Inhlalakahle umsebenzi - Iyini? Kubaluleka Kwezimilo

Preschool kweziMilo linendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izingane nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo sina.

izigaba yentuthuko

Izifundo emkhakheni ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa zasenkulisa nezingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula ezinzima, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izinkathi ezintathu:

1. Kutfutfukiswa pedagogy kwezimilo kusuka 1930 kuya 1978. Ngalesi sikhathi, zanqwabelana nemfundiso nesipiliyoni, watadisha izici psycho-Pedagogical kanye basemtholampilo isimo izingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo kwesikhathi pre-school, ukulungiselela lomthetho, ezincwadini zesayensi kanye methodological for kudalwa ekhethekile kwezimilo pre-op.
2. Yesimanje okuqukethwe imisebenzi kwezimilo kanye ezemfundo izikhungo pre-school sezingane ezikhubazekile bokusungula kusukela ngo-1978 kuya 1992.
3. Umumo for ukuhlonza yokuqala iziyaluyalu obuhlakani izingane zasenkulisa, ukulungiswa psycho-Pedagogical ukwephulwa, ukuxhumeka inqubo yokufunda zabazali (1992 - namuhla).

Kumiswa umsebenzi nezenhlalakahle zasenkulisa

Hlaziya nezikhathi ngaphezulu lasungulwa.

Ekhuluma ewukuhlakanipha wokuqala okhethekile eyadlalwa theory L. S. Vygotskogo. Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule eRussia Kwakubonakalisiwe imithetho eyisisekelo ukwakheka kwengqondo yengane. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngesikhathi wabonisa ukuthi ukwakheka imisebenzi ephakeme engqondo yomuntu kwenzeka emva kokuzalwa. Ngalesi inqubo kuthonywa zenhlalo imvelo, ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-othisha idatha bakwazi ukuhlola ubuhlobo izici zokwakheka komuntu nokuthuthukisa ezenhlalakahle ekukhuleni kwengane zasenkulisa, Izisekelo womsebenzi inhlalakahle.

ukuthuthukiswa Domestic zasenkulisa izingane ukufunda ithiyori

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi le ukwakheka kancane kancane wolwazi izingane zasenkulisa ukhulisa amathuba esivela kuwo. Imfundiso L. S. Vygotskogo ukuvumele othisha eyolanda amasu amasha womsebenzi inhlalakahle zasenkulisa.

odokotela bengqondo Soviet D. B. Elkonin, A. N. Leonteva wabonisa ukuthi yokufunda akuyona nje isici okuholela kwetinhlavu ukukhalipha, ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo sengqondo, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa umsebenzi okudala izingane zasenkulisa. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi umsebenzi eside leqembu babafundisi ubuhlobo obuseduze zokusebenza kwengqondo kwaba ukuvela engxenyeni kwekhulu elidlule yesibili, ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa e pedagogy pre-school.

Ukubaluleka ekuthuthukiseni ukuqeqeshelwa kweziMilo

Le ndlela lokufundisa ebhasha ngokwengqondo izingane zasenkulisa wabonakala ngo-1975. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi esikhethekile lavulwa ngo eMoscow zasenkulisa, eyenzelwe izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba bokusungula. Phakathi nocwaningo kwatholakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa okungavamile ukulungiswa engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma ekuthuthukiseni ukuqeqeshwa, isicelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela nezikhathi ezibucayi. Kid kokuba iziyaluyalu zentuthuko, kudinga ukuchayeka enemininingwane futhi ifike ngesikhathi Pedagogical. Ukuphumelela izinyathelo kwezimilo kanye zemfundo incike lapho umsebenzi yaqalwa. umsebenzi Welfare - lena indlela abantu abakhuliswe ngayo kanye nokuthuthukisa izingane. Izinkinga ngaphambili awabonakali uhlelo ukubhekana nabo, kunamathuba amaningi okuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukulungiswa kuyodingeka imiphumela emihle.

Uhlelo ku imfundo ebhasha ngokwengqondo izingane zasenkulisa

It yanyatheliswa ngo-1976. Ngaphezu kokwakha izindlela zokufundisa nokuqeqesha, izincomo ethize nokusetshenziswa kwazo zasenkulisa izikhungo zokufundisa izingane nge eziphula umthetho we ekukhuleni zenzelwe. Ngo inqubo kwazeke ukuthi umsebenzi inhlalakahle - lena ingxenye Defectology, onguchwepheshe nezindaba yentuthuko kanye nemfundo yezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, baqhubeka nocwaningo emkhakheni pedagogy. ukuphinda uqeqesho lwenziwa kothisha kweziMilo, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezingane. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi iqembu odokotela bengqondo nabafundisi zasenkulisa kwaba ukudalwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela indlela umsebenzi ekuthuthukiseni siqu wengane zasenkulisa. Abacwaningi baye banyathelisa namajenali eziningana yesayensi, lapho Kwaphawulwa ukuthi umsebenzi inhlalakahle - akusiyo umusho, kodwa isikhathi ukuze uqinise umsebenzi othisha. Yavela 80s kwekhulu elidlule futhi isimiso esikhethekile akhiwa O. P. Gavrilushkinym, N. D. Sokolovym, eyenzelwe ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa kwezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo zasenkulisa yobudala.

Libhekisela yokuthi umsebenzi inhlalakahle - lokhu kuyinto isiqondiso esibalulekile imisebenzi zokufundisa, indlela olunzulu ukuze ukuthuthukiswa kanye nemfundo yezingane kanye akahlakaniphile. Into eyayenziwa ukudalwa kwezimo ezifanele ukwakheka imisebenzi zezingane. izinhlelo Yakhelwe ukuqeqeshwa sokuthuthukisa izingane zasenkulisa kusukela eminyakeni emi-3 kuya kwezingu-8. Basikisela ukuhlonza kanye nokulungisa kid umuntu abanokukhubazeka bokusungula.

Sigxile indlela edidiyelayo imisebenzi zezingane ukwephula ekukhuleni.

Imininingwane yomsebenzi inhlalakahle yezingane

Ngakho-ke yini umsebenzi inhlalakahle? Ukunqunywa ubonisa ukuthi ngokuyinhloko iphatha uhlelo yezenzo okuhloswe ngaso ekunqobeni ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba kwengqondo izingane zasenkulisa, kanjani lezi zingane avumelane nendawo ezikuyo nomphakathi. Ngaphezu bendabuko Ekwenza Umlingiswa imidlalo asetshenziswa zasenkulisa, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kunikezwa umsebenzi ingcaca. Izingane banezinkinga ezingathí sina ukuhlakanipha, othisha kanye zokusebenza kwengqondo abathintekayo ekuklanyweni, banikela amakilasi e sculpting, imidwebo. Ngokuhamba imisebenzi efana ukuthuthukiswa emihle motor amakhono e izingane zasenkulisa, ukuthuthukisa ama-apharathasi yabo vocal, kwakheka amakhono yekuchumana yokuxhumana. Ngisho abanokukhubazeka okunzima zentuthuko, nge efanele kwabafundisi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ukwakheka okungenzeka aphansi Tibalo.Sib, kanye nokubeka izisekelo ukuziphatha emphakathini.

umsebenzi inhlalakahle yesimanje

Lokho izifundo womsebenzi inhlalakahle okwamanje? Ukunakwa othisha nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo edonsela yokusesha amafomu amasha nezindlela komsebenzi izingane zasenkulisa, ngubani iyasilela kakhulu ontanga yabo ekukhuleni. Empeleni, njengoba kuxhaswa okuhlinzeka kwezimilo izingane zasenkulisa nezinkinga ekukhuleni kukhona zasenkulisa ekhethekile kwezimilo. Lapha kulapho evuthiwe kokwelashwa. KweziMilo usebenza ngaphansi izinhlelo ezikhethekile, evunywe i-Ministry of Education, ubuhlobo obuseduze othisha kwezokwelapha izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezingane.

Ucwaningo e-Russian Federation I-kweziMilo

Ucwaningo lwamuva olwenziwe emkhakheni pedagogy kwezimilo, ngokuyinhloko igxile ekwakheni umqondo olukhethekile kusenesikhathi izinkinga, ilungiselelo esifike ukulungiswa psycho-Pedagogical zokuhluka zikhonjwe kwengqondo lezingane zasenkulisa. Ukuze usebenze ochwepheshe ukuba siphumelele, pedagogy wezamaJele kumele ithuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela Isikhungo semfundo Family.

Ukusetshenziswa umndeni indlela kwezenhlalo kuya ekuhlonzweni zokuhluka obuhlakani esikoleni kusho ukwesekwa Uchwepheshe pathologists. Ngemva kokuchaza lokho kumraro komunye umbuzo okunye ukuqeqeshwa encane. Lwenza umsebenzi okhethekile, elingelona nje kuphela ochwepheshe bezempilo, kodwa futhi owelapha, uthisha, owelapha, ingane sokusebenza kwengqondo. Uma ukuqinisekisile, ukuhlolwa ngokwelashwa, lo ukuthola of ingqondo okungathí sina yini kwezinso preschooler ithunyelwa imfundo okwalandela nokuqeqeshwa endaweni zasenkulisa ezikhethekile.

Imisebenzi Oligophrenopedagogics zasenkulisa

Isihloko oyinhloko womsebenzi inhlalakahle zasenkulisa isifundo esiphathelene nemingcele theory ukuqeqeshwa nemfundo yezingane ebhasha ngokwengqondo. Kuyinto kulonyaka Ukwakheka ngokushesha iningi izakhiwo kanye izimfanelo ukuguqula begazi yisidalwa esingumuntu. Kulesi sigaba yentuthuko, wadala nesisekelo liyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe alandelayo amakhono akhethekile inkositini imisebenzi ehlukene.

Ngaphezu izimfanelo izakhiwo psyche kwezingane, ezichaza ubunjalo ukuziphatha, Ukwakheka kwezitho sengqondo izwe kanye nemvelo. Uma ngalesi sikhathi awukwazi ukulungisa ngokugcwele ekukhuleni kwengane, kuyoba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwalo okwalandela.

isiphetho

KweziMilo muva yabakhanga bengqondo nabafundisi, njengoba nezingane ezikhubazekile obukhulu ekukhuleni kuba, ngeshwa, bayanda njalo ngonyaka. Ngo isimo preschools eziningi wengqondo, uthisha, umelaphi wokukhuluma. umsebenzi wabo ukuze abone kusaqalwa nenkinga ngenkulumo, inkumbulo, okuhlushwa nokunye. D. Kuyinto efaneleyo kwalezi zisebenzi incike yini noma cha ngesikhathi esifanele Kutholwe ngeziphambeko ekukhuleni ngokwengqondo kwezingane zasenkulisa. Inkinga eyinhloko ukuthi izici eziningi ezingezinhle ezihlobene retardation engqondo, kuthiwa eyayizothatha isikhathi eside.

GEF isizukulwane sesibili, yethulwa kuleli zasenkulisa izikhungo zemfundo, okuhloswe ngaso ekuhlonzweni okukhulu okwenziwa zokudala kwezingane. Ezinokuthambekela sina kwabafundisi ezindinganisweni ezintsha federal imfundo, yasungulwa ngqo izikhungo zomphakathi zasenkulisa, kungenzeka ukuba ngokushesha ukukhomba iqembu izingane retardation engqondo, abenzele zonke usizo kungenzeka, ukuletha ukusebenza nawo nezifundiswa enjalo Ongakutshela ojahidada: odokotela, odokotela bengqondo, inkulumo abelaphi.