Iron kusukela steel kuyahluka zibukeke?

umuntu Maloosvedomlonny ebheka khona ukuthi main impahla ukwakhiwa of namuhla yensimbi. Ababeyizazi uyazi ukuthi igama elithi "isizinda" libhekisela yensimbi-carbon Alloys - steel bese waphonsa yensimbi. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi izinto ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele futhi kulula kakhulu ukuhlukanisa. Nokho, uma kubhekwa ezahlukene izinhlobo futhi uphawula umugqa umehluko ezinhle Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinye zazo kunzima ukunquma. Kubalulekile ukuba amakhono ezengeziwe ukuze ukwazi ukuthola impendulo yalo mbuzo: cast iron steel kuka ezahlukene?

yensimbi waphonsa

Kuvele Ukwakheka ingxubevange equkethe yensimbi, i-carbon e imali 2,14-6,67, isibabule, i-phosphorus, manganese, Silicon nezinye izithasiselo, ngokuthi ingulube yensimbi. Umlando yokuncibilikisa lwaluqala seSimbi. Kuvele impahla ebalulekile kwesakhiwo, base izinsimbi kanye lonke steelmaking.

Izici:

1. Maholoholo kokuba umbala matte grey.
2. Ukuqeda ngesikhathi 1000-1600˚S kuncike Ukwakheka (ngokwesilinganiso ezimbonini - 1000-1200˚S ezimhlophe ingulube yensimbi ncibilika futhi at okushisa aphakeme).
3. Ubuningi 7200-7600 kg / m ^3.
4. ukushisa Specific: 540 J / (AmaKh).
5. ubulukhuni okuphezulu: 400-650NV.
6. ductility okuphansi, kakhulu sidilike uma ngaphansi kwengcindezi; aphakeme kakhulu ukunwebeka has ductile ductile yensimbi δ = 6-12%.
7. amandla okuphansi: 100-200 MPA ngoba ductile inani layo ifinyelela 300-370 MPA, kwabanye amabanga ephezulu - 600-800 MPA.
8. Abalingisa by ukwelashwa ukushisa, kodwa akuvamile, futhi ngokucophelela okukhulu, njengoba kuyisici sobuntu inqubo ngokuhlaziya.
9. Doped usebenzisa asizayo izakhi zamakhemikhali, kodwa ngezinga abalulekile doping okwengeziwe inkimbinkimbi ukucutshungulwa izinqubo.
10. It libhekene weldability eyanelisayo, machinability wawumuhle, umuhle kakhulu ekubunjweni izakhiwo. Ekwakheni futhi nginyathela akukwazi.
11. Okuhle nemihuzuko ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ukugqwala ukumelana.

Iron - indaba for zomzimba, amayunithi, izingxenye zemishini oluqanjwe ekubunjweni. Kuyinto ingxenye ezinkulu feedstock for steel yokuncibilikisa ithusi.

steel

Iron-carbon ingxubevange ehlanganisa carbon e isamba ezingekho ngaphezu 2.14%, nensimbi - hhayi ngaphansi kuka 45%, i-steel libizwa. izici zako ezisemqoka:

1. Smooth, it has a umbala yesiliva sheen ehlukile.
2. Ukuqeda ngaphakathi 1450˚S.
3. I kwabantu sivela 7700 kuya 7900 kg / m ^3.
4. Umthamo ukushisa ezingeni lokushisa elilingana of 462 J / (AmaKh).
5. ubulukhuni okuphansi, okuyisilinganiso sabangu-120-250 HB.
6. Excellent plasticity: ukunwebeka isici δ imikhiqizo ehlukene kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi 5-35% for iningi - δ≥20-40%.
7. Amanani kusho amandla eqine wempahla kwesakhiwo - 300-450 MPA; ephezulu amandla ingxubevange - 600-800 MPA.
8. izakhiwo Good amenable ukusolwa ukushisa kanye himikotermicheskoy ukucubungula.
9. Ngezenzo doped nge yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ngenhloso izakhiwo kanye injongo kokushintsha.
10. Qualitatively okusezingeni eliphezulu weldability ukusebenza, workability nokucindezelwa ukusika.
11. Libhekene ongaphakeme ukugqwala ukumelana.

Steel - a Alloys ezinkulu ezihlelekile yokusansimbi yesimanje, isiqoqi sama-softwe, instrumentation nobuchwepheshe.

Sinquma umsuka imininingwane uhlobo

Njengoba sesifunde izici eningiliziwe yalezi Alloys, kuphephile ukusebenzisa ulwazi insimbi esihluke steel. Ebhekene nazo kwento eyinsimbi, bengabaza ukuthi ivelaphi, enomqondo uwakhumbula ngokushesha izakhiwo eziyinhloko esiwuphawu zobuchwepheshe. Ngakho, waphonsa yensimbi - material ekusakazeni. Ngoba ukhiqiza isidlo esilula, amashubhu okuqinile, umshini casings, izinjini, izinto ezinkulu ukumisa elula. Izingxenye steel wenza bonke osayizi kanye yinkimbinkimbi, njengoba lesi sisetshenziswa ekwakheni, nginyathela, ukudweba, kweqa futhi ezinye izindlela i- metal ingcindezi ukusebenza. Ngakho, uma kukhona umbuzo ngemvelaphi ukuqinisa kungaba Akungabazeki - lena steel. Uma unesithakazelo umsuka cauldron omkhulu - kungcono yensimbi. Uma kudingeka ifunde ukuthi yini eyenze izindlu motor noma crankshaft - akufanele asebenzise ezinye izinketho ukuhlonishwa njengobukhosi kokubili kungenzeka.

Umbala izici kanye fragility ukuhlaziywa

Ukuze ukwazi ukuthi ukuhlukanisa insimbi steel ukuba iso, udinga ukukhumbula mayelana nomehluko ezibukwayo main. Ukuze uthole ejwayelekile yensimbi matte grey umbala ukuthungwa anolaka zangaphandle. Steel elinesimo esikhethekile luhlaza wakhe okhazimulayo silvery futhi maholoholo omncane.

Futhi ulwazi ebalulekile mayelana indlela yokwahlukanisa insimbi steel zibukeke, ulwazi mayelana plasticity lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu. Uma ukuhlolwa workpiece noma sufaka ungenalo ukubaluleka sina, ungazama wabakhipha namandla ductility ngokusebenzisa amandla yesiteleka. yensimbi Fragile sidilike zibe izicucu, kuyilapho steel is zikhubazekile kuphela. Ngo imithwalo lubucayi kakhudlwana ziqondiswe angawethusi, emihle yensimbi chips etholakala nobukhulu nokuma okuhlukahlukene, izingcezu steel - ezinkulu, ukucushwa lesifanele.

Sika futhi yamba

Indlela ukuhlukanisa insimbi steel ekhaya? Kuyadingeka ukuba athole kuwo nothuli noma shavings. Kusukela steel has ductility okusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye chips ke bunohlamvu izvivisty. yensimbi Sakaza futhi Liyashabalala lapho Drilling cuttings kwakheka ukwa engajulile kanye uthuli.

Ngokuba ungumhlabathi ungasebenzisa ifayela noma rasp kanye onqenqemeni oluncane ukuze acekele phansi nentshisekelo imininingwane. I kwaphumela shavings emihle ukucabangela ngakwesokunene noma ishidi elimhlophe lephepha. yensimbi Sakaza iqukethe carbon e semali ngesimo graphite ngamaqhubu. Ngakho-ke, uma bezihlikihla uthuli yakhe uhlala black graphite "trace". Kungokufanayo carbon lezinsimbi isebujameni isibiyeli, kanjalo nomthelela mechanical othulini akukuniki miphumela.

Ukufudumeza kanye namalangabi

Indlela ukuhlukanisa insimbi steel? Kuyadingeka ukuba usebenze nezinto ezidingekayo nokunikezwa elincane ukubekezela.

Esimweni sokuqala, ungakwazi iphendukele Ukushisa, isibonelo, usebenzisa Blowtorch, begqoke okokuqala izingubo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela futhi abagcina imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini. Amazinga kumele kunyuke ngaphambi kokuqala encibilika metal. Kuye kuthiwe ukuthi izinga lokushisa yensimbi ukuncibilika kunakunoma steel. Nokho, lokhu kusebenza ngokuyinhloko yensimbi emhlophe kanye ingulube. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimboni - ziqukethe carbon e isamba ezingekho ngaphezu 4.3% futhi yancibilika kakade 1000-1200˚S. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba zigcwale amanzi ngokushesha okungaka.

indlela yezengqondo ukuthola ulwazi mayelana insimbi esihluke steel ukusetshenziswa isampuli zokuhlola umshini ukugaya, noma i-acute ububanzi Sander. Ukuhlaziywa eyenziwa izimfanelo Sparks. Ukuze cast iron libhekene izinhlansi zibuthuntu obomvu, futhi steel - elikhanyayo aphuphuthekise imisebe nge short tinge omhlophe noma ephuzi.

njengoba kuzwakala

Isici ezithakazelisayo yindlela ukuhlukanisa insimbi steel umsindo. ezimbili Lezi ingxubevange umsindo ezahlukene. Akubalulekile ukukhipa zihambisane nezinsimbi zomculo kwi ezikhona zokuhlola. Kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukuba abe kokubili isampula noma baye babhekana ukuzwa kule ndaba. Steel lunesibalo ephakeme, esithinta umsindo walo. Lapho nomthelela ngayo umsindo ngento eyinsimbi kuyinto sonorous okuningi kuka ukuleso simo lakuso umlingisi nensimbi.

Ukuze ukwazi, insimbi esihluke steel, kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi ezinye zalezi izinto futhi abanye okuhlangenwe nakho. Phela, nochwepheshe abanolwazi emkhakheni ekwakheni, ukugaya, Milling, imishini, ukuvula, ukwelashwa ukushisa, noma Welding, yokusansimbi noma uchwepheshe kalula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo, sithokozela zibukeke kuphela noma ngokuthinta.