Ifomula yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ne isakhi phenol

Phenols - igama ezivamile alcohols elimnandi. On the izakhiwo ndaba acid ababuthakathaka. Kuvele ukubaluleka ezibalulekile ezisebenzayo homologues eziningi C hydroxybenzene ₆ H ₅ amahora angu-0 (ifomula Phenol) - omele elula kwekilasi. Ake sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ngalokhu.

Phenols. Ifomula jikelele kanye ngezigaba

Ifomula jikelele we izinto eziphilayo alcohols elimnandi, - R-OH. Mpilo uqobo phenols futhi cresols kwakhiwa olukhulu - C6H5 phenyl, okuyinto ezixhunywe ngokuqondile isigcawu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu hydroxyl OH (amaqembu hydroxyl). Ngokwesibalo sako ngayinye-molecule phenols zihlukaniswa mono-, thini futhi polyhydric. compounds Monohydric zaloluhlobo zinzima phenol futhi cresol. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi hydroxybenzenes polyhydric - naphthols aqukethe e yayo Ukwakheka 2 nucleus tho.

Phenol - ummeleli alcohols elimnandi

abasebenzi Textile phenol wayaziwa kakade ekhulwini XVIII: i Abeluki wawusebenzisa njengesiphetho udayi. Esikhathini ziphuzo zazihluzwa kwamalahle itiyela ngo-1834 e-Germany, usokhemisi F. Runge egqanyisiwe zinhlayiya efana ne oyiphunga isici amnandi. I-Latin igama amalahle - Carbo, abizwa kanjalo kwakwakhe carbolic acid (carbolic acid). abacwaningi German zehlulekile ukuhlonza ketshezi. Phenol Yamamolekhula ifomula yasungulwa ngo 1842 O. Laurent, ngubani owakholwa esuselwe carbolic ka-benzene. Ukuze entsha acid wasebenzisa igama "phenyl". Sharl Zherar sinqume ukuthi ketshezi kuyinto utshwala, futhi abize lokhu ngokuthi phenol. izicelo zokuqala kwakwakhe - imithi, lesikhumba ukushuka, ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa nodayi. Izimpawu ketshezi olucutshungulwayo:

• Rational chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Isisindo yamangqamuzana kwakwakhe - futhi 94,11. e. m.
• Ifomula bezakhamuzi sesisonke, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

isakhiwo elekthronikhi kwezendawo molecule phenol

isakhiwo lokujikeleza ka-benzene ifomula olunikezwa German wemithi organic F. Kekule ngo-1865, ngaphambi nje ke - I. Loschmidt. Ososayensi baye molecule udaba eziphilayo ngesimo a iheksagoni njalo nge kushintshana izibopho olulodwa futhi double. Ngokusho imiqondo yesimanje, iringi elimnandi - okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi isakhiwo isiyingi, ngokuthi "isibopho conjugated".

Eziyisithupha ama-athomu carbon ukuhlola inqubo sp ² -hybridization electron orbitals. Azisetshenziswa kumiswa C C izibopho amafu p-electron kuyendlulela nangaphezulu indiza core-molecule. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile electron ifu ukuthi ihlanganisa wonke indandatho. Phenol ifomula kwesakhiwo singase sehluke, unikezwa indlela zomlando encazelweni isakhiwo benzene. Ukuze ezigcizelela isimo unsaturated hydrocarbon elimnandi, evamile kubhekwa ezintathu izibopho eziyisithupha double okuyinto kushintshane ezintathu ezilula.

Nokwehlukana ngenxa Oxy iqembu

Esikhathini elula hydrocarbon elimnandi --benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - electron lwamafu izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. phenol ifomula kuyahluka neqembu elilodwa hydroxy. Ukuba khona hydroxyl ephula wesimethri ukuthi kubonakala izakhiwo ketshezi. Ubudlelwano obuphakathi oxygen ne-hydrogen iqembu hydroxy - covalent polar. Offset pair ezivamile electron kuma-athomu-mpilo kuholela negative icala kwalo (esinqunyiwe). Hydrogen ilahlekelwa electron futhi eqala icala esinqunyiwe "+". Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya-mpilo eqenjini O-H ungumnikazi ezimbili lisuswe ukwabiwa electron ngazimbili. Omunye wabo bakhangwa ifu electron esiyingini elimnandi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zokuxhumana iba athuthukisiwe ngaphezulu, i-hydrogen indawo kalula izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Leyo mikhumbi ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi uhlobo azilingani engqamuzaneni phenol.

Izici ama-athomu kuphazamisa phenol

Omunye electron ifu nuclei elimnandi e phenol-molecule iyaphendula neqembu hydroxyl. Kwenzeka mkhuba, igama lokuhlanganisa, lapho i-oksijini athomu pair siqu electron ekhangwa amaqembu hydroxy kohlelo benzene indandatho. Ukunciphisa icala negative inxeshezelwa kwaba nokwehlukana mkhulu ngenxa O-H iqembu.

I ring elimnandi iyahlukahluka electronic distribution system. It kuyehla carbon ukuthi nakanjani umoya-mpilo, futhi Ukwanda abaseduze naso zama-athomu izikhundla Ortho (2 no-6). Iyamatanisa ukunqwabelana ngaphandle kwenkokhiso kubo "-". Ngaphezu kwalokho "shift ukuminyana - ukuhamba kwayo kusukela athomu e-meta-izikhundla (3 no-5) ukuze carbon ku-para-isikhundla (4). phenol cwaningo ifomula ukuze kube lula futhi elihlangana mutual ngokuvamile yakhiwa izinombolo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu esiyingini benzene.

Incazelo phenol chemical izakhiwo esekelwe isakhiwo zabo electronic

Izinqubo conjugation esiyingini enamakha hydroxyl kuthinte izakhiwo kokubili izinhlayiya nazo zonke izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, okusezingeni eliphezulu electron kwabantu ngesikhathi athomu e-Ortho kanye para izikhundla (2, 4, 6) kwenza C-H isibopho i phenol umjikelezo elimnandi esisheshayo ngaphezulu. Encishisiwe icala negative ukuzulazula kwama-athomu carbon ku meta izikhundla (3 no-5). Ukuhlasela izinhlayiya electrophilic e zamakhemikhali wadalula carbon ku Ortho kanye para izikhundla. I bromination ukusabela izinguquko benzene kuzothathwa Ukushisa eqinile futhi khona kulethe. monogalogenoproizvodnoe Kwakheka - bromobenzene. Formula phenol evumela izidakamizwa ukuxubana uxhumano lokudlulisa kakhulu owavele ngaphandle amalahle ingxube.

indandatho elimnandi kuthinta uxhumano polarity hydroxy iqembu, okwandisa ke. Hydrogen kuba nezimo xaxa, njengoba kuqhathaniswa alcohols ayegcwele. Phenol ihlangana alkalis, ukwakha nosawoti - phenates. Ethanol akasabeli ne alikhali, noma kunalokho, imikhiqizo ukuphendula - ethanolates - ukubola. Ngo chemical imigomo phenols - namandla asidi ukwedlula alcohols.

Abamele alcohols elimnandi ekilasini

Yamamolekhula ifomula homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. Into e ngezinto zemvelo eluhlaza uvame ukuhamba phenol, unabo izakhiwo isinqandakuvunda. Okunye homologues ka phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Into ifomula Yamamolekhula - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. It is lisetshenziswe womshini udayi, nemithi, ezinuka kamnandi.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Chemical ifomula - C ₆ H ₃ CH ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Isetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali organic zokwenziwa, nemithi.
• Vanillin ngaphandle phenolic olukhulu iqukethe iqembu ether kanye zinsalela aldehyde. Yamamolekhula ifomula kwakwakhe - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin kabanzi njengenhlangano isithokela yokufakelwa.

Formula reagent ngoba ukuthola phenols

ukuzimisela qualitative ka phenol kungaba kwenziwe usebenzisa uxhumano lokudlulisa. Ngenxa endaweni ukuphendula emhlophe kwenze tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) ezinemibala ngombala oluhlaza ebukhoneni ziyoncibilika chloride ferric. Nge reagent efanayo iyaphendula phenol bakha triphenol likuthola umbala onsomi. ukuphendula qualitative ukuze resorcinol - ukubonakala amnyama violet umbala khona chloride ferric. Kancane kancane, umbala isixazululo uphendulela abamnyama. Ifomula we reagent, esisetshenziselwa ukuqaphela phenol ezithile futhi homologs yayo, - FeCl ₃ (chloride ferric (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - konke phenols. Ifomula jikelele we ketshezi ukunquma ubulungu lezi zakhi kuya ochungechungeni elimnandi. Zonke organic compounds equkethe ikufomula yabo phenyl olukhulu C ₆ H _5, ngawo amaqembu hydroxy kuxhumene ngqo abonise anezakhi ezikhethekile. Yehluka utshwala sivezwe imvelo ene-asidi. Kuqhathaniswa izinto homologous uchungechunge -benzene, phenols - bakhuthele chemical kwakwakhe.