Isithombe Newton mechanistic zomhlaba

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, ezinsukwini kaPlato, bophezela okuphindaphindiwe imizamo kuvisisa nekuvisisa izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphandle yomuntu futhi yena. Ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi nokuqonda kwabaningi isikhundla njengoba kubonakaliswa kwemvelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi zanqwabelana baye kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuqonda kangcono izinqubo ezikhona kanye nobudlelwane ngokwemvelo.

Umlando kumiswa isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba

Indlela ekudalweni ulwazi kwaba olunameva. It adlala indima ebalulekile yokuba kube nekucondza ngalokufanako imithetho futhi ukuzimisela isintu ngaleso sikhathi ukuze wamukele noma wenqabe umbono ethile yezwe. I indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa inkolo Ephakathi, eshafisa noma imiphi imizamo izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda elalibazungezile. Zonke izinhlobo izenzo waphikisa lo nezimfundiso we kwakuzondeka isonto futhi basiphuca. Inani elikhulu of izingqondo ezinkulu ashiswa esigxotsheni eshiswa kweNkantolo YaseRoma Yamacala Ezihlubuki. Kwaba kuphela 17-18 leminyaka, ngaphansi ukucindezela ubufakazi bangempela, ngempela sina waqala popularize isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba. Phakathi nale nkathi, ke lwenziwe Imizamo yokuqala kanzulu systematization nokucutshungulwa ucwaningo zanqwabelana nangemisebenzi yokuphulukisa nangenkathi esidlule lwesintu. Ngenxa incazelo entsha inhlangano yomhlaba kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kanye nokuqaliswa ekukhiqizeni kanye nokuphila lwazi aluthola ku ezingeni esisebenzayo.

Umphakathi kanye ukuqonda ubunjalo

Kumiswa isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe umphakathi. Nokho, kwathatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwakubangelwa ukulungela ngokwengqondo umphakathi ukwamukela indlela entsha ukuqonda izisekelo yonke. Ukudala umbono mechanistic zezwe futhi lasungulwa umnyuziki eyathatha iminyaka kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili, kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye.

Ngaphansi kwethonya zefilosofi, izazi zefilosofi futhi ososayensi of nangenkathi langaphambilini, ezifana Democritus, u-Aristotle, esingumGreki, Lucretius, futhi kancane kancane ngaqala ukuwaqonda futhi wamukela indlela izinto ezibonakalayo.

Ulwazi zanqwabelana wezibalo, i-physics, i-chemistry, okubonisa umehluko netimphawu isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba sisusela ekuqondeni samanje imithetho yonke ngaleso sikhathi.

Imisebenzi Aristotle uPtolemy ngesikhathi kwakungafanele olunembile. Nokho, lawa kwakungamadodana imizamo yokuqala kuvisisa nokuqonda kuyini isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba.

I ekuqaleni kwenkathi yesithombe mechanistic zomhlaba

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ngekhulu le-16, enye unentshiseko umcabango ngokwesayensi kanye resonance emphakathini ophoqelelwe "ku ukujikeleza sphere yasezulwini" Nikolaya Kopernika. Abalandeli bakhe wabona rationality kanye ukuhlobana izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda, isifundo zomhlaba. Ngemva kwalokho, esekelwe imisebenzi uCopernicus noGalileo wazalwa enkathini entsha emhlabeni.

On the inqubo yokudala umbono mechanistic zezwe futhi lasungulwa waba ngokujulile ithonya usosayensi French Rene Dekart. izindawo ulwazi lwakhe olubanzi kwaba ezibanzi ngokwanele, uye wasebenza emkhakheni physics, izibalo, ifilosofi nemfundiso eziphilayo. Imfundo yenkolo ye Rene osemusha akazange abe kwesithiyo ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi, futhi wakwazi ukuba abe omunye wabasunguli be-ukuqonda entsha isakhiwo zomhlaba.

Ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu eziyisikhombisa sefilosofi kanye nososayensi wachitha ezulazulayo ekhulwini lesikhombisa-Europe, ukuqongelela empilweni nokuzindla izinkinga zefilosofi zezibalo kwenkathi.

Descartes uye baphumelele abalulekile emkhakheni wezibalo. Indlela aphumelela ngayo ziyabonakala encwadini edumile umsebenzi "Jiyomethri", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1637. Kuyinto lokhu imisebenzi yesayensi ubeke izisekelo zonke geometry yesimanje. Rene naye ungowasendaweni izimpawu ukukhishwa e-algebra. Izinto azibhala zaba yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni wezibalo esikhathini esizayo. Ngo 1644, usosayensi French sefilosofi wanikeza incazelo yakhe ukuvela ukuqhubeka ukuthula kanye nesimo ezizungezile.

Ngokusho kwakhe, isimiso sonozungezilanga namaplanethi kwakhiwa kusukela impahla vortices uzungeza ilanga. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umzimba uhlukaniswe naphakathi kudinga ngesivinini ezahlukene ukushayela. Umngcele wabantwana umzimba iba yangempela, uma umzimba ihamba, futhi inquma ezakheke kanye nosayizi. Zonke amafomula nezincazelo wabululaza mechanical emizimbeni ukufuduka. definition Strange, uma kucatshangelwa ulwazi kutholakale kithina manje, akunjalo? Kodwa abanjalo kwakungasho ngokubona ezinye izazi sikhathi.

umbono Newton mayelana izinqubo ngokwemvelo futhi yonke

Eziningana ezahlukene umbono umdali isithombe mechanistic zomhlaba - Isaak Nyuton. Yena wayengumbulali oyisazi sezibalo, isazi sefilosofi sezinkanyezi. Zonke iziphetho yayo lokhu pundit wenza ngesisekelo ukuhlola okwenziwa inqola, behlola ngokucophelela kubo. I credo main kwaba inkulumo ethi "hypothesis akusho usungula!" Kuvele impumelelo ezibalulekile zesayensi kwaba ukusungulwa theory Newton motion amaplanethi sphere yasezulwini. Ezihlobene nale umsebenzi, ukutholakala kwamandla adonsela phansi jikelele kwaba ngesisekelo isifundo umnyuziki kohlelo heliocentric. isithombe Newton mechanistic zomhlaba yayithi esinembile futhi ngempumelelo.

Ngo 1688, kwathi e-England i-Glorious Revolution. I kuleliya lizwe kulesi sikhathi sihlangabezane ukuvutshelwa enamandla okuqhamuka lapho sebebuswa inkosi ku-analogo ephelele wobukhomanisi. Nokho, naphezu vicissitudes wokuphila, isazi omkhulu sefilosofi waqhubeka esebenza emibhalweni zefilosofi ngezwe.

Ifilosofi isayensi esidlule

isithombe Newton mechanistic zomhlaba isidlulile indlela ezinjengameva futhi kunzima. Ngo inqubo yokubhala akuloba engxenyeni yokugcina yencwadi umsebenzi wakhe wathi: "Ingxenye yesithathu, ngihlose manje ukuqeda ifilosofi - ke lona wesifazane efanayo ezikhukhumezayo, ukubhekana okuyinto efana kokuhileleka kunoma yiluphi impi engokomthetho." Ekugcineni, ngo-ukukhanya waphuma "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Yemvelo" yakhe (1687). Lolu hlelo lithole imvume jikelele futhi uye waba theory eqinile ezimisiwe.

Emsebenzini Newton kunikezwa imisebenzi uCopernicus Ukutadisha ezinyakazayo amaplanethi azungeza ilanga. Umsebenzi wokugcina usosayensi ayemathathu umthetho kokuphothulwa Descartes, Huygens noGalileo nezinye izingqondo olukhulu isikhathi, kanjalo ekutholeni ukusungulwa ngokwengeziwe mechanistic umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke futhi ukuqonda izinqubo ngokwemvelo.

Ngo imibono jikelele mayelana nezwe ekhulwini lesikhombisa isithombe omunye umhlaba wadala futhi wasekela yonke. Newton kubhekwe isikhala we ayesisebenzisa kuzo zonke izinto, futhi isikhathi - inqubo isikhathi. Isikhala okungenamingcele ongashintshi isikhathi.

Three umthetho Newton ezweni lanamuhla

ucwaningo Abaningi usosayensi esichithwa izinqubo zemvelo phakathi emizimbeni. Phakathi kwezinto azenza, baletha imithetho emithathu ukuthi sisebenzisa namuhla.
Lithi kuqala ukuthi amandla ukhonza njengelungu isizathu ukusheshisa umzimba. Zonke izinqubo bezwe bathambekele ukusheshisa leti imbangela nokuxhumana zemizimba.

Umthetho wesibili uthi amandla phezu into ngesikhathi esithile futhi iphuzu inikezwe eshintsha ijubane layo uma igijima, okungase ibalwe.

Umthetho wesithathu uthi isenzo zemizimba phezu komunye okulingana namandla obuhlukile isiqondiso.

Lokho lase Newton yalelozwe mechanistic. Isikhala, isikhathi akazange ukuxhumana nomunye, waphila njengesidalwa mkhuba ehlukile. Nokho, kwencazelo Newton wakhonza khona njengenceku Umfutho ushintsho indlela abheka ngayo inguquko okugcwele isithombe esiphelele isikhala Ubuhlobo - isikhathi.

ukuqonda beqiniso ubunjalo space kanye nesikhathi?

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili kamuva, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, u-Albert Einstein wathi ukuthi Newton isithombe mechanistic kwezwe ndaba futhi isikhala kungahunyushwa kuphela ngaphakathi evamile, ajwayelekile kithi emhlabeni. Esikhathini isikali cosmic emelelwa imithetho azisebenzi futhi zidinga rethinking. Ngemva kwalokho, usosayensi ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto, okuyinto kuhlangene space kanye nesikhathi ibe uhlelo olulodwa.

Nokho, lokhu akukhona endaweni kuphela lapho imithetho Newton akudingeki abomdabu babezisebenzisa. Njengoba sekunama-isifundo izinhlayiya aphansi kanye izici ukuziphatha kwabo kwaba sobala ukuthi kule ndawo kukhona imithetho okuhluke kakhulu. Ziyakwazi eyinqaba kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ezingalindelekile futhi zingaphazamisa ukuqonda kwethu evamile isikhathi nendawo.

Umbono wesayensi inkulumo emphakathini ukuthi quantum physics ayiqondakali kungaba kholwa kuphela, ukuchaza ukungalingani okukhulu kwemibono mayelana nezwe nazo zonke izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo ezingeni subatomic.

Imbangela nomphumela

Ngo inqubo kumiswa ukukhulelwa izinto bemvelo ezungeze Newton yalelozwe mechanistic uye ezanquma inkambo obengeziwe emlandweni wesintu. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa impucuko buhlobene eduze isipiliyoni odlule futhi isibopho esinamandla sokuba esezadlula futhi bakhe ifomu samanje isithombe bezibona emhlabeni.