Kumiswa, Indaba
Inkampani eqeda utshwala Gorbachev sika: unyaka owodwa. Imicabango on umkhankaso anti-tjwala Gorbachev
umkhankaso anti-utshwala Gorbachev sika evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho ezomile". Leli gama lisikisela mthetho (ngokugcwele noma kancane) Yamadivayisi izinto equkethe ethanol e semali. Ukukhethwa ezibhekwa izinto ngoba yezokwelapha, izimboni kanye nezinye izinjongo ezifanayo. Futhi uvinjelwe hhayi ukwakhiwa ngendaba eliphansi le-alcohol nokuqukethwe kwakho, njengoxhumene ukukhwehlela kumasayiraphu.
EU.SSR ngo-1985 umkhankaso kwakungekhona okokuqala, kodwa wakhumbula bonke ngokusebenzisa ubude bayo. ngempumelelo kangakanani izenzo uhulumeni, kungatholakala esihlokweni.
umkhankaso Anti-utshwala eU.SSR
Emlandweni eSoviet Union "umthetho ezomile" wabekwa izikhathi eziningana. Sithathe kuye eminyakeni ezahlukene:
- 1918-1923;
- 1929;
- 1958;
- 1972
- 1985-1990.
Kungani inkampani anti-utshwala Gorbachev waba uphawu yokujama tsi nkathi yayo? Okokuqala, kuhlobene obonakalayo ukushoda kwezimpahla ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, kuhlanganise ukudla. Ukuvinjelwa utshwala uye phambili sawohloka isimo ngokwengqondo kwabantu. Nokho, lesi sinqumo nguhulumeni waphoqelela izimo sezisunguliwe ngalesi sikhathi.
Okudingeka Campaign 1985
izifundo Kwakuseshwa ngaphambi kokuqala umkhankaso, okwambula inhlekelele izibalo zwe. Ngu-1984, ukusetshenziswa kotshwala idlula 10 amalitha umuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho ngisho eRussia zangaphambi wamavukelambuso akazange idlule 5 amalitha. Njengoba yahunyushelwa olimini iziqukathi waphenduka 90-100 amabhodlela utshwala ngayinye wesilisa omdala ngonyaka. Ngaphansi ibeke utshwala vodka, ubhiya, iwayini, vodka.
Initiators of ukwethulwa "umthetho ezomile" baba MS Solomentsev, EK Ligachev. Njengalezi Yu. V. Andropov, babeqiniseka ukuthi isizathu yokujama tsi komnotho kuyinto umlutha wotshwala okukhulu. Lapha kulapho amalungu Politburo wabona nokwehla jikelele zokuziphatha futhi nezimiso zokuziphatha, kanye nokunganakwa kwabantu ukusebenza.
umkhankaso anti-utshwala Gorbachev sika wawumkhulu. Ngenxa yokulwa nesimo ukudakwa yanquma ukunciphisa ngenzuzo yabo utshwala yokuthengisa.
Kuncike ekutheni umthetho ka 1985
Umthetho weza force on 17.05.1985. Ngo inkampani abantu anti-utshwala Gorbachev, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho ezomile".
Le projekthi abathintekayo ukuqaliswa kohlelo ezilandelayo:
- Ban vodka yokuthengisa zonke inkonzo ukudla (ngaphandle babe zokudlela), eyayibonakala sise iziteshi, we eziteshini, zezindiza. Futhi ubeka inadmissibility kokudayiswa vodka eduze amabhizinisi yezimboni zonke izinhlobo izikole, izibhedlela, izindawo lokuzijabulisa mass.
- Utshwala kumele lithengiswe kuphela okukhethekile ezitolo noma iminyango. Kulokhu, inani izikhulu kunqunywa bebodwa, emhlabathini.
- Nqabela ekuthengisweni kotshwala kubantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-21.
- Kuvunyelwe ukugcwaliseka ngesikhathi esinomkhawulo. Utshwala zingathengwa kusukela amahora 14 kuya ku-19 ngosuku.
- Kwakufanele ukunciphisa ivolumu utshwala ngonyaka. Ngo-1988, kwakuhlelwe ngokuphelele ukumisa ukukhiqizwa iwayini.
- Yaseshashalazini, cinema, kuyithelevishini, emsakazweni yezokusakaza okwakwenqatshelwe ukukhuthaza isiphuzo.
- Abaphathi kanye amalungu enhlangano ayenqatshelwe utshwala ngaphansi usongo waxoshwa kulo iqembu.
izibalo
izici zayo emihle nemibi lenkampani anti-utshwala Gorbachev. Unyaka ka-ekuqaleni kwawo - 1985, futhi ulwazi olulandelayo kwezibalo kwaba eqoqwe ngo-1988.
idatha esemthethweni | |
Ngaphawula ushintsho oluhle | nomthelela omubi |
utshwala unqabile 4.8 amalitha umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka. | ukukhiqizwa Vodka kwehle ngo-ezingaphezu kuka-700 million amalitha, okwaholela ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo eliphansi uthengisa abantu. Ukwanda kwenani kwabantu ngobuthi, abanye babo babephakathi ebulalayo. |
Ukwandiswa wenzalo: i Ngokwesilinganiso izingane ayizinkulungwane 400 ngonyaka kunakuqala "umthetho ezomile". | Isibalo self-bamabhayisikili abaphambili. |
La madoda aqala ukuphila ukuze okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-63. | Izigidi zamathani ushukela kwesokunxele in ukwenziwa moonshine. |
Encishisiwe ubugebengu ngu-70%, kwehle isibalo ukulimala. Ukwandiswa ukukhiqiza, kwehle emsebenzini. | Ngenxa nokuncipha ubhiya ukuvala Breweries eziningi. |
Ibhange ukonga eyayibekwe ruble 45 bhiliyoni ngaphezulu. | Ingxenye utshwala osekwande kakhulu, ubugebengu obuhleliwe sekuqalile ukuthuthukisa. |
Abaphikisi umkhankaso futhi izingxabano zawo
Abamele omunye izikhungo zocwaningo ukwethula izingxabano zabo ukuthi ayingabaza imicabango emihle ngendlela umkhankaso anti-utshwala. Ngaphansi Gorbachev ukusweleka yokufakelwa is wadala. abantu baKhe yakhiwa utshwala okuzenzela ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, izibalo azibonisi ukusebenza langempela.
Ngokuphathelene Ukwenyuka kwesilinganiso lokuzalwa, it is ezihlobene ngemuva jikelele ngokomzwelo ukwanda kabusha, okuyinto wathembisa ukushintsha izimpilo zabantu zibe ngcono.
Kuba nenkinga engathi sína e leminyaka, ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Abanye abantu bathutha kusilela utshwala izidakamizwa eziyingozi kakhudlwana. Nokufa isifo senhliziyo kuyehla ngempela, kodwa isibalo sezikhungo ababulawa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.
Phakathi nabaphikisi Ziningi kwalabo abakholelwa ukuthi izenzo "mthetho" ayizange ilondolozwe lizwe kusukela utshwala futhi abalunyulwé ukusetshenziswa okuhle, eliphezulu uphuzo.
Abasekeli "mthetho"
Umfundi uyakwazi kakade lokho nyaka, Gorbachev labetibambile iqembu anti-utshwala. Ngangithandaza ngokuqondene ukwethulwa "umthetho ezomile", odokotela abaningi baqala ukugubha nokuncipha kwenani yokulimala kanye waphuka, okuvame ukuthi kwenzekani kubantu Ohlala isimo lokudakwa.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukwamukelwa of umthetho eklanyelwe ulwe ukudakwa emphakathini. Abantu ababeka uzihlele, empeleni asakaze imibono yabo. Bakwenza ngokuzithandela, ukuqonda ingozi zokudakwa Imininingwane yezwe. I kuyadida umkhankaso isikhundla sebehlushwa phakathi amalungu Politburo, aphethwe izenzo ukuthi abantu athukuthele ngokuthi omubi emkhankasweni iyonke.
Inganekwane mayelana ukugawula ezivini
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uMikhail Gorbachev wavuma amaphutha. Ngokwe umkhankaso anti-utshwala namaphuzu ayinhloko kokusebenza yayo akuhambanga kahle konke, kodwa eziningi amaphuzu babe conjectures abantu kuphela. Lokhu "duck" has ulwazi Imininingwane ahlabayo imivini. Vala zale mibuzo abantu bethi ngempela senziwa, kodwa kuphela ngiyilahle umvini ubudala futhi zasendle.
Ikakhulu spoilt idumela umkhankaso anti-utshwala izinceku wathatha izinyathelo engathandwa emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, emadolobheni amaningi ivaliwe ngokushesha inani elikhulu oludakayo isiphuzo Izitolo. Ngaphezu zonke izitembu yasungulwa vodka futhi yethulwa imvume ukudayisa ngesandla esisodwa ibhodlela elilodwa kuphela. Gorbachev akazange ukusayina amaphepha ukuhlinzeka lezo zinyathelo.
umkhankaso kokuquleka
ukunganeliseki IMisa "umthetho ezomile" waqala eminyakeni emibili ngemva yethula. Nakuba ukuqedwa zonke izimiso kwenzeka ngo-1990, kakade 1987, ukudayiswa kotshwala laliqala ukwanda, nokwenyuswa esikhundleni asebenzayo ngingabuthinti utshwala kumisiwe.
ERussia yesimanje, Gorbachev wavuma amaphutha umkhankaso anti-utshwala. Uma esho ukuthi ngenxa amaphutha uzibophezele okuningi okuhle yaphela ingloriously.
izenzo ezinjalo uhulumeni kufanele ikhishiwe. Ukuze aphelela yimpumelelo owawuyovela isizukulwane esisha imibono ngingabuthinti utshwala. izenzo Too fast futhi nolaka iziphathimandla njengoba phezulu, futhi emkhakheni sezishiye sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze umkhankaso iyonke, bangelani umuzwa nokucasula abantu, ngakho-ke akazange nemiphumela emihle.
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