Ifilosofi kaBacon. Ifilosofi Yesikhathi Esisha sikaFrancis Bacon

Umcabango wokuqala owenza ulwazi olusezingeni elihle lwalolu phi ulwazi nguFrancis Bacon. Yena, kanye noRene Descartes, bamemezela izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-New Age. Ifilosofi kaBacon yazala isimiso esiyisisekelo sokucabanga kweWestern: ulwazi namandla. Kwakuyisayensi ukuthi wabona ithuluzi elinamandla lokushintsha komphakathi okuqhubekayo. Kodwa ngubani lo owaziwa ngefilosofi odumile, yini okuyisisekelo semfundiso yakhe?

Ubuntwana nentsha

Umsunguli wefilosofi yesimanje uBacon wazalwa ngomhlaka-21 Januwari 1561 eLondon. Uyise wayeyisikhulu esiphezulu enkantolo ka-Elizabeth. Umkhathi wendlu, imfundo yabazali, ngokungangabazeki wawuthonya uFrancis omncane. Kwayishumi nambili wathunyelwa ku-Trinity College eCambridge University. Phakathi neminyaka emithathu wathunyelwa eParis njengengxenye yenkonzo yobukhosi, kodwa le nsizwa yabuyela ngokushesha ngenxa yokufa kukayise. ENgilandi, wathatha isinqumo somthetho, futhi waphumelela kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, wayebheka umsebenzi wakhe ophumelelayo njengomthetho njengokwenza umsebenzi wezepolitiki nomphakathi. Ngokungangabazeki, yonke ifilosofi yeF. F. Bacon yabhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwalesi sikhathi. Kakade ngo-1584 yena wakhethwa kuqala eNdlu yeMinyango. Egcekeni likaJames the First Stuart kwakukhona ukukhuphuka okusheshayo kwalombusazwe osemusha. Inkosi yamnika imigqa eminingi, imiklomelo kanye nokuphakama okuphezulu.

Umsebenzi

Ifilosofi yeBacon ihlobene eduze nokubusa kweNkosi uJames the First. Ngo-1614, inkosi yahlakaza iphalamende ngokuphelele futhi yabusa cishe yedwa. Kodwa-ke, ekudinga abacebisi, uJakobe wamletha uSir Francis eduze naye. Kakade ngo-1621 uBacon wamiswa njengenkosi yesikhansela esiphezulu, uBaron weVerulam, iViscount yaseSt. Alban, umgcini wezindaba zobukhosi kanye nelungu elihloniphekile le-okuthiwa i-Privy Council. Lapho kudingekile ukuba iNkosi ibuye iqoqe iphalamende, amaphalamende awazange abathethelele lokhu kuphakama kummeli owayevamile, futhi wathunyelwa ekuphumuleni. Isazi sefilosofi esivelele nesopolitiki safa ngo-Ephreli 9, 1626.

Izingoma

Phakathi neminyaka yenkonzo ematasa, ifilosofi kaF. F. Bacon yavela ngenxa yesithakazelo sakhe kwisayensi, umthetho, ukuziphatha, inkolo nokuziphatha. Imisebenzi yakhe yakhazimulisa umlobi wakhe njengomcabangi omkhulu nomsunguli wangempela wefilosofi yonke yezikhathi zanamuhla. Ngomnyaka we-1597 umsebenzi wokuqala wanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Izivivinyo kanye nemiyalo", ebuye yabuyekezwa kabili futhi iphinde ishicilelwe izikhathi eziningi. Ngomnyaka we-1605 kwabona ukukhanya kwendaba ethi "Ngokubaluleka Nokuphumelela kolwazi, uMoya noBantu." Ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe kwezombangazwe, uFrancis Bacon, ongakhombiselwa yizinkolelo eziningi zefilosofi, wangena ekucwaningweni kwengqondo. Ngo-1629, i-"New Organon" yashicilelwa, futhi ngo-1623 - "Ngokufaneleka nokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi". Ifilosofi kaBacon, ngokufishane nangokwemfundiso echazwe ngendlela eqondile yokuqonda kangcono imibuthano ebanzi, iboniswe encwadini yombhalo we-New Atlantis. Eminye imisebenzi emihle: "Esikhathini Sezulu", "KuMigomo Nezimbangela", "Umlando weNkosi uHenry Ngeshumi Nesikhombisa", "Umlando Wokufa Nokuphila."

Umqondo omkhulu

Umcabango wesayensi nezokuziphatha wezikhathi zanamuhla wawukulindeleke yifilosofi ye-Bacon. Kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza yonke into yayo, kodwa kungashiwo ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yomsebenzi walo mbhali ukuletha uhlobo oluphelele lokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto nomqondo. Kungumqondo - isilinganiso esiphezulu sexabiso. Ifilosofi ye-New Age ne-Enlightenment, eyakhiwe nguBacon, igcizelele ngokukhethekile ekuqondiseni imiqondo engabhali nongacacile esetshenziselwa isayensi. Ngakho isidingo "ukubheka ezintweni ezinamehlo amasha bese ubuyisela ubuciko kanye nesayensi futhi, ngokujwayelekile, lonke ulwazi lomuntu."

Ukubukeka kwesayensi

UFrancis Bacon, ocashunwe cishe yizo zonke izafilosofi ezivelele zezikhathi zanamuhla, wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi kusukela esikhathini samaGreki asendulo enza intuthuko encane ekuqondeni nasekuhloleni imvelo. Abantu baqala ukucabanga kancane ngezimiso zokuqala kanye nemibono. Ngakho-ke, ifilosofi kaBacon ikhuthaza inzalo ukuba ilalele ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi futhi yenza lokhu ukuthuthukisa yonke impilo. Waphikisa ukucwasa ngesayensi, wafuna ukuqashelwa kocwaningo lwesayensi nososayensi. Kwakukhona kuye ukuguquka okubukhali emasiko aseYurophu kwaqala, kwakungenxa yemicabango yakhe ukuthi amafilosofi amaningi eNew Age akhula. Isayensi evela emsebenzini osolisayo emehlweni aseYurophu iba yindawo ehloniphekile futhi ebalulekile yolwazi. Kulokhu, izazi zefilosofi eziningi, ososayensi kanye nabacwaningi balandela ezinyathelweni zikaBacon. Esikhundleni se-scholasticism, esiqedwe ngokuphelele ekusebenzeni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi lwemvelo, isayensi isaba khona, enokuxhumana okujulile nefilosofi futhi isekelwe ekuhlolweni okukhethekile nokuhlolwa.

Ukubukeka kwemfundo

Encwadini yakhe ethi The Great Restoration of Sciences, uBacon wenza icebo elicatshangelwe kahle futhi eliningiliziwe lokushintsha lonke uhlelo lwezemfundo: izimali zalo, imithethonqubo evunyelwe kanye nezimiso, nokunye okunjalo. Wayengomunye wezombangazwe nezazifilosofi zokuqala ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezinyathelo zokunikeza izimali zemfundo nokuhlola. UBacon umemezele nesidingo sokubuyekeza izinhlelo zokufundisa emanyuvesi. Ngisho namanje, ukujwayelana nokucatshangwa kweBacon, umuntu angamangala ngokujula kombono wakhe njengomyeni wesifunda, isosayensi nomcabango: uhlelo oluvela "Ukubuyiselwa Okukhulu Kwezesayensi" lusasebenza nanamuhla. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwakuyikhulu leminyaka leshumi nesikhombisa. Kwabonga uSir Francis ukuthi ikhulu leshumi nesikhombisa eNgilandi yaba "yikhulu leminyaka yobuchwepheshe obuningi nokutholakala kwesayensi." Kwakuyifilosofi kaBacon eyaba yilokho okwakusengaphambili kwezolimo zanamuhla njengezenhlalo, umnotho wesayensi nesayensi. Ukubambisana okuyinhloko kwalesi sifilosofi kumkhuba kanye nenkolelo yesayensi kwakungukuthi wabona isidingo sokuletha ulwazi lwesayense ekuqinisekiseni indlela nefilosofi. Ifilosofi F. Bacon yayihlose ukuhlanganiswa kwayo yonke isayensi ohlelweni olulodwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

USiran Francis wabhala ukuthi ukwahlukana okwedlula kolwazi lomuntu ukuhlukaniswa kwaba ngamakhono amathathu emvelo omphefumulo. Umlando kulesi sikimu uhambelana nenkumbulo, ifilosofi iyisizathu, futhi izinkondlo ngumbono. Umlando uhlukaniswe waba ngumphakathi kanye nemvelo. Izinkondlo zihlukaniswe zibe yindabuko, ephawulekayo futhi evelele. Ukucatshungulwa okuningiliziwe kunesigaba sefilosofi, esihlukaniswe ngenani elikhulu lama-subspecies nezinhlobo. I-bacon nayo imhlukanisa "emfundisweni ephefumulelwe uNkulunkulu," ayinika kuphela izazi zemfundiso yenkolo nabafundisi bezenkolo. Ifilosofi ihlukaniswe ibe yendalo futhi idlula. Ibhloko lokuqala lihlanganisa izimfundiso zemvelo: i-physics kanye ne-metaphysics, mechanics, izibalo. Bakha umgogodla wesimo esinjalo njengefilosofi yezikhathi zanamuhla. I-bacon ivulekile futhi icabanga kabanzi ngomuntu. Emibonweni yakhe kukhona imfundiso ngomzimba (lokhu kuhlanganisa imithi, i-athletics, ubuciko, umculo, izimonyo), kanye nemfundiso yomphefumulo, enezigatshana eziningi. Kubandakanya lezo zigaba njengokuziphatha, ukucabanga (ukucabanga ngekhanda, ukutholakala, ukwahlulela) kanye "nesayensi yomphakathi" (okuhlanganisa imfundiso yobuhlobo bebhizinisi, uhulumeni, uhulumeni). Ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwe-Bacon akushiyi ngaphandle kokunaka okunye okukhona ngaleso sikhathi ezindaweni zokwazi.

"I-New Organon"

Ifilosofi kaBacon, ngokufushane kanye nokuchazwa okuchazwe ngenhla, i-blooms encwadini ethi "The New Organon." Iqala ngokucabangela ukuthi umuntu ungumhumushi nenceku yemvelo, uyaqonda futhi ayenze, aqonde ngokulandelana kwemvelo ngokuzindla noma ukwenza. Ifilosofi kaBacon no-Descartes, okwenyama yakhe yangempela, iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umcabango wezwe, njengoba kuhilela ukuvuselelwa kwesayensi, ukuqedwa okuphelele kwemicabango yamanga kanye "nama phantom", okuyinto, ngokombono walezi zingqondo, yayihlanganisa ngokujulile ingqondo yomuntu futhi yaqiniswa kuyo. "I-New Organon" ithi indlela yasendulo yokufunda yokufunda isesimweni esibucayi, futhi lolu hlobo lwolwazi (njengezindlela ezihambisanayo zophenyo) aluphelele. Ifilosofi kaBacon ukuthi indlela yolwazi yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba ulwazi lwezemvelo lufana ne-labyrinth lapho kudingekile khona ukwenza indlela futhi imigwaqo yakhe ihluke futhi iyakhohlisa. Futhi labo abavame ukuhola abantu ngalezi zindlela, kaningi ngokwabo balahlekelwa kubo futhi bakhulise inani lokuzulazula nokuzulazula. Yingakho kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokutadisha ngokucophelela izimiso zokuthola ulwazi olusha lwesayensi nolwazi. Ifilosofi yeBacon ne-Descartes, bese i-Spinoza, isekelwe ekusungulweni kwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nendlela yokwaziswa. Umsebenzi wokuqala lapha ukuhlanzwa kwengqondo, ukukhululwa kwayo nokulungiselela umsebenzi wokudala.

Amagciwane - yini?

Ifilosofi kaBacon ikhuluma ngokuhlanza ingqondo, ukuze ifike eqinisweni, equkethe ukuchayeka kathathu: ukuvezwa kobuchopho bomuntu, amafilosofi nobufakazi. Ngakho-ke, kukhona "izimpumputhe" ezine. Kuyini lokhu? Lezi yizithiyo ezivimbela ukuqonda kweqiniso, kweqiniso:

1) "izimpumputhe" zeluhlobo, olunesizathu emvelo, emphakathini wesintu, "esizweni";

2) "ama phantom" emhumeni, okungukuthi, ukukhohliswa komuntu othize noma iqembu labantu abafakwe "emhumeni" womuntu noma iqembu (okungukuthi, "izwe elincane");

3) "izimpumputhe" ezimakethe, ezivela ekukhulumisaneni kwabantu;

4) "izimpumputhe" zezemidlalo, ukungenelela umphefumulo emithethweni engafanele nemithetho.

Zonke lezi zici kufanele zilahlwe futhi zichazwe ukunqoba kwesizathu phezu kokucwasa. Kuyinto umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle okuyisisekelo sezimfundiso zalolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka.

"Amagciwane" we-genus

Ifilosofi kaBacon ithi izithiyo ezinjalo zikhona emqondweni womuntu ofanele ukuveza ukulingana okuningi nokuhleleka ezintweni ezingenakutholakala empeleni. Ingqondo ifuna ukuvumelanisa idatha emisha kanye namaqiniso amasha ezinkolelweni zayo. Lo muntu uzibophezela ekuxabaneni nasezingxabanweni, ezithinta kakhulu umcabango. Ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe nokuxhuma kwengqondo ngezwe lemizwa - izinkinga zefilosofi yanamuhla, okuyinto abacabanga kakhulu futhi bazama ukuxazulula ngemibhalo yabo.

Ama-Ghosts Emgedeni

Vuka umehluko wabantu: abanye bathanda isayensi eyimfihlo eyengeziwe, abanye bathambekele ekufilosofini nasekucabangeni jikelele, abanye bahlonipha ulwazi lwangaphambili. Lokhu kungezwani, okubangelwa yizici ezithile, okungafihli kahle futhi kuphazamise ulwazi.

Ama-Ghosts emakethe

Lona ngumkhiqizo wokusebenzisa kabi amagama namagama. Ngokusho kukaBacon, ngakho-ke izici zefilosofi yezikhathi zanamuhla ezihloswe ukulwa nokungazwakali okungavamile, izivikelo zomlomo nezimpikiswano ziqala. Amagama namagama anganikezwa ezintweni ezingekho, futhi kulezi zinkathi zonyaka zidalwe, zingamanga futhi zingenalutho. Ngesikhathi esithile inganekwane iba yinto yangempela, futhi lena ithonya elikhubazayo kolwazi. Okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu "izimpumputhe" zikhula ngenxa yokungazi lutho nokubi, okufakwa ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu kwesayensi nokusebenza.

Ama-Ghosts weTheatre

Abangena ngokungena ngasese engqondweni, kodwa basakazwa emithethweni yamanga nezinkolelo ezingamanga futhi baqondwa ngabanye abantu. Ifilosofi kaBacon ihlukanisa "izimpumputhe" zezemidlalo ngokusho kwamafomu okucabanga okuphambene nokucabanga (ukuhlaziywa kwemibono, i-sophistry kanye nezinkolelo-ze). Ngokuzijwayeza kanye nesayensi, ezibangelwa ukunamathela ngokweqile nokugxila emibonweni ye-pragmatic noma ukucabangela kwemvelo, kunezimo ezimbi njalo.

Ukufundisa ngale ndlela: imfuneko yokuqala

UFrancis Bacon ubhekisela kubantu abanengqondo enomkhuba futhi bathandwa yibo, abangaboni isidingo sokuqeda isithombe sonke semvelo kanye nesithombe sezinto egameni lokucabangela lowo nalowo. Kungukuthi "ukuhlukaniswa", "ukwehlukana", "ukwehlukana" kwezinqubo kanye nemizimba eyenza isimo ukuthi umuntu angasungulwa ebuqothweni bendawo yonke.

Imfundiso yendlela: isidingo sesibili

Lesi sigaba sichaza imininingwane ethi "ukuqedwa". UBacon ukholelwa ukuthi ukwehlukana akuyona umgomo, kodwa indlela okumele ikhombe ngayo izingxenye ezilula kakhulu futhi ezilula. Isihloko sokucatshangelwa lapha kumele kube yimigomo ecacile futhi elula, njengokungathi "itholakale esimweni sayo esimweni sayo esijwayelekile."

Ukufundisa ngale ndlela: isidingo sesithathu

Ukufunwa kwemvelo elula, isiqalo esilula, njengoba uFrancis Bacon echaza, akusho ukuthi sikhuluma ngezidumbu ezithile, izinhlayiyana noma izici. Imigomo nemisebenzi yesayensi yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: kubalulekile ukuphinde ubuke emvelweni, thola amafomu ayo, ubheke umthombo oveza uhlobo. Kungokuvula umthetho ongaba yisisekelo somsebenzi nolwazi.

Ukufundisa ngale ndlela: isidingo sesine

Ifilosofi kaBacon ithi okokuqala kudingekile ukulungisa umlando "wokuhlola nowemvelo". Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukubalula nokufingqa ukuthi imuphi uqobo uqobo olushoyo ukucabanga. Ukuqaphela okushiywe kuqobo, futhi kuqhutshwa yedwa. Futhi kakade kule nqubo kubalulekile ukunikeza imithetho nemigomo yemithetho eyokwenza ukuthi ucwaningo lube yinto yokuqonda yangempela yemvelo.

Imibono yezenhlalo nezisebenzayo

Ngeke kube ngandlela-thile ukuphazamisa ukufaneleka kukaSir Francis Bacon njengombusazwe kanye nohulumeni. Ububanzi bomsebenzi wakhe womphakathi kwakukhulu, okwakungaba uphawu lwezazi zefilosofi eziningi zekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa nesishiyagalombili eNgilandi. Uyakwazisa kakhulu imishini kanye nokuqalwa kwemishini, okungathi, ngendlela yakhe, ayinakuqhathaniswa nezici ezingokomoya futhi ibuye ibe nomthelela kakhulu ezindabeni zabantu. Njengomcebo, okuba yinzuzo yomphakathi, ngokungafani nenhloso yokuzikhandla kwezikole. Amakhono wezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhiqiza yenkampani ayamukelwa ngokungavumelekile yi-Bacon, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe. Unesimo sengqondo esihle mayelana nesimiso sesimanje nesomnotho, okuzoba yisici sezazi zefilosofi eziningi zesikhathi esilandelayo. UFrancis Bacon uqinisekisa ngokuzethemba ukwandiswa kwamakoloni, unikeza iseluleko esiningiliziwe emakoloni angenabuhlungu futhi "angenakho". Njengengxenye eqondile ezombusazwe zase-UK, ukhuluma kakhulu ngemisebenzi yezinkampani zezimboni nezokuhweba. Ubuntu bomninimabhizinisi onokwethenjelwa, osomabhizinisi obambezelayo ubangela isihawu ku-Bacon. Uhlinzeka izincomo eziningi ngezindlela nezindlela ezithandekayo nezindlela ezithandekayo zokucebisa umuntu siqu. I-antidote ngokumelene nezimpikiswano ezinkulu nokudideka, kanye nobumpofu, iBacon ibona inqubomgomo eguquguqukayo, isimo sengqondo esibucayi ukunakekelwa kwezidingo zomphakathi nokwandisa umcebo wabantu. Izindlela ezicacile azitusayo ngumthetho wentela, ukuvulwa kwemigwaqo emisha yokuhweba, ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yezandla kanye nezolimo, izinzuzo zokukhiqiza.