Ifasitela lokuzula - kuyini? Kubaluleka nezibonakaliso ifasitela lokuzula

Cishe sonke ngizwile noma kubonakala izincwadi, leli gama ongaqondakali - ". Ifasitela lokuzula" Kuyini futhi kungani kudingeka wazi ezimbalwa, futhi abaningana abantu bezama ukuze ulwazi kahle. Futhi kuvela ukuthi into ewusizo kakhulu kumuntu esikhathini esedlule, amaKristu ekhulu nekompyuterizirovannogo, kodwa yesimanje.

Ifasitela lokuzula - ikhono ukurekhoda ulwazi ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu ezikhethekile. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba ukuqopha womuntu isivinini inkulumo ngesikhathi kusho yayo. Ngokwemvelo kuphakama badideke: kungani unekhono enjalo? Nokho, abafundi, kanye nabafundi, kungaba wusizo eklasini, lapho uthisha akakhathazekile nakancane ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuthi isilaleli has isikhathi ukubhala phansi yonke into oyidingayo.

Ukubukeka ifasitela lokuzula

izimpawu Shorthand ukuthi kubhekwe kuqala noma kwabokuqala, atholakala phakathi ezikhumbuzo impucuko waseGibhithe. AbaseGibhithe yasungulwa ifasitela lokuzula sakhe. Ngosizo waloba amazwi angcwele kaFaro. Shorthand (njengoba indlela elula zokuqopha) owayinaka nakwezinye izizwe zasendulo. Ngakho, kwamaGreki namaRoma, oqaphelayo kakhulu futhi ufune ukuwenza kahle, nakho ngenkuthalo wasebenzisa izinhlamvu esikhethekile nenkanuko edlulele okusheshayo ulwazi oluyigugu. Kwaba isikhathi lasendulo futhi Greece kuthiwa wenziwa nokuqhakaza kwayo ifasitela lokuzula. Ngokusho umlando, lo ifasitela lokuzula sasendulo saseRoma wadala uTyrone, umsizi we eyiqaphuqaphu omkhulu Cicero.

Ancient izimpawu Roman ifasitela lokuzula okuyinto bezingaphansi amayunithi cishe 5,000, kwakunzima balukhulume. Uma ifasitela lokuzula yesimanje - ngokwezwi nezwi, okusho, uphawu ngalinye limelela incwadi ethile, simiso esidala kwakunjani, ukuthi kuwuphawu kubonisa noma yiliphi igama. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo kwakunzima kakhulu.

Usuku lokuzalwa ezisemthethweni incwadi kubhekwa ukuba izwi nezwi Disemba 5, 63 BC. e. - umsebenzi Tyrone ku isimiso sakhe izimpawu.

umlando ezithakazelisayo ifasitela lokuzula

Ngenxa indlela ifasitela lokuzula lemibhalo thina manje nethuba ukufunda imisebenzi uWilliam Shakespeare. Izimbangi zale nkundla we wemidlalo odumile futhi yimpumelelo kakade uthumele ngenjongo ukuba transcribers okufakiwe, ukuze labo eqoshiwe idrama izwi nezwi kwesokudla ngesikhathi kuhanjiswa. Futhi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi waphikisana umbhali we imisebenzi okukhulu, zalotshwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho bagcine sebefikile nakithi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba namanje ngokufishanisa elithi line.

Kodwa ifasitela lokuzula ngezinhlamvu yavela ngemva izenzakalo "Globes". Dzhon Uills wadala uhlelo ngezinhlamvu, lapho umlingisi ngamunye ifasitela lokuzula kuboshelwe ngemvume zamagama. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala inkathi entsha ifasitela lokuzula, elula kakhulu futhi kulula ukufunda.

A owaziwa usosayensi-sezilwane Alfred Brehm wabhala usebenzisa ulwazi ifasitela lokuzula incwadi yakhe "Life of Izilwane". Ukutadisha izilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo zemvelo, akazange abe zonke izimo zokubhala ezivamile. In the field, endleleni, isibonelo, ekhwele ihhashi, wasebenzisa ulimi ifasitela lokuzula for journaling. Lapho bahlangana ulwazi olwanele Brehm othumele idayari kumkayo, futhi yena ziqala amarekhodi, wakubeka zokunyathelisa. Kule sibonelo siyabona ukuthi ifasitela lokuzula usizo kubantu ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa ukuthatha amanothi izimo ezinzima kakhulu.

Shorthand eRussia

Ngesikhathi ukubukeka ngesiRashiya ngekuhlanganisa njengoba uhlelo oluphelele umbhalo wayengekho. Ngekhulu le-15 ngekuhlanganisa eqoshiwe Folk Veche e Pskov futhi Novgorod. Ngekhulu le-17 ifasitela lokuzula ekhulwini ezazisetshenziswa yamakhosi okuqala Romanov. NoPetru ngokuvamile yakhetha ngosizo stenographers.

Abalobi omkhulu Russian neyaziwayo ukuphakama lokubhala high speed kuya elula. Phakathi kwabo FB Dostoevsky futhi L. N. UTolstoy. ukuqashelwa Okugcwele sasisemhlabathini ososayensi Russian N. E. Zhukovskogo no D. I. Mendeleeva. Imisebenzi la madoda amakhulu eyaqoqwa kusuka ezifundweni ifasitela lokuzula eqoshiwe.

Ezinsukwini tsarist Russia iyunithi yodwa azi ifasitela lokuzula. Lezi ochwepheshe ngokuyinhloko emadolobheni amakhulu - eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet yakhethwa ngenxa yokuthi iqembu elincane stenographers wasebenza on zomlando eqoshiwe ngo-Okthoba, ngoba yena kamuva wathola imvume izibalo abaziwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela yokubhala usuthandwa ngaphezulu kusukela kwaba sobala ukuthi ngosizo noma yimuphi umsebenzi ebhaliwe iyashelela ngezinye izikhathi. Ukuze isayensi, kwaba usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa.

izinhlobo ifasitela lokuzula

uhlelo Verbatim ekhona okwamanje, zihlukaniswe ngezizathu eziningana: izici ezibukwayo izimpawu uphawu futhi kuye ngokuthi uhlobo olunjani yokukhuluma iyunithi limelela kwenye ohlelweni uphawu (izwi, morpheme, umsindo). Ngokusho olunye lwalezi nhlelo basonta-ithalikhi noma geometralnym, morphological noma ifonotiki - I-esinye isici.

I-ithalikhi futhi geometralnye uhlelo

In izinhlelo geometralnyh ifomu ifasitela lokuzula ngamajamo weJiyomethri: kumbuthano futhi semi imibuthano, amachashazi futhi iqonde. izinhlelo Ithalikhi kukhona izimpawu kwakhiwa kusuka izingxenye izincwadi ezivamile zamagama okuyinto sithambekele ilungelo nokuba ngokuyisisekelo okweqanda. izimpawu I-ithalikhi ubhekwa ngaphezulu olumnandi nobuhle obukhona futhi kulula ukuba akusho.

Izimpawu ngekuhlanganisa geometralnyh izinhlelo futhi kuqhathaniswa ahlukahlukene Umbhalo: emigqeni izacile, izinhlamvu engaphansi babe eziphakeme ezahlukene, ubukhulu, kuthambekela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoshwa eyenziwe izinhlelo ezinjalo, nomusa futhi ngibe kulula ukufunda.

uhlelo morphological kanye ifonotiki

isici morphological simiso amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ngoba ngolimi lwabo ukuhleleka lawa magama, ngokulandelana, ingxenye ehlukile ye iziphakamiso une-isikhundla ezingeguquleke. isiRashiya inikeza ashukumisayo, ukuze isistimu morphological ifasitela lokuzula uye ayitholakalanga ukuthandwa. Esikhundleni okungalungile ulimi isici ohlelweni kwahlongozwa enye ngokuthi fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (uhlelo ifonotiki) emelelwa uhlelo ifasitela lokuzula Ternes-Alexandrova. Kuyinto indlela esheshayo ukurekhoda inkulumo ngezilimi ezahlukene, usebenzisa salokhu izimpawu ezikhethekile. uhlelo kumaka ifomu frazgraf - isibonakaliso wonke umusho.

Alfabhethi Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit nezinhlamvu ezingu-40, okuyinto enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba acabangele lapho ebhalela smyslorazlichiteli inikeza kungakhathaliseki ulimi linikezwa. Lezi izinhlelo ezimbili awacatshangwa izifinyezo. Lesi sici sikusiza ukuthuthukisa frazgrafiyu ngokushesha - Esinye salezi zimiso, ehlanganisa ifasitela lokuzula. Izimpawu izinhlelo ifonotiki ngokuvamile kufinyeleleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa amakhono.

izitayela yesimanje

Ifasitela lokuzula, ogama uqeqesho akuvamile njengoba ulimi evamile, kanye zonke izilimi isimiso sezwe ivame ukuba lula, ukusiza abasebenzisi ukusisebenzisa nokuthuthukisa. Ifuna sihlanganise lonke izinhlelo ndawonye ngesisekelo yezakhi okunengqondo. Injongo ushintsho kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngekuhlanganisa - inyunyana yabo bonke izinhlelo ukufeza banganhlanhlatsi, ukungaguquguquki nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa.

Lapho ucwaningo ifasitela lokuzula namuhla basebenzisa izindlela zesayensi kanye ukuxhumana neminye imikhakha yesayensi, ngokuyinhloko ophenyweni izici bokuphila inkulumo yomuntu. Ngaphambili, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, abadali izinhlelo izwi nezwi eziqhutshwa ngokubona kwayo, manje emisha yethulwe okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwabantu. Okubalulekile iyisici ukuthi lapho ezihambayo uhlelo ngekuhlanganisa esuka kolunye ulimi eyiswa kolunye, kuhlale kuyinto isidingo ukuyiguqula. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukudalwa kwesimiso somhlaba wonke.

On the izimpawu ifasitela lokuzula

Sifundile kakade ukuthi le ifasitela lokuzula ukuthi ihlukile ngekuhlanganisa uhlelo. Yawa, umehluko zabo eziyinhloko. Kodwa izimpawu ifasitela lokuzula isiRashiya inezici yayo ezithakazelisayo.

Ngokubukeka, basuke eyakhiwa izingxenye esinazo ajwayelekile. Ziyakwazi kalula futhi kahle sihlanganiswe. Ngisho nge-imeyili owayebhala ngomshini okusheshayo kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izimpawu akufanele siphambane.

Bona ukhombise unkamisa futhi ungwaqa izinhlamvu zamagama, kodwa le ncwadi eqondile. Phakathi ongwaqa nonkamisa kungukuthi ebhaliwe, futhi abekwa kuphela ekupheleni, ekuqaleni kwamagama noma eceleni. Ongwaqa zihlangene futhi imithetho ekhethekile, futhi kuncike ke bona ingafundwa noma ukufunda.

Ukubhala ifasitela lokuzula izimpawu

ngendlela UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki kwenzeka izinhlamvu ukubhala izwi nezwi ukuhlonipha nomugqa. Kukhona amazinga amathathu yokuloba: emgqeni, nangaphezulu umugqa. Amazinga indawo kuncike kanjani lapho uxhumeke izimpawu. Zezakhi ngokwabo zihlale esifushane, ngoba into ebaluleke kakhulu ngekuhlanganisa - lula ngenxa ijubane ukurekhoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ukuxhumana iDemo irekhodi etholwe icwecwe, kodwa kubalulekile kakhulu.

Manje, uma kukhona ulwazi olwanele mayelana uhlelo uphawu, njengoba ifasitela lokuzula, ukuthi kuyini nokuthi uye savela isikhathi eside - simelela. Futhi unombono kanjani lalisetshenziswa ngaphambili. Kodwa manje inkathi kuhlukile kunangesikhathi ifasitela lokuzula kwakuvamile ngaphezulu. Lapho isetshenziswa kulezizinsuku simiso ifasitela lokuzula?

Shorthand esikhathini sethu

Ukuhlobana ukuguqulela ulwazi lilondolozwe esikhathini sethu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi inkulumo yomuntu kuyinto ngokushesha ngezikhathi ezinhlanu kuka ikhono ukurekhoda isandla sakhe, futhi umuntu angayizwa ukubhala amagama angaba ngu-20 ngomzuzu nalelo wathi mayelana 100-120.

Ukuthola emakhono ekubhala okusheshayo namuhla singaba usizo kabi emsebenzini umsizi zokuphatha, abafundi, abafundi esikoleni esiphakeme, izintatheli uncamela ngesandla ukuqopha - bonke abantu ababhekene nezimo isidingo engingakuloba ngokushesha nangokunembile, ezifana izinkulumo, izingqungquthela, izingqungquthela cindezela nezinye indlela ayebukeka ngayo emphakathini. Ukuze abafundi ebhaliwe yolwazi lingaba nenye ukusetshenziswa kubaluleke kakhulu - ukubhala cribs. They zuza compact futhi engaqondakali kwabanye, ngakho ngisho kokutholakala, cribs kungenziwa neze ohlonishwa kanjalo.

Izinzuzo ulwazi ifasitela lokuzula akugcini lula okusheshayo inkulumo nenkanuko edlulele. Funda kangakanani ifasitela lokuzula konga isikhathi nomzamo, ngcono izinga lomsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is wafakazela ukuthi ifasitela lokuzula eba ukucabanga, ikhono ngokucacile umqondo lamukele imicabango yabo.

Kanjani ukuze ufunde ifasitela lokuzula

Namuhla, akukho eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuba adle izwe lawo makhono ewusizo, onikeza ifasitela lokuzula. Ezemfundo kungathatha isikhathi esincane esingaba amasonto ambalwa. Uma kungenzeka, ungakwazi ubhalisele izifundo ezikhethekile. Lapha stenographers professional bayofaka kuwe izinto eziyisisekelo ifasitela lokuzula, ufundisa ngokuqondileyo ziyakwazi ukwenza.

Ukuze baye ifasitela lokuzula Yiqiniso akudingi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Into kuphela kuzodingeka - lokhu khona, ukuzimisela ukufunda kanye nokwenza pishushih izimpahla (notebook, ipeni noma ipensela). Lapho engajulile yokufunda ifasitela lokuzula, ungafunda kanjani ukubhala 60-70 emagama ngomzuzu (esikhundleni amagama 20 ngolimi yansuku zonke), futhi uma uthatha ukuqeqeshwa sina, futhi 100-120 emagama ngomzuzu. Imiphumela Omkhulu ngeke zisaba efanele ngakho, ngoba abantu cishe ungakhulumi ngesivinini.

Shorthand kubonakala lisha engavamile. Ekuqaleni ukuqeqeshwa kuba njalo kunzima ukujwayela izimiso ezintsha singesiso esegama kodwa ngemva kwenani elithile amahora umkhuba ukujwayela leli evamile.

Nebubi Verbatim izincwadi

Nge zonke ezicini ezinhle ifasitela lokuzula aluphelele. Nge okurekhodiwe okusheshayo kakhulu njalo ingozi ukubhala izimpawu ukuze uyiqonde ke kuyoba nzima kakhulu.

A ethile ezinkulu nakakhulu lokubhala ngekuhlanganisa ukuthi cishe yini ihlonishwe imithetho isipelingi. Isibonelo elula - kuyinto ukubhala isiqalo "a" esikhundleni "ku" ngenxa yokuthi uxhumano ne "a" lula. Ukuze izifushaniso izwi nezwi ukusetshenziswa yabo siqu akuyona isicefe. Nokho, ungakwazi ukujwayela lesi simiso ngokubhala ukuthi uyaqhubeka futhi unamathele kuso uma udinga ukubhala ngolimi olulula. Phela, akusiyo kungekho isipelingi kukhanselwe.

isiqondiso entsha

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abantu wayekade etholakalayo classical kuphela, ngesandla esetshenziswa ifasitela lokuzula. Kuyini, siye safunda ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa manje-ke inokubukeka okusha. Uyini ifasitela lokuzula computer okuyiwona yadalwa, uma ubuchwepheshe besimanje abayikho ngezinye izindlela eziningi okusheshayo ukurekhodwa kwezwi?

Okokuqala, lesi simiso kuziwa ulwazi lwezokuphepha. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngemva kokutholakala kwalo kule ndawo yayibizwa athuthukile amagama iyunifomu. Sakha imiqondo ehlukene, futhi ekugcineni ukuhlonza umehluko omkhulu kusuka indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo: uma kuhilela ukubethelwa kwedatha, esikhoselweni yokuthi yokudlulisela yayo - inkinga ingaxazululwa ngokuthi ifasitela lokuzula. Izinhlelo yinkimbinkimbi nelula zenzelwe le njongo. Easy futhi ezingabizi ngokuya ukusetshenziswa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo khulula, - Fox Imfihlo 1.00. Ungayisebenzisa ukufihla ulwazi ifomethi ethandwa umbhalo, izithombe kanye umsindo. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzisi ithola isitsha ulwazi olufihliwe. Ifayela lapho kwakuthukusiwe, ngokwemvelo kwandisa ngosayizi. Kusukela ulwazi isitsha ukubuyiswa usebenzisa iphasiwedi.

okutholakele

Ifasitela lokuzula - indlela ngokushesha siqophe ulwazi, eye yasetshenziswa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. It savela futhi sashintshwa, kungakabi yiso isikhathi, isimiso esinjalo ingakamiswa wadala, okungase ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ngezilimi eziningi, kanye nokuba icwecwe futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Kulesi ukuthuthukiswa ifasitela lokuzula, njenganoma iyiphi enye limi, kwasenza saba akayekile, kusukela kuningi okusadingeka kwenziwe ukuze wenze kube enemisebenzi nakakhulu. Kuyinto kule bavame stenographers zonke izinsuku zethu.

Ukuqonda kwethu nemiqondo eyisisekelo, okubandakanya ifasitela lokuzula, ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kungani kungadingeka ekuphileni, ufunde mayelana ngeengaba izwi nezwi izinhlelo, izici izinhlamvu zabo kanye nokuxhumana.

Manje njengoba sesikhulumile ngo unombono ngalokhu engavamile kithi ngokubhala uhlelo, zinesisindo esingaba zonke izimpikiswano ukuba aphishekele ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Sithemba ukuthi isihloko sethu bekulokhu ulwazi ngawe futhi ewusizo.