Imisebenzi lekusisa umnotho: definition, izinhlobo nezibonelo

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukhulume ezezimali entrepreneurship, ibhizinisi, futhi awukhulumi amatemu ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakha amafomula kwezomnotho kwesokudla kudingeka bazi ukuthi kukhona nemisebenzi utshalomali, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani kanye uyini umsebenzi sokuthuthukiswa embonini.

Ibhizinisi izinhlobo nezibonelo

Imfundiso owaziwa Keynesianism utshalomali, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izindleko utshalomali ziyingxenye yezindleko Imininingwane sabantu, kanye kwempahla yomphakathi, futhi nokuthengiswa net kwezimpahla namasevisi. Zezomnotho ambheka njengomfundisi wawo ingxenye oluyingozi kakhulu futhi ashukumisayo ngenxa kwencika yayo ku ezicini eziningana. Uma cabanga kakhulu ukutshala imali (imisebenzi, izinhlobo, incazelo yabo, izindlela ukusetshenziswa), ke kuyodingeka kancane ukudlulela ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela.

Asho imali obanzi?

Ucwaningo nomqondo utshalomali enikelwe cwaninga imisebenzi classical, keynsianstkoy, le kaMarx ebekiwe kanye neminye izikole. Ake abahlala izincazelo ezintathu.

Investment (ngomqondo ebanzi) bahlola imikhakha yezomnotho, wemboni yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ingqalasizinda, izinyathelo zezenhlalo nezemvelo ukuvikelwa ekukhiqizeni Ukuthuthuka kohwebo.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali umqondo ewumngcingo

Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa imisebenzi yezezimali ukutshalwa azisizi ukutshala (amafa), ezisetshenziswa inqubo yomsebenzi yezimboni nezomnotho.
Umnotho ephatha ukutshalwa kwezimali njengoba izindleko izinhlangano ngenjongo kwemali yonkhe, ukuhlinzeka i-ukudalwa dolobha entsha futhi isinxephezelo amathuluzi bakhathale. On nganeno Umsebenzi oyinhloko utshalomali - isizukulwane engenayo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu ababuswa emnothweni ukutshala ingxenye yeholo labo emnothweni, ukuze kwabasiza, wabuya kubo ngobukhulu emikhulu.

Osomabhizinisi nawo acabangela ukutshalwa njengoba ibhizinisi for yokufuna ukukhiqizwa futhi okungezona ukukhiqizwa kwempahla kanye kwezezimali esenana impahla noma imali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izindleko utshalomali kungasiza ukwandisa inhlokodolobha noma silondoloze ke ezingeni elifanayo ezanele.

Futhi nakuba isabelo imali utshalomali nezindleko Imininingwane kazwelonke okwesihlanu kuzo zincike ekushintshashintsheni umsebenzi ibhizinisi kanye ukuthuthuka okuyimpumelelo kwezomnotho - konke okunye ekubeni ingxenye ilingane ukwanda kwaba nokwanda utshalomali umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene.

Imisebenzi tekusisa umnotho

Kusukela izincazelo utshalomali ubonisa ukuthi la izinqubo kungaba kwenziwe kokubili ngesikhathi isimo futhi ezingeni yangasese lebhizinisi kwezomnotho, kodwa ekugcineni zehla ukuba isimo nenhlalakahle. Ngakho, imisebenzi ukuthi enze utshalomali, yakhelwe sikwazi ukwanelisa zonke izinhlangothi ezithintekayo: imizi, amabhange, amabhizinisi, kokubili izikhungo, izinhlangano, engxenyeni kahulumeni loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki. Thina ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo ezine eziyinhloko ezenza ukutshalwa legumbi Macroeconomics:

• Ukusatshalaliswa umsebenzi sitolikwa njengoba: ekhetha kuphi ukutshala imali noma izimpahla, usomabhizinisi noma isimo ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa imboni eyodwa eqina kunomunye. On isibonelo salokhu kanje: a electronics angaphandle kanye nezimoto ezifuywayo awukwazi ukuncintisana, inzuzo usomabhizinisi ngaphezulu ukutshala imali enye into.
• Olawula izakhiwo: ezizalayo enziwe emhlabeni wonke jikelele futhi kuthinte izimboni ezisondelene nalomkhakha. Lesi sitshalo olusha kuhilela wokwakha imigwaqo, ukuzilibazisa, kuvuleke amathuba emisebenzi emisha, nokunye. D.
• Ugqozi: nokutshala izimali kuhilela imali ekuthuthukiseni. Kwenzelwe isayensi, ubuchwepheshe, imfundo, kanti ngenxa yalokho, kwandisa izinga lempilo nenhlalakahle yezwe.
• Indlela: impahla utshalomali, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa izinqubo capital ukunwetshwa kanye nokugcinwa ibhalansi ohlelweni lomnotho evulekile.

izici echazwa ukwakheka kanye nokusebenza utshalomali, uqhubekele ukubonisa zabo sokuqhafaza okuyinto imidwebo ebonisa ubudlelwane phakathi umsebenzi eyanele, umsebenzi utshalomali, ukulondoloza kanye nesimo sezomnotho ukusetshenziswa okubanzi.

definition

Noma yimuphi umsebenzi, zezibalo noma kwezomnotho, kukhona ukwencika umphumela wokugcina elilodwa noma eziningi. Imisebenzi ukutshalwa kwezimali futhi onobuhle lapho endogenous variable (umphumela) - kuyinto izindleko ngokutshalwa kwezimali nokuthintana kunqunywa ngezinjongo zocwaningo exogenous.

Uma omunye variable ezimele, omunye ethi "nezinye izimo ebekiwe." Ngakho, uma utshalomali inikezwa umsebenzi iholo, okusho ukuthi izinga yasebhange zenzalo kule nkathi akazange zishintshe ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Eziguquguqukayo akancikile kwabanye, aba maningi ukunemba imodeli kanye isondele izimo yangempela emnothweni. Dynamics of izinguquko eziguquguqukayo kungaba bahluke kakhulu endleleni abadalwe izinkathi ezahlukene, futhi ukuze lula inkinga, abacwaningi akhethe elilodwa noma amabili eziyinhloko lapho kuzoya umsebenzi utshalomali.

Ubudlelwano lasetulu kanye lenzalo

Ngaphandle ihaba uma sithi inani lotshalo mali incike inani lenzalo, kuyilapho ushintsho kwezinye izici ethatha umsebenzi utshalomali ezizimele kufakwe imodeli multi-factor, okuyinto libukeka kanje:

• I = Ia - d * r (1), lapho
  
  Mina - Imininingwane izindleko utshalomali;
  IA - ezizimele utshalomali imali;
  d - ukuzwela ukutshalwa ukunciphisa noma ukunyusa izinga,%;
  r - real senzalo.

Inani inani lenzalo kuchazwe impela nje. Njalo usomabhizinisi, ngaphambi ukutshala ibhizinisi (100% ukutshalwa engozini-free abekho isimiso), ucubungula kangakanani uyokwazi ukwenza kube futhi kungakanani okufanele sisetshenziselwe le njongo. Ukuze emikhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali zasekhaya ngokuvamile akwanele, futhi umnikazi ithunyelwa yasebhange noma non-yasebhange isikhungo sezezimali, okudinga intengo amasevisi abo - amaphesenti afanayo. Ayanda intengo ebhange, ephansi kasomabhizinisi inzuzo futhi ratio nzuzo izindleko. Njengoba yaziwa, ukuze yenze inzuzo eningi kusukela yonke imisebenzi - umgomo oyinhloko we iyiphi ibhizinisi.

ezinye izibonelo

Kumele baqonde ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi kangaka ukusebenzisa ithuluzi ezifana investimenti ukuphi. Umsebenzi imali, isibonelo, yakhiwe esekelwe ukuthenga kwemali. Ngaphezu nemalimboleko futhi imalimboleko engenzi yasebhange ukuthengwa imishini noma zezimali zomculo bangaqashwa ukuchitha imali ekhukhwini yabo. I ibhizinisi iyingxenye inzuzo okuyinto uselokhu emva ukukhokhwa kwezintela kanye nezinye izimali ezibanjwayo ihlelelwe. Kulokhu, kunyakaza isizumbulu ezilinganiselwe izindleko utshalomali encike ngqo kwi izinguquko umsebenzi we yokusebenza imali ibhizinisi. Growing inzuzo kanye ukusetshenziswa yayo liyingxenye - utshalomali ziyanda. Growing ukulahlekelwa - utshalomali kuyehla noma zincishiswe isikhathi esingenasiphelo. Khona-ke umsebenzi utshalomali has uhlobo oluhlukile kakhulu esibonelweni odlule, ngenxa yokuthi sifaka imali ingqikithi.

Propensity eziseceleni ukutshala - lena Okuphindaphinda, elibonisa lokho ukubaluleka luyanda noma encishisiwe utshalomali imali ama-unit ushintsho. Ayanda Okuphindaphinda, le bathambekele kakhudlwana kunabanye ingozi usomabhizinisi. Uma uhlomula ukutshalwa ungabuyela ubukhulu amaningi, futhi ukulahlekelwa - kuholele ukulahlekelwa omkhulu ngisho ezikweletini.

Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali

Yonke imali ezotholakala ejenti kwezomnotho kwasakazwa izimali ezimbili: ukusetshenziswa futhi buthelela. Ingxenye zanqwabelana, okungukuthi imali kuyinto inzuzo, okuyinto uhlala ngaphakathi enkampanini kanye ingenzi lutho isikhathi eside. Amandla ukusetshenziswa futhi phezu ukukhokhwa kwezintela, nezikweletu, abasebenzi amaholo nezinye izinjongo.

Investment ingozi

Investments idliwe wabuyela inkampani ngesimo imishini kanye nempahla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukuba usomabhizinisi ukuze lifakwa liyingxenye inzuzo njengoba encane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma utshalomali sekubika akuphumelelanga kakhulu futhi akazange ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza imali, inkampani uphoqelekile ukuba iphendukele imithombo yangaphandle ngezimali. Again, kuba amabhange, izikhungo zemali, kokubili loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki ezimakethe zezimali. Nalapha kuphakama umbuzo: engozini noma cha engozini?

Isakhiwo kahle distribution ingeniso (iholo)

Mhlawumbe omunye wemibuzo ukuthi abakwazi ukunikeza impendulo esiqondile noma yikuphi ukwenza, akukho theoreticians lapho iphuzu yakhoibrium e utshalomali nokonga? Ngisho ngaphakathi ibhizinisi elilodwa lingaba ngokuqiniseka ukuthi kungcono buthelela noma uqede, ngoba izimo emakethe, ubuchwepheshe, imikhakha yomphakathi, lwetemtsetfo netembusave kushintsha njalo. Ukuthi ikusasa liphetheni ukulahlekelwa omkhulu, izolo ezisengozini ezikweletini, futhi okuphambene nalokho.

Mathematical Imisebenzi ukutshalwa unganikezi isixazululo jikelele - bona acabange nje lo mkhuba Ngokwesilinganiso, bephonsa ezicini eziningana ezincane ezingaba kuvele abalulekile. Ngoba inhloko, zingabantu izibonelo nje okungaqondile, futhi isinqumo sokugcina utshalomali esithathwayo ngemva balifundisise zonke izici futhi isimo sangempela emnothweni.