Lungfish: abameleli, izibonelo, izithombe

Lungfish eziye zatholakala kuphela ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, akukho muntu ophilayo oboné. Wemiqondo wabo yayiba nalezo ezitholakele ezihlaba lasendulo. izici zabo kwesakhiwo wahola igama ethakazelisa kangaka. Ake sibone ukuthi yini izinhlanzi lungfish nalokho ekhetheke kangaka. Iphuzu liwukuthi lokhu, ukuthi amalungu alesi sigaba angeke nje ziphefumula gills, kodwa futhi zilula.

Bobani lungfish?

Abameleli lokhu Lobe izinhlanzi superorder benomthwalo gill nokuphefumula kwezimila yamaphaphu. Lona sici isakhiwo sabo. Ezweni subclass lanamuhla lungfish, abameleli okuyinto zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili - rogozuboobraznye futhi dvulegochnikoobraznye, kuyinto ehluke ezingavamile. Abantu abahlobene ke zitholakala kuphela e-Afrika, e-Australia naseNingizimu Melika.

Ngaphandle gills evamile, banayo futhi engasindi (elilodwa noma amabili), okuyinto ebalulekile eyaba Ushintshe bhukuda esinyeni. Ngokusebenzisa izindonga zawo, ama-capillary egcwele, eqinisweni, negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka. Fish isicupho emoyeni ngoba umlomo ukuphefumula, njengoba ephakama ebusweni. Ngo atrial bethule ahlula ezisabalele e-ventricle. ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni yakhe ageleza igazi emizimbeni futhi singene ohlangothini lwesokunene ATRIUM futhi ilungelo ventricle nengxenye. Igazi, ivela wamaphaphu ingena ohlangothini lwesobunxele inhliziyo. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi igazi yamaphaphu kuphinde ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo ikakhulu kulezo izitsha idlule gills ekhanda izitho ezihlukahlukene ukuthi. Futhi ingxenye ohlangothini lwesokunene inhliziyo yesibili, futhi, ubhekene gills izitsha okuholela emaphashini. It kuvela ukuthi igazi elinomoya-mpilo engeyinhle namanje izitsha kancane ningakhathazeki futhi inhliziyo. Ngakho, singaxoxa mayelana nesiqalo bakudala emibuthano ezimbili kwegazi lungfish.

lungfish Lasendulo

Lungfish - abameleli iqembu lwasendulo. Izinsalela bayizinkulungwane phakathi ezifakwa kusukela enkathini Devonian (inkathi Paleozoic). Adalberto isikhathi eside, lezi zinhlanzi babaziwa obuvela emivubukulweni kuphela. Futhi ngo-1835 kwatholakala ukuthi i-protopter, abahlala e-Afrika - ama-lungfish.

lungfish Subclass ekuqhubeni msebenzi, abamele zisekhona kuze kube namuhla, siqukethe zinhlobo eziyisithupha kuphela:

1. Australian Queensland Lungfish - Squad-lung.
2. lungfish South American we dvulegochnyh oda.
3. Kunezinhlobo ezine Protopterus kusuka Afrika (dvulegochnye).

Ngokusobala, bonke babe oyise kukhona ezihlala emanzini angenawo usawoti.

Australian Queensland Lungfish

Ngu izinhlanzi lungfish kukhona Australian Queensland Lungfish. Bahlangana kwi ingxenye encane kakhulu somfula emifuleni uMariya Burnett e enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia. Lokhu izinhlanzi ezinkulu kuze kufinyelele 175 ngamasentimitha, futhi enesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu angaphezu kuka eziyishumi.

Queensland Lungfish umzimba esikhulu isicaba ezinhlangothini futhi wambozwa izikali ezinkulu. Elikhulu amaphiko abhanqiwe zifana amaphiko. Queensland Lungfish umbala umzimba kuhluka abomvu ansundu ukuze aluhlaza-grey, futhi isisu ungumthunzi ngokuqinisekile ukuxegiselwa.

Abahlala izinhlanzi emifuleni nge flow kancane, lapho kukhona surface futhi kwamanzi zamahlathi. Njalo ngamaminithi angu-amahlanu Queensland Lungfish antante phezulu ebanga umsindo kudedela emoyeni ovela emaphashini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wenza hhayi bubula, hhayi ephezulu, okungase wezwa kungaphelele. Imuncwe umoya ohlanzekile, inhlanzi futhi eshona.

habitat rozoguba

Queensland Lungfish ikakhulukazi uchitha isikhathi phansi, elele bo khaba noma ukuma phezu amaphiko lastopodobnyh. Ukucinga ukudla, uqala ukukhasa kancane. aphinde abhukude abuyele Fish futhi kancanekancane. Nokho, uma kuba ukungethusa ke iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha umsila, kanjalo usheshisa ukuhamba kwayo.

Ezikhathini nesomiso lapho umfula uba engajulile, Queensland Lungfish zenzeka imithombo asele ngamanzi. Ngo amanzi ashisayo, elingenalo oksijini, zonke izinhlanzi bayabulawa, futhi yena liphenduka ezinukayo udaka ezingcolile. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukusinda lungfish kuphela, kabani abamele bayakwazi uphefumule lula. Nokho, uma amanzi iyasha ngokuphelele, eQueensland Lungfish basafa ngoba, ngokungafani nokubili nabazala South America nase-Afrika, abakwazi yokucashisa.

Zidala izinhlanzi awe isikhathi semvula lapho umfula kuyachichima amanzi. Queensland Lungfish amaqanda Esibanzi kubeka ngezimila zasolwandle. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-12 izibungu avele ukuthi ngaphambi resorption ye-yolk sac kukhona ezansi, ezihambayo ngezinye izikhathi kancane ku amafushane.

Kukholakala ukuthi ngosuku lwe-14 ngemva ukubukeka gazinga ozalwa baqala ukuqhuba lula. Queensland Lungfish simnandi kakhulu, futhi ekubambeni kwabo silula. Yilokhu kwaholela nokwehla elibukhali izinombolo zabo. Okwamanje, angaphansi Ukuvikelwa, ngaphezu, imizamo eyenziwe ku yawoyise kubo kwamanye amanzi Australia.

Protopter - lungfish Afrika

By lungfish kanye nenhlanzi protopter. Zihlala Afrika futhi amaphiko ngentambo-like. Ezinhlotsheni ezingu ezine eziphilayo kuleli zwekazi, kwekulu - a protopter ezinkulu - ifinyelela ubude ngamamitha angaphezu kwelilodwa nengxenye. Ubude obuphakathi nendawo izinhlanzi - abangamashumi amathathu ngamasentimitha. Swimming inhlanzi efana eels, writhing umzimba. Kodwa ezansi kuzenze ukusiza amaphiko filamentous. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi isikhumba amumethe receptor amaphiko. Uma plavnichok othinta into edliwayo, izinhlanzi ngokushesha ohlwitha inyamazane yayo. Protopter ngezikhathi lizovela bese umoya fresh. Protopter ukuphila e-Afrika ephakathi. Yini indawo yokuhlala lungfish ukukhetha? Abamele le izinhlobo zawo zithanda emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi ezindaweni izimbuku, okuyinto minyaka yonke Ugcwalise ngesikhathi yezimvula ezomile lapho lomisile. Ngesikhathi sesomiso ezingeni amanzi lehliselwa kusukela amasentimitha emihlanu kuya kweyishumi. Ngalesi sikhathi protopter umba imigodi ngokwabo.

umlomo Fish ubamba phansi, bese ziyacolwa amcibe nibonakala ngokusebenzisa zokuphefumula. Nora kuyinto unhlangothi mpo, esemgwaqweni ekupheleni ikhamera, lapho, eqinisweni, yilokho protopter ozimisele ngesigamu nokubeka ikhanda lakhe.

Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kuze kube amanzi bomile ngokuphelele, izinhlanzi liphuma ukuphefumula. Khona-ke uketshezi ukusivumela yl emgodini, agqagqene okukhiphayo. Khona-ke protopter awukwazi ukuphuma. Wamane pokes lo nomlomo ku ukhokho kusuka odakeni, ephakamisa kuye. Ngemuva omiswe, kuba ukungena nakwamanye amazwe futhi ivumela-mpilo olwenza nokudoba ukuze siziphilise, ngokuba basebusika.

Amanzi imbobo kancane kancane abe viscous kakhulu ngenxa isikhwehlela ethakwa protopter. Umhlabathi kancane kancane okwengeziwe owomileyo, izinga lamanzi liphuma emgodini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ukunyakaza mpo ugcwele emoyeni. Bent, inhlanzi eyeka ekamelweni eliphansi. Kumiswa umzimba emhlabeni umfece yayo isikhwehlela. Kuyinto ngendlela protopter simo alindele zemvula, okuyinto eyenzeka kuphela ngemva kuka 6 - 9 izinyanga.

Ukuziphatha izinhlanzi ngenkathi lomisile

Kuyathakazelisa okwanele ukuziphatha futhi endaweni yazo lungfish. Abamele (zithombe kuboniswe esihlokweni) eqembu iqhaza egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Ngakho, protopter igcinwe ubuthongo ezingaphezu kuka iminyaka emine, futhi ekupheleni kwesifundo, bona waphaphama ngokuphepha.

Phakathi nenkathi dormancy izinhlanzi ancipha kakhulu umzimba. Noma kunjalo, izinyanga eziyisithupha protopter ulahlekelwe kuze kube amaphesenti isisindo salo 20. Amandla of umzimba esiyithola ngokuguquguquka imisipha ukuwohloka, ngoba ammonia aqoqana emzimbeni. Isikhathi asebenzayo senhlanzi ukuthi wamane wazithulela uyaphuma, kodwa silele liphenduka urea enobuthi kakhulu, lokuhlushwa okuyinto enkulu ngokwanele. Kodwa ubuthi emzimbeni ayenzeki. kuphakama kanjani ukuzinza akakabi ecacile.

Lapho kuqala kokuqala kwenkathi yezimvula kancane kancane emanzini inhlabathi, amanzi igcwalisa emgodini, protopter, aphule umfece, ngezinye izikhathi pokes ekhanda lakhe emoyeni imuncwe. Uma amanzi kutsetselelwe phansi echibini, izinhlanzi izohamba isidleke. Ngemva kwesikhathi esingaba yinyanga nesigamu protopter uqale zikhwelwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, iduna Ukuvubukula indinganiso entsha ehlathini futhi ukhanga ukuba insikazi, lihlehliselwe amaqanda 5000. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-7 izibungu ukuvela. Futhi emva awu 4 i-gazinga eqala ukudla ngokuzimela futhi ushiye isidleke. Okwesikhathi esithile ziyabuya eceleni kwakhe, ukufihla at ingozi kancane. Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi wesilisa uhlale emhlabeni umgodi futhi awuvikele ezitheni.

protopter amnyama

Uma ucabangela kwengqikithi ethi "lungfish: abameleli, amagama" kubalulekile ukukhumbula nangenye omele alesi sigaba - amnyama protopter. Uhlala Congo Basin kanye Ogooué, zikhetha amaxhaphozi, lapho komhlaba ezingeni amanzi inakekelwa ngisho zikhathi zesomiso. Lapho amanzi iqala ehle emfuleni, izinhlanzi ukugqiba ku yl phansi, ukufinyelela komhlaba. Kube protopter uchitha nenkathi eyomile, ke akwakhi umfece, ke antante phezulu njalo umoya.

Nora izinhlanzi ithambekele Yiqiniso futhi ekupheleni ekamelweni. Abadobi bathi lokhu isiphephelo kuyinto protopter emihlanu - eminyakeni eyishumi. Umgodi Kwenzeka okufanayo futhi zidala. Lokhu kwabesilisa mcimbi ayilungiselele kusengaphambili, sakha emhlabeni indunduma ngodaka, ongafinyelela ukuphakama imitha elilodwa.

Lungfish, kafushane echazwe ephepheni lethu, baye njalo yabakhanga ososayensi, ngakho bathatha engavamile futhi ezithakazelisayo. Protopter abacwaningi nesithakazelo elele amaphilisi. Biochemists Sweden naseNgilandi obuzama ukuhlukanisa izinto kusukela umzimba inhlanzi, okuyinto ziwenza akwazi ukuthola ukuthi yokucashisa. Futhi iyini ezithakazelisayo: lapho kula ubuchopho izinhlanzi ingalali abangu injected emgudwini wegazi amagundane laboratory, izinga lokushisa komzimba izifundo aqala ukuncipha ngokucijile, baphathwa ubuthongo balala ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokuphazima kweso. Ukulala eyathatha kuze 18 amahora. Ngemva kokuvusa e amagundane asitholanga uphawu ubuthongo yokufakelwa. Ingqikithi enganikanga iyiphi ukusabela ezingezinhle.

lungfish American South, noma lepidosiren

Lezi izibonelo ezibonisa ngokucacile lungfish nezimo zabo izimo zokuphila kungahlaleki ngokuphelele. Futhi, nokho, ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ngenxa ikhono ukuphefumula ngezindlela ezimbili, izinhlanzi vuma.

Ikilasi Dvoyakodyshashie inhlanzi, kabani abamele angaphezu kithi njengengxenye futhi lungfish South America, lapho uhlala e-Amazon. Ubude izinhlanzi ifinyelela 1.2 amamitha. It uhlala ngokuvamile amadamu yesikhashana okuwugcwalisile ngesikhathi yezimvula noma ochithekile. Okuphakelayo cheshuychatniki ukudla isilwane ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi molluscs. Kwangathi udle nokudla isitshalo. Lapho iphele izinhlanzi echibini sihlezi phansi emgodini futhi hammer ngayo fuse. Nokho, abazi yakha imifece. Sleeping izinhlanzi sizungezwe isikhwehlela futhi moisten amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Isisekelo amandla umzimba, ngokungafani protopter, kuyinto amanoni zanqwabelana.

Emasontweni ambalwa ngemva kokuba izikhukhula kwesigubhu lungfish South American uqala ukwanda. Owesilisa ukudansela isiginci sakhe imbobo, ongafinyelela a amamitha nengxenye ubude. Ngo iningi ukujula zayo, ukudansela isiginci sakhe utshani namaqabunga, okuyinto izinsikazi amaqanda. Iduna uhlala emgodini futhi ukuvikela abasha. Phakathi nale nkathi amaphiko akhe ventral avele neziqu. Ezinye ichthyologists bathi sekuyisikhathi sokuba ezengeziwe gills zangaphandle ukuphefumula. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi nalaba neziqu izinhlanzi ithumela i-oksijini ngokwengxenye ezithathwayo uma wacosha phezu ichibi. Iqiniso noma cha, akwaziwa. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi ukukhiqizwa kabusha amaqhubu zinyamalale.

Lungfish. Abamele coelacanth

Esinye Ummeleli we lungfish kukhona coelacanth (coelacanths). Bayingcosana kakhulu futhi embozwe iveli engaqondakali. Aphila Comoros. Nokho, abadobi bendawo zavezwa emlandweni izinhlamvu ezingamakhulu hhayi engaphezu kwemibili. Ubude izinhlanzi ivela ngamasentimitha 43 kuya ku-180, futhi isisindo 95 kg. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi zonke coelacanths uye wabanjwa kusukela ngo-September kuya ku-April, futhi ebumnyameni. Abadobi babamba ubanjwe ugibe lwazo squid noma inhlanzi izicucu. Ngenduku ephonswa ekujuleni ehloniphekile (150 kuya 400 metres). Kuye kwazanywa ukubamba izicupho coelacanth noma trawls, kodwa lutho weza ngakho. Mhlawumbe imbangela ukukhululeka kuyinkimbinkimbi zezinhlanzi ndawo.

Coelacanth - lungfish. It has ngempela isakhiwo ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, alinaso amathambo. Kumiswa emgogodleni is a core obukhulu nokunwebeka. esinyeni nokubhukuda, umsebenzi lula lungfish, sehliselwe ngamapayipi amancane. amehlo Coelacanth ingashintshwa ukuze abahlala ebumnyameni. coelacanth Biology wafunda kancane kakhulu. Ngokuvamile ezithakazelisayo ngokuya lungfish zabo abahlala kakhulu. Abamele (uhlu lwawo luye usinikeze esihlokweni) alesi sigaba ahlukile ngokwanele. Ziyakwazi emhlabathini ababaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa zizwakale kahle, they nzonzobala ngaphansi nokuqothulwa.

Kodwa njengoba coelacanth, catch yayo akulula kangako. Ososayensi bathi ukuthi uhlala yamadwala basalt Comoros rocks ekujuleni ezinkulu. Labo izimo ezingavamile iwe kakhulu kubadobi lolo ukuthi, yebo, abangu ngaphansi luhlolo okukhulu. Ngakho, eziswini zabo uhlala zezinhlanzi ekujuleni kolwandle eziye zatholakala abahlala 500 eziyinkulungwane amamitha ukujula. Kungenzeka, le coelacanth ukuphila umzimba, nakuba, njengoba siye kakade wakhuluma izinhlanzi lungfish, zingenza kube abukhali Ufaka, sibonga umsila lwabo oluqinile. Ezithathekayo amaphiko futhi abhanqiwe ukubasiza ngawakhamela ku kwemifantu idwala. Coelacanth ukubekezelela ukukhanya kwelanga okugqamile kanye lokushisa eliphezulu amanzi ebusweni izingqimba.

Kugcine omele Crossopterygii emhlabeni

Eqinisweni, i-coelacanth - kungcono okuwukuphela coelacanthidae izinhlanzi uyasinda. Ukuthola labo ifaniswe kuphela ukuthi lokuthola dinosaur eziphilayo.

Yiqiniso, coelacanth wehlukile ababengaphambi zabo lasendulo, ayeke ahlala emanzini angajulile yamanzi angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini fresh. Le miphumela zenziwa ososayensi ngesisekelo izinsalela. By endleleni, besebenzisa ochwepheshe efanayo wezinsalela zamandulo baye baphetha ngokuthi coelacanths lasendulo wahamba izigidi ezingu-400 edlule, okusho ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi izibankwakazi.

Coelacanth - ummeleli kuphela emhlabeni Crossopterygii. ukutholakala kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe lokuthola enkulu emkhakheni etshalwe e kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1938. Abadobi Okukhulunywa Ngabo-Indian Ocean babamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu engaziwa ukuziphatha ngokwanele nolaka. izifundo wakhe kwaholela ekubeni kwatholakala into emangalisayo - ukuthi lena ummeleli wokugcina Crossopterygii phansi ukuthi yayikade kubhekwe yokuqothulwa isikhathi eside.

coelacanth olwenzeka endaweni esungulwe eminyakeni. Kancane kancane sithole ukuthi uhlala mayelana ezintathu iziqhingi Comoros kanye eduze kogu oluseningizimu Mozambique kanye oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMadagascar. Inhlanzi labantu futhi ugu Indonesian latholakala 1998.

Okwamanje, ososayensi bakhuluma ngani ezimbili izinhlobo Latimer - Indonesian futhi kamorskoy. Zingaki izinhlanzi zikhona emhlabeni coast Indonesia, ke ayaziwa, kodwa Comoros Kukhona abantu kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili. Zonke coelacanths kuthiwa ngeso elibukhali. Catching le nhlanzi akuvunyelwe nakancane.