhamuzi lwenkolo yobuKristu kusukela komncane kuya ezinkulu simboziwe. Yiqiniso, inani ukwakhiwa edingekayo yezinkanyezi. Kodwa Florence eminyaka nantathu yanda. uvolo Ukudaya futhi ukuhweba waletha imali ekahle edolobheni. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi imali ukuze kwakhiwe kwaba.

History of the Duomo

Indawo ukuze kwakhiwe leli sonto olikhethile selivele agugile ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka iSonto St Reparata. Isinqumo ukuthi lowo muntu adilize Yakhiwa ngekhulu lesine, isonto senziwe 1289. Njengoba kuvamile namuhla, umncintiswano kwamenyezelwa, kodwa ithenda iwine lo-Florentine Guild of Arts, ucele ilungu layo, umakhi Arnolfo di Cambio, ukuthuthukisa le phrojekthi. I-oda yayithe Duomo (Florence) ukuba abe makhulu futhi acebile ehlotshisiwe kuka amasonto ababhishobhi Siena futhi Pisa. Itshe lokuqala sabekwa ekwakhiweni inxusa sobupapa, Cardinal Pietro Valeriano Duraguerra ngo-September 1296. Arnolfo di Cambio wawuqondisa ngokwakhe umsebenzi. Kodwa ngemva kokufa yenkosi e 1302, ukwakhiwa ime kakhulu ngendlela amabili nesishiyagalombili iminyaka. Mhlawumbe uthi ukungabi nemali yokunakekela ukuqaliswa le phrojekthi emikhulu. Kodwa lapha ukwakhiwa liphazamisa amandla ezulu. Egumbini yesonto elidala Santa Reparata ukuthi "ingamboziwe ngokuyisimangaliso" amandla Zinovy Florence. Izindaba isimangaliso walethwa abashumayeli izindlebe abantu yobuKristu, futhi izipho pilgrim zenzisa wasiza ukuqhubeka ukwakhiwa.

Onesimo lombhishobhi

Le phrojekthi Arnolfo di Cambio, lesi sakhiwo kumele elasungulwa ukuma we-Latin esiphambanweni. Kwethempeli Santa Reparata ukuthi eyayihambisana naves ezimbili ezinhlangothini. Ekupheleni Dome lwenzelwe ukuma octagonal. A Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba ongaphambili omise amabili ohlangothini transept igcwaliswe layout Duomo. Florence 1330, wamiswa njengelungu nomklami oyinhloko Giotto - abaculi imfashini kakhulu futhi ikhokhelwe kakhulu wesikhathi. Kodwa wezakhiwo wokuvelela kunokuba ukuqhubeka umsebenzi eyandulela wakhe, wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa basembhoshongweni insimbi. Giotto washona ngo 1337, lapho kuphela uqimba kampanilly lokuqala elalakhiwe. Futhi 1347 e Florence kwafika omnyama ubhubhane, futhi konke akuzange kuze kube isonto lombhishobhi. Ngemva kokuphela umsebenzi ubhubhane ukubuyiswa. Kwacishe engamashumi ayisikhombisa yokwakha baye abaklami ezinkulu eziyisithupha. Kwakumelwe Francesco Talenti futhi Dzhovanni Di Lapo Ghini, u-Alberto Arnoldi, d'Ambrodzho Giovanni Neri Di Fioravanti futhi Andrea Orkanya.

Dome Duomo (Florence)

Ngu 1418, udonga, yaqedwa ukwakhiwa. Ayikwazanga kuphela ebayala Dome. Kodwa lapha unenkinga ubunjiniyela nemvelo. Area Dome okuhloswe kakhulu kangangokuthi abakhi zazesaba ukuthi kungase igoqe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukacaci ukuthi ukuletha kanjani izinto zokwakha ukuze ukuphakama ezingaphezu kuka ayisishiyagalolunye amamitha. Imisebenzi yayenziwa kuphazamisekile iminyaka engamashumi amane. Florence Council wamemezela umncintiswano olandelayo. Ngathatha ukwakha Dome Filippo Brunneleski. Ukuze ekulinganiseni isakhiwo unjiniyela brilliant usethe njalo octagonal amabili nane mpo futhi eziyisithupha ovundlile ubambo izindandatho. uhlaka ezinjalo isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu seminyaka eyikulungwana kunesithembiso Dome tridtsatisemitonny Santa Maria del Fiore. Zonke-ke yakhelwe ngokuningiliziwe. Ngisho Lanterna (Lantern turret) akuyona nje into yasendulo nomhlobiso yezakhiwo. Uyanezela umthwalo sigubhu ukwakhiwa, okwenza Dome uzinze ngokwengeziwe.

amapharamitha Cathedral

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Dome yaqedwa Brunelleschi, Florence Duomo busisa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1436. Ngenxa yalesi mkhosi, Florence kwafika Roman Upapa yena, Eugene lesine. Lokhu kwanika Santa Maria del Fiore, isisindo esengeziwe emehlweni abantu abavamile kanye nabefundisi. Lesi sakhiwo ngokubabazekayo Ubukhulu abatelekile. Le ndawo Imininingwane lombhishobhi kuyinto 8300 sq.m. Ithempeli ubabonisa namatjhumi amahlanu nantathu amamitha amathathu ubude 90 m ububanzi. Nokho, leli thempeli akukuniki umbono okukhulu, ebhidliza. Ngenxa amakhono abaklami yena kubonakala elintantayo. Izindonga ifike amamitha amane nanhlanu. Dome yabo ukuthweswa umqhele nge ububanzi 42 m ukuphakama esewonke ethempelini (kusukela phansi kuze esiphambanweni phezulu.) - eziyikhulu namashumi nane namamitha. Kodwa kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi leli sonto ngokugcwele ligcwaliswe kuphela ngo-1887.

sekugcineni yangaphandle

Yebo, olungaphambili lwesonto enhle, eyaduma Duomo (Florence), akuyona umkhiqizo Yenguquko amakhosi trecento noma kvadrochento. Iqiniso lokuthi ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha zenzeka kungamanyala ukwakhiwa. izikhulu eziningi yemantshi wazama ukwenza utshani obomisiwe amathenda. Ngenxa yalokho, uFrancis I, Grand Duke, bayalwa ukuba bayeke umsebenzi ube muhle olungaphambili lwesonto. Kuphela ngo-1876 imbangela wavunyelwa ukuthatha umakhi futhi umqophi Emilio De Fabrice. Wafika up lo mdlalo ngemabula enombala, ku Palette okusikhumbuza ifulege Italy. UMklami ngaliphi ilitshe kusukela Prato (green), Maremma (pink) kanye Carrara (omhlophe). Lokhu sekugcineni polychrome uqokomisa lombhishobhi. Ngenhla nemengamo ezicijile , ungabona yasezindongeni abonisa kwasemhlabeni of the Virgin Mary. Ukwambulwa emaphakathi lihlotshiswe kwesithombe Virgin noKristu ingane ngezingalo zakhe. Esiqoshiwe sase-lizungezwe abaphostoli abayishumi nambili. Phezulu esithambe rosette Gothic. Eduze kwalo zibonakala izindondo ngezithombe abanegama Florence.

ingaphakathi

Duomo nangayiphi zikanokusho esingaphansi ngaphandle. Kodwa kukhona Ngokuphambene ocacile phakathi lace ligature umhlobiso Ingaphandle, elihlelekile umhlobiso ingaphakathi. Zinakekelwe ngesikhathi esifanele umshumayeli Dominican Savonarola, uhlambalaze floreniytsev kangangokuthi abasenaso cabanga isicwebezelisi kuka phezu isici esingokomoya wenkolo. Kodwa ngaphambi nemidwebo ye ngekhulu nanhlanu, elisoGwini ophahleni lombhishobhi, amaPuritan wendawo silubhade (ukuze kujabule inzalo). Lezi imidwebo zibonisa Florentines abadumile - Dante Aligeri, Giotto, Niccolò da Tollentino Giovanni Acuto nabanye. The main shrine yamaKatolika ethempelini, manje iheha hhayi kuphela pilgrim, njengoba izivakashi, ayizinsalela Zinovy Florence, ngubani, lapho sikhumbula, kwawuqhubekisela phambili nokwakhiwa kwezindlu le Duomo. Enye umhlobiso lombhishobhi - Clock, yakhelwe 1443 by Paolo Uchchelo. Arrows lesi sinyathelo iyiwashi kolunye uhlangothi, ukulinganisa isikhathi esisele ngaphambi Lokwahlulela.

angcolile Glass

Asinakuwushalazela enhle imidwebo ingilazi. Amane nane ibala amafasitela ahlotshiswe ngokweqile kuhlobisa transepts futhi nemengamo kwethempeli Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Bona kungabonwa amahora. I esikhulu ingilazi - Dome - ukufanekisa yomsebenzi kaKristu nokuphila we Madonna. A imidwebo engezansi enikelwe abaprofethi bakaJehova eThestamente Elidala neThestamente Elisha abangcwele. I Dome ngokwayo, ekuqaleni mhlophe (Brunelleschi wacabanga ukuthi indalo yakhe kuyinto enhle kangaka, ukuthi akudingeki Decor ezengeziwe), kwaba ekupheleni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha abangu ngesineke ngu Federiko Tsukkari futhi Dzhordzhio Vazari. Lokhu Umfanekiso yeqhawe okubonisa kwelizayo. Isihlanganisi ephansi - izoni esihogweni ukuthi ukuphenduka ayitholakali. Kanye Ukristu, bayohlushwa phakade. Ngenhla ikhombisa imiphefumulo Purgatory. Futhi nje phezulu, e igobela Dome, emhlanganweni ngalo nazingelosi zasezulwini ongabona uJesu Kristu, uMariya, sibalo Apocalypse kanye abangcwele.

Umklamo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Duomo (Florence) kuhlanganisa okungaphezu kokukodwa isonto Santa Maria del Fiore, futhi kwezakhiwo ezimbalwa. Okubhapathiza, ogama lakhe behlonipha Ioanna Krestitelya, emdala sesonto. It yayikhona izinsuku namasonto amancane Santa Reparata (4 leminyaka), kodwa njengoba injalo yesimanje ekhulwini weshumi nambili. Eceleni lesihlanu ngobukhulu lombhishobhi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi liyaphuma emhlabeni. isisekelo salo sabekwa umakhi main lombhishobhi ngu Arnolfo di Cambio. Le phrojekthi kwadalwa Giotto. Wasemisela isihlanganisi lokuqala Campanile vosmidesyatipyatimetrovoy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo walo owawusekelwe ukuphila Andrea Pisano futhi Francesco Talenti igcwaliswe ukudalwa. Thanda lombhishobhi, umbhoshongo insimbi ebhekene ezintathu izinhlobo zemabula eziyigugu. Manje wonke umuntu angaba ekhuphukela emphemeni observation phezulu embhoshongweni insimbi. Kanti inikeza umbono omangalisayo Florence kanye akake. Phela, isiteji efanayo ine phezu Dome lombhishobhi.

Museum

Kunenye isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi we Duomo. Kuyinto Museum. Lesi sakhiwo, nakuba wokuziphilisa, kuyamangalisa kakhulu. Phela, wawusegunjini workshop Brunelleschi. Ngo-1891 i-Museum kwavulwa kulendlu, okuyinto nakanjani kudingeka uvakashele. Phela, Duomo e Florence njalo olusha. Esidala ingxenye, emele ukubaluleka zomlando namasiko omkhulu, bayiswa Museum. Lapho ungabona i-hhayi kuphela ekwayeni, eyasebenza njengodonga chorister ka ngekhulu nanhlanu, kodwa okuningi ingaphakathi isonto, yokubhapathiza nombhoshongo insimbi. Gem le ukuchayeka kukhona izakhiwo kanye Dome imidwebo adalwe Filippo Brunelleschi. Kuyaphawuleka futhi iqoqo ukubaza ukuthi uma wawuhlotshiswe olungaphambili lwesonto kanye ingaphakathi lethempeli. Phakathi kwazo umsebenzi sidle ka Michelangelo - "Madonna Ukulila kaKristu" (Piette).

Ithempeli Museum

Yiya Duomo zibabaza eqoshiwe futhi emawindini engilazi apendiwe kungaba ubani. Ukungena esontweni nakanjani free. Musa ubacasule emugqeni esangweni main, ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa ukubheka esekuficile Dome isipele, kanye ekhuphukela emphemeni observation, noma wehlele Crypt, elibonisa izinsalela isonto lasendulo Santa Reparata, udinga ukukhokha imali. Uma uhlose ukuba bajwayelane eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo Duomo, kungcono ukuthenga olulodwa (eziyinkimbinkimbi) ithikithi.

Izindleko namahora okusebenza ukuvakashelwa

Duomo Cathedral ivuliwe nsuku zonke. Kodwa isikhathi lapho izivakashi ungathola, luyehluka kuye ngokuthi emalanga eliviki. NgoMsombuluko, kusho ethempelini ivuliwe ne seligamenxe eziyishumi kuya kwamahlanu. NgoLwesine nangeLesihlanu ke uvala lapho kugamanxa ihora lesithathu ngeMigqibelo - at 16:45. NgeSonto, ngo-Santa Maria del Fiore usaqala ukuba ngesiwombe sesibili futhi egijima kasitfupha. Ukungena labagibeli observation Museum itholakala kusukela 10:30 kuze eziyisikhombisa nsuku zonke, kuze kube uMgqibelo 16:40 ukuya kubo. Iskripthi emanxiweni Santa Reparata ziyatholakala imali euro ezintathu nesizotha. Lokunyuka ku Dome noma isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi endaweni yesikhulumi observation kubiza 6 Je Kungcono ukuthenga ithikithi elilodwa. Kubiza okuningi - amathathu euro. Kodwa kumelwe enze wonke ngosuku emva ukulawula lokuqala, avule umnyango ukuze Museum, okubhapathiza, le Campanile observation emphemeni futhi Dome, le Crypt kanye emathuneni aseduze.