Imithombo kawoyela ngezwe: simo uthi

Amafutha evame ukubizwa ngokuthi igolide black yesimanjemanje. I sikawoyela lamazwe zabiwa Ukuboshelwa. Nokho, kule uphethiloli namuhla kudingeka konke.

Oil - wezinsalela zamandulo Iwusizo № 1

IZwi petroleum, amelela uwoyela ngezilimi eziningi, elisuka ezimbili. Omunye wabo, 'uPetru "- yesiLatin, futhi lisho" itshe ". Okwesibili, "oleum" - Greek futhi uhumusha ngokuthi "amafutha". Ngakho, amafutha ngokoqobo - a "uwoyela ophuma edwaleni" (ie, uwoyela, akhishwa emhlabeni).

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uwoyela ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa eNdiya yasendulo (e ukwakhiwa), eBhabhiloni (i nokugqumisa izidumbu), in Ancient Greece (njengoba uphethiloli). Kusukela ngo-emashumini yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili, kuba umthombo oyinhloko wamandla emhlabeni.

Ngakho-ke yini amafutha? Lo luketshezi oily odabuka yemvelo, esakhiwa sebuningini hydrocarbon ezahlukene. Umbala le nto kungaba ezahlukene: kusukela black ocebile ukuba yellow ngisho oluhlaza. Iphunga uwoyela - ethize futhi ngokuvamile ezingemnandi, ngenxa yawo yamakhemikhali kwengoma.

Ezigcina amafutha mazwe ngokungalingani kakhulu kwasakazwa. Ngokuyinhloko nasemasimini alo ngobukhulu zivalelwe esishintshashintshayo nge khona oqinile ikhava sedimentary amatshe.

Amazwe zigcine amafutha ngobukhulu (lengenako) - lokhu Qatar, Kuwait, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela futhi Libya. By endleleni, uma ubale zigcine Imininingwane wamafutha Qatar yimali, kuyokwehlela ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi yezwe seyihlanganisa kwezigidigidi ezingu-6 zamaRandi!

Ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela emhlabeni namuhla

Amafutha injalo iluhlaza cishe akazange asebenzise. Ukuze uthole imikhiqizo ngobuchwepheshe eyigugu (uphethiloli, izihlanzi, njll), kufanele kucutshungulwe izitshalo ezikhethekile.

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi uwoyela - kuba eyigugu kakhulu amandla ezinsiza, futhi lisetshenziswa ukwenziwa zepulasitiki, plasticizers ezahlukene kanye izithasiselo, udayi, zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba.

Oil - umthombo ukuthi ine eziningi eziwusizo. Okokuqala, waba ukusebenza esinamandla kakhulu kwabantu amandla. Okwesibili, uwoyela kulula ukuthutha olude (kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amapayipi noma emathangini avuzayo - imikhumbi yasolwandle omkhulu). Okwesithathu, ngoba ungaveza anhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo ehlukene. Woke amahlangothi lawa esenza la mafutha omunye imikhiqizo ethandwa kakhulu emakethe emhlabeni.

Nokho izinqolobane lokhu yezimbiwa ayengezwa ngokushesha isiyaphela. Yingakho kwamanye amazwe nge izinqolobane abalulekile uwoyela (ikakhulu e-US), waqala ukubheka kweminye imithombo yamandla (uwoyela oluthambile, ngezitshalo, njll).

Izici zokukhiqiza yesimanje uwoyela

Kuze mayelana 70s yaphakathi emafutheni emhlabeni likhishwe ngejubane bebangalasa. Ngakho, uma isusiwe mayelana 2 billion amathani le nsiza amandla ke ngo-1973, ngo-1970, emhlabathini - ukuze amathani 2.8 bhiliyoni. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo yamavolumu umkhiqizo kawoyela emhlabeni unqabile kancane.

umkhiqizo kawoyela ngezinga ezimbonini waqala maphakathi nekhulu XIX. Phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi, abuya ezweni lakwa "akhishwa" emashumini amane bhiliyoni amathani umtfombolusito.

Lamazwe ahamba phambili zigcine ezweni uwoyela

Manje sihlolisise isimo sendawo lokhu esiyigugu namandla nsiza.

I sikawoyela lamazwe zihluke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye isimo wancishwa lonke lolu dumo, kuyilapho abanye - ngokoqobo basking ku black igolide. amazwe Okokuqala kweshumi Inani sikawoyela zimi kanje (bheka. Ithebula).

Njengoba for ivolumu umkhiqizo kawoyela, abaholi bezwe kumele kuvele lapha:

1. Saudi Arabia.
2. Russia.
3. US.
4. Iran.
5. China.

Ikhumbula ezimbili izinkomba - inani izinqolobane uwoyela ngevolumu yonyaka uwoyela ekukhiqizeni, Kulula ukubala zingaki iminyaka kuyoba okwanele kwale umthombo wamandla ngayinye ezweni.

Ngakho, bekhathazekile okungenani kufanele Venezuela - uwoyela kuyoba okwanele (ngamanani zamanje ukukhiqizwa) eminye iminyaka 235. Kodwa amazwe ezifana Russia, e-USA, Canada, Qatar, kukhona okuthile abangacabanga ngakho. Ikakhulukazi, imithombo kawoyela United States izothatha iminyaka engu-11 kuphela, Russia - 22, Canada - 26, Qatar - 45.

Amafutha amanani: izibikezelo ochwepheshe '

Kuze kube manje, intengo emgqonyeni lamafutha we uphawu Brent igxilile ngezithuba 64 zamaRandi, kuphawula WTI - $ 61.

Amafutha amanani (kanye nanoma yimaphi amanye lezimpahla emakethe zomhlaba) zinqunywa esekelwe isilinganiso kwaneliswe isidingo kuso. Namuhla, isiphakamiso ku le nsiza amandla namanje mkhulu kunezinhliziyo funa. Ngaphezu zamanani kulokhu kuthonywa nezinye izinto (sibabiza zezombusazwe). Sikhuluma mayelana izingxabano zempi eLibya futhi Yemen, kanye ukuthunyelwa US amaphrojekthi oluthambile.

Ochwepheshe abaningi kwezomnotho babikezela ukuthi esikhathini ezinyangeni ezimbili ezizayo, intengo kawoyela uyovuka ukuze $ 70, kodwa ke intengo umthombo lizoqala ukwehla futhi.

Esikhathini ikota yesithathu 2015 njengoba abahlaziyi ukubikezela intengo kawoyela engamtholi iphansi lalo elisha, ukufinyelela $ 50 umphongolo.

Ekuphetheni ...

Amafutha iyona ebaluleke kakhulu amandla isisetshenziswa besikhathi sethu. abaholi bezwe e sikawoyela (jikelele) - kuyinto Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, e-Iraq, eMexico. Nokho, ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi ngesilinganiso samanje umkhiqizo kawoyela kulendlela emazweni amaningi emhlabeni kuphela izothatha iminyaka 40-80. Yingakho manje ezinye izifunda ngacabanga ehlukile imithombo energy.