Isifingqo "Epic of Gilgamesh" izinkinga zefilosofi, ukuhlaziywa

Zonke izizwe babe amaqhawe abo. EMesophothamiya yasendulo leli iqhawe elikhazimulayo Gilgamesh wayeyiNkosi - iqhawe ohlakaniphile efuna ukungafi. Point of amaphilisi nge imibhalo eqoshiwe ukuthi ngako, mhlawumbe, lesikhumbuzo lokuqala ubuciko etemibhalo.

Ngubani Gilgamesh?

Le nganekwane of Gilgamesh - kungcono futhi umthombo oyigugu ulwazi ngezinkolelo Sumerians. EMesophothamiya yasendulo, inkosi Uruk (eqinile futhi ithuthukiswe ngaleso sikhathi labantu zombuso edolobheni) kwaba okunesihluku ebusheni bakhe Gilgamesh. Lapho esenamandla, nenkani, futhi wazonda akazihloniphi onkulunkulu. Amandla akhe aphakeme kangaka amandla indoda yasemhlabeni, kangangokuthi wayengathi ukunqoba ngenkunzi noma ingonyama phakathi izandla, njengoba kwenza iqhawe waseBhayibhelini uSamsoni. Wayengakwazi ukuya phesheya zomhlaba, ukuzoqhubekisela igama lakhe; nihlambe ngaphesheya kolwandle ukufa, ukunikeza abantu ithemba lokuthola ukuphila okungenakufa emhlabeni.

Cishe, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, abantu baphakamisa okusezingeni eliphezulu kanjalo yezinganekwane wenkosi yabo, akubiza ngokuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu unkulunkulu kuphela ingxenye eyodwa - umuntu. Wanqoba lokhu sibonga ukoma ezinganeliseki sibonisa onkulunkulu ukuthola uphinde ufune ukuphila okuphakade. Kuyinto indaba uchaza WaseBabiloni Epic of Gilgamesh.

Lokhu legend we hero, ufunde izinkinga kakhulu wokujikeleza, ihlaziye yizazi zefilosofi nezenkolo, benethemba lokuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo okuphakade yokufa nokuphila, zazi Sumerians.

Gilgemesha ngalinye - Enkidu

Enye protagonist nendumezulu - a Enkidu enamandla, owayevela onkulunkulu ukubulala Gilgamesh. Ngakho inkosi yakwa-Uruk baphathwa ngesihluku ngabantu, abantu wathandaza unkulunkulukazi ophakeme ukudala i isitha inkosi yakhe eya Warmaster abasha waba yini ukwenza ngomdlandla abasha amandla nenkani.

Futhi ukudala unkulunkulukazi nesi ngesicelo nokuhlupheka poluzverya polucheloveka. Futhi igama wathola Enkidu - indodana Enki. Weza walwa futhi anqobe Gilgamesh. Kodwa lapho wehluleka ukunqoba Umphikisi endaweni Duel, Enkidu Gilgamesh wesulile esikhundleni sakhe kuze kube iqiniso ukuthi kukhona amabutho esifanayo enamandla. Ngemva kwalokho Gilgemesh waba umngane engcono Enkidu. Futhi Gilgamesh ungenise ngisho umyise kunina - unkulunkulukazi Ninsun ukuthi wabusisa poluzverya nomfowabo nendodana yakhe.

Kanye iqhawe Enkidu waya ezweni yemisedari. Ngokusobala, izwe kwemisedari ngokuthi Lebanon yesimanje. Kube babulala ihlathi onogada umsedari - Humbaba, ngoba ahlupheka indodana Enki.

Ngokusho yetinsita wafa ngenxa yalesi sifo ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-12, esikhundleni sabangu-Gilgamesh esindayo. Inkosi kamunyu walilela umngane wakhe omkhulu. Kodwa Gilgamesh wayemiselwe ukuba uqhubeke nohambo lwabo emhlabeni. Isifingqo Epic of Gilgamesh kunikela umqondo wokuthi kuningi kangakanani osekushintshile ubungane lokhu kokuba ukungalihloniphi onkulunkulu Gilgamesh. Ngemva kokufa yenkosi iqhawe futhi yasishintsha.

Izimpawu kanye legends

Ososayensi emazweni onke abanesifiso umbuzo lapho oludumile Gilgamesh yadalwa. Epic ukuthi yayibhalwe ezibhebheni zobumba. Kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi le nganekwane kulotshiwe endaweni ethile 22 leminyaka. BC Kukhona izibhebhe 12 nemibhalo ye-cuneiform ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngowokuqala ngqa kuwo (lowo iyalandisa kazamcolo) wathola lapho bemba emtatsheni inkosi yase-Asiriya Shurbanipalla lasendulo. Nakuba kule ndawo kwaba umuzi waseNineve. Futhi manje-ke kuyinto insimu ka-Iraq samanje.

Bese umcwaningi Dzhordzh Smit walulama ziyofuna ezinye amatafula endaweni Sumer lasendulo. Zonke e nendumezulu iculo 12, ngalinye zazo has imigqa 3000 yevesi umbhalo. Manje zonke lezi ezibhebheni zobumba igcinwe eBritish Museum of History World.

Kamuva, ngemva kokufa J. Smith, atholakele ziqala namanye ama-tablet. Found nesi "Epic of Gilgamesh" ngesiSiriya, Akkad nezilimi 2 lasendulo.

Ubani yabhalwa yeqhawe: version

Ubani owabhala Inkondlo isazi-Asiriya ayaziwa. Le nganekwane we hero, ikhono ukukhuthazelela ubunzima esibi kunazo ngenxa umgomo oyinhloko - incwadi ebaluleke kunayo Sumer. Ezinye izinganekwane ukusho ukuthi uzophinde Gilgamesh emva ivela emazweni engaziwa waqala ukubhala umsiki ku obumbeni ukuzidela kwakhe, ngakho amadlozi ukuthi asiwakhohliwe. Kodwa kuyinto version akunakwenzeka. Bhala inkondlo ayengakwenza umuntu umculi ukucabanga kanye nesitayela kwezobuciko, lowo abakholwa amandla amazwi hhayi izikhali.

Othile phakathi kwabantu okwadingeka sobala ithalente tetemibhalo, babutha onke legends disparate ibe indaba eyodwa wawubhala ifomu senkondlo. Lokhu inkondlo Gilgamesh, esekhona, kubhekwa umsebenzi wokuqala etemibhalo.

Isifingqo Epic of Gilgamesh

Inkondlo Gilgamesh iqala ochaza indlela le nkosi esencane futhi ome njengeqanda ka Uruk iwine futhi wenqaba ukulalela nenkosi yomuzi kaKishi Agge. Kanye amasosha abasha, uvikela umbuso wakhe, wayala ukwakha udonga lwamatshe izungeze lo muzi. Lona kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Gilgamesh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkolelo-ze ikutshela ka Gilgamesh futhi huluppu kwesihlahla (willow itshalwe loMfula i-Ewufrathe onkulunkulu), lapho isiqu yokuquba idemoni Lilith. Futhi impande otshalwe ngasemifudlaneni onkulunkulu, wangcwatshwa inyoka enkulu. Gilgamesh lapha uboniswa njengoba welungelo abanesibindi ayivunyelwe empini isihlahla esinamandla, abathanda unkulunkulukazi komAsiriya uthando Inanna.

Lapho unkulunkulukazi wenzalo-Ishtar (Isis amaGreki) yatusa isibindi yenkosi isakhula, yona yamyala ukuba umyeni wakhe. Kodwa Gilgamesh wenqaba ngoba onkulunkulu ethunyelwe emhlabeni esabekayo nenkunzi omkhulu, bemagange ukubhubhisa iqhawe. Gilgamesh ngezisusa nenokuzinza unqobe nezinye sezinkomo, kanye Humbaba giant.

Futhi unina wenkosi, lapho wazala umkhankaso, wesaba kakhulu futhi yamncenga ukuba angazihlanganisi ngingene empini emelene Humbaba. Nokho Gilgamesh akekho walalela, futhi wanquma eyedwa. Ndawonye nomngane, bayanqoba giant uqapha ihlathi yemisedari. Bagawula imithi yonke yehlathi, ngisisiphule izimpande omkhulu. Abangane abaningana abazange bayisebenzise iyiphi yalezi izihlahla ngokwakhiwa, ngoba akukho okunye. Cedars kukhona nje incazelo ezinye engcwele yeqhawe.

Khona-ke, mayelana nezinsolo zokubulala giant kanye ukugawula amahlathi onkulunkulu engcwele ukubulala Enkidu. Washona lokugula yayingaziwa nhlobo. Naphezu kwazo zonke nokuncenga, onkulunkulu ngihawukele poluzverem. Ngakho uthi nendumezulu nesi ka Gilgamesh.

Gilgamesh ubeka indwangu yesaka waya umgudu elingaziwa ukuze uthole ulwazi lweqiniso ka kuyini ukufa, umnxuse ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu okuphila okuphakade akuwe. Wanqamula amanzi ukufa, wayengesabi ukuza kwenye ngasogwini lwalo, lapho Utnapishtim wahlala. Watshela Gilgamesh mayelana imbali elimila phansi kolwandle sokufa. Kuphela umuntu othatha imbali emangalisayo, ungakwazi ukudlulisa ukuphila kwakho, kodwa hhayi kuze kube phakade. Gilgamesh izibopho amadwala asindayo aye imilenze enamandla, futhi aphonswe olwandle.

Thola imbali kuphumelele. Nokho, esendleleni eya ekhaya, singena echibini cool, imbali eshiya ogwini ingagadiwe. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi inyoka esitshontsha imbali phambi iqhawe ekubeni ezincane. Futhi Gilgamesh ebuyela ekhaya, banqanyulwa kunqotshwa kwazo. Phela, akalokothi wazivumela ukuba ulahlekelwe. Nasi isifinyezo sezinto Epic of Gilgamesh.

Biblical uzamcolo nganekwane Sumer lasendulo

Umbusi wokuqala wedolobha Uruk kwakungasekho ukungabaza. Inganekwane Gilgamesh - hhayi ngokuphelele endabeni eqanjiwe. Nokho, ngemva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka umfanekiso ongokoqobo nasezindabeni eziqanjiwe ahlanganisiwe ukuze ukuhlukanisa lezi zithombe akunakwenzeka namuhla.

Inkondlo Gilgamesh iqukethe ukulandisa okuningiliziwe kukaZamcolo. Uyahamba endleleni, okuyinto livulekele ilanga elilodwa kuphela, Gilgamesh iza izimpendulo zemibuzo yabo endaweni Utnapishtim - a ovamile kubantu ongafi. Prapredok Utnapishtim, owayemazi ngokuseduze zonke izimfihlo, ayezilandisa ngozamcolo esesabeka zasendulo wokutakula umkhumbi eyakhelwe. Prototype okhokho Utnapishtim - kuyinto iTestamente Elidala uNowa. Kuphi Sumerians ukwazi ngale ndaba ngozamcolo waseBhayibhelini - akucacile. Kodwa ngokuvumelana legend waseBhayibhelini, uNowa ngempela waphila eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-600, futhi kungenzeka kubhekwe ongabhubhiyo abameleli bezinye izizwe.

Found in kwamazwe ubukade umAsiriya "Legend of Gilgamesh, kuzo zonke uhlobo" - ukutholakala kubaluleke kunanini ngaphambili, njengoba kusenza sicabange. Lokhu legend ufaniswa e ukubaluleka ne "Incwadi Abafileyo," abantu baseGibhithe, ngisho neBhayibheli imbala.

Umqondo oyinhloko le nkondlo

Umqondo we-inkondlo awumusha. Ukuguqulwa uhlamvu hero sika umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya zinganekwane eziningi ezindala. Ukuze ucwaningo olunjalo sibaluleke ngokukhethekile bathole oludumile Gilgamesh. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-izinkolelo yamaSumer ekukhulelweni yabo yokuphila futhi onkulunkulu, imibono yabo ngalokho impilo emva kokufa - zonke lezi qhubeka nokuhlola kuze kube manje.

Uyini umbono oyisisekelo usukela kwilejendi? Ngenxa yalokho yohambo lwakhe, Gilgamesh engakutholi ayekufuna. Ekupheleni nganekwane, njengoba kuchazwe ngu inganekwane Gilgamesh, imbali wokungafi ungumkhiqizo e inyoka zobuqili. Kodwa ukuphila okungokomoya iqhawe yeqhawe izalwa. Kusukela manje, iyakholelwa ukuthi ukungafi kungenzeka.

Isifingqo Epic of Gilgamesh akuyona kuncike esiqinile setfulo okunengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ayikho indlela ukulandelela chungechunge, njengoba uhlamvu athuthukile, elalibe ukumkhathalela. Kodwa nganekwane ithi Gilgamesh wafuna enkazimulweni, ukudlula noma iyiphi enye. Ngakho uyaqhubeka empini esiyingozi ne Humbaba giant, kusukela lapho iqhawe kulondoloza isicelo kuphela unkulunkulu uShamash yakhe unkulunkulukazi ongumama. Nkulunkulu uShamash evusa umoya eshanela yonkana emehlweni giant, futhi kusiza namaqhawe ekunqobeni zabo. Kodwa Gilgamesh futhi kudingeka odumo. Yena asigcini lapha. Lenza emanzini sokufa.

Nokho ekupheleni le nkondlo inkosi ithola nokuthula kwengqondo lapho ebona odongeni sekuyaphela emhlabeni umbuso Uruk. Inhliziyo yakhe yajabula. iqhawe yeqhawe uthola ukuhlakanipha kokuphila, othi mayelana infinity komphefumulo, bakhandlekela abanye. Gilgamesh feels gidi - wakwazi ukwenza okuthile ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.

Walalela iseluleko onkulunkulu yanikwa engadini: yomuntu ofayo ngokwemvelo, futhi sidinga ukuba siqonde ukuphila kwakhe esifushane, ukuze bakwazi ukujabulela lokho kunikezwa.

Ukuhlaziya ezinye izingqinamba zefilosofi ephakanyiswe yeqhawe

I indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi futhi iqhawe imithombo basendulo, njengabase-inkondlo Gilgamesh, uya ngokusebenzisa nokuvivinywa okuhlukahlukene kanye nezinguquko. Uma ekuqaleni inkosi livela eseyinsizwa zasendle, ohluphayo, futhi sinesihluku, ngemva kokufa Enkidu wakwazi ukudabuka okukhulu okusuka enhliziyweni ngale nezinye.

Ngokokuqala ngqá eqaphela ubuze khona, esesaba ekufeni komzimba, hero of the inkondlo libhekisela onkulunkulu, ukuze ufunde izimfihlo yokufa nokuphila. Kusukela manje, Gilgamesh awukwazi nje phezu kwabantu bakhe, afuna ukuze ufunde mayelana imfihlakalo sokufa. Umphefumulo wakhe ifika yithemba: kanjani amandla esisuka namandla ingase ilahleke e emzimbeni Enkidu? Lokhu umlilo umphefumulo iqhawe ezikude ezweni lakubo, ubanika amandla ukuba nginqobe ubunzima engakaze ibonwe. ngokuhunyushwa Ngakho oludumile Gilgamesh. Inkinga yefilosofi khona kanye nokungabi khona futhi angenisa ngazo kula mavesi. Ikakhulukazi endimeni ukuthi elikushoyo imbali elahlekile, kusolakala walokho awufi athandwayo. Le mbali - ngokucacile uphawu zefilosofi.

A incazelo ezijulile nendumezulu - noshintsho umoya. Gilgamesh ezweni womuntu liphenduka ulwanga womuntu. Enkidu isithombe lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela wemvelo isilwane yenkosi uqobo. Okuphambili kanye nempi yokulwa kuba impi wedwa. Ekugcineni, inkosi Uruk uwina isiqalo sakhe esiphansi, ulwazi, kanye izimfanelo uhlamvu ukuba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu saphezulu.

Ukuqhathaniswa oludumile Gilgamesh kuya "Incwadi Abafileyo" abaseGibithe

ibhekisela ezicacile zingatholakala emlandweni Gilgamesh ukuhambisa ngokusebenzisa amanzi ngosizo we Charon efile. Charon e Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe - a Skinny indoda ezijulile ubudala othwala umufi kusuka emhlabeni ofayo ukuba omunye umhlaba aze ibhadelwe.

Libuye lenani Gilgamesh ukhuluma lokho ivuliwe nezinkolelo WEZWE wase-Asiriya sabafileyo. Lo moya okucindezelayo Isigodlo, lapho amanzi asisho flow, engakhuli iyiphi isitshalo esisodwa. Futhi abantu ukukhokhela zonke izenzo kokuthola phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kuphela. Futhi ukuphila kwakhe kwaba ngokuqinisekile esifushane futhi lutho, "kuphela unkulunkulu welanga esiyohlala phakade, futhi umuntu - iminyaka zakhe zibaliwe ..."

IGibhithe "Incwadi Abafileyo" - papyrus, lapho ezihlukahlukene iziphonso eqoshiwe. Ingxenye yesibili yale ncwadi igxile indlela ukuze uthole umphefumulo ngaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa uma u-Osiris wanquma ukuthi umphefumulo akwenzele okuhle ngaphezulu, lakhulula futhi bavunyelwe ukuba bajabule.

Gilgamesh, ngemva kokuthintana onkulunkulu elithunyelwa emuva ezweni lakhe. Ugijimela okugeza, ugqoka izingubo ezihlanzekile, futhi nakuba kokulahlekelwa imbali kuphila Uruk bomdabu ethuthukisiwe, isibusiso sakhe lingcweliswe.

Epic elihunyushwe Dyakonova

Russian orientalist-IM Ngokunjalo abadikoni bahlonipheke, ngo-1961, waqala ukuhumusha nendumezulu. Encwadini yakhe ethi wencike umhumushi kuqede translation VK Šileika. The Epic of Gilgamesh kwadingeka inembe kunazo. Wasebenzela izinto eziningi zasendulo, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuvele kwaziwa ukuthi izwe esingokwesayensi sokuthi prototype hero isekhona.

Lena etemibhalo zomlando idokhumenti eyigugu - nendumezulu ka Gilgamesh. Ukuhumusha Dyakonova zibhaliwe 1973 nango-2006 kakade. Inguqulo yakhe - amakhono ubuhlakani philological, iphindwe ukubaluleka le nganekwane wasendulo, umlando lesikhumbuzo. Ngakho-ke, bonke labo abaye ukufunda futhi bayazisa legend eBabiloni, nganekwane Gilgamesh, incwadi Izibuyekezo emihle kakhulu.