I-Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature: Uhlu. I-Nobel Prize igxeka ezincwadini ezivela e-USSR naseRussia

UMklomelo KaNobel esasungulwa usozimboni, umsunguli namakhemikhali unjiniyela evela eSweden, u-Alfred Nobel, futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe. Kuthathwa ohlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Laureates wamukela uzothatha indondo yegolide, elibonisa AB kaNobel idiploma kanye isheke isizumbulu. Lesi sakamuva yakhiwa usayizi inzuzo, okuyinto uthola Nobel Foundation. Ngo-1895, u-Alfred Nobel wenza intando yakhe, okungakho nekomkhulu lalo yafakwa amabhondi, amasheya kanye loans. Income ukuthi uyozifeza lezi imali unyaka ngamunye uhlukaniswe ngokulinganayo saba izingxenye ezinhlanu futhi iba umklomelo impumelelo ezindaweni ezinhlanu: i-chemistry, i-physics, izitho zomzimba noma imithi, izincwadi kanye nemisebenzi ukukhuthaza ukuthula.

Eyokuqala uMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi waklonyeliswa 10 Disemba 1901, futhi kusukela ngo-sikhishwe ngonyaka ngalolu suku, kuyinto lwesikhumbuzo sokufa kaNobel. Ukuklonyeliswa abawinile senzeka e Stockholm kwenkosi Swedish. Emva kokuthola umklomelo we uMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ababethole unezinyanga 6 ukuletha eyayinesihloko esithi yomsebenzi wabo. Lena isimo esisemqoka ethola umklomelo.

Isinqumo mayelana ngubani uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Literature, Swedish Academy ithola, ngokusekelwe e Stockholm, kanye ikomidi kaNobel ngokwayo, okuyinto ukufunda kuphela inani izicelo, ngaphandle kokukhuluma amagama abo. Inqubo ngokwaso ukukhethwa oluthathwa, elibangela ngezinye izikhathi baxgeki uthukuthele futhi ababeshisekela ethi umklomelo kunikezwa ishukunyiswa yizizathu zezombangazwe kunokucela impumelelo etemibhalo. I-agumenti main onikelwa e ubufakazi - is indiva Nabokov premium, Tolstoy, Bohres uJoyce. Nokho, uhlu abalobi Uthole namanje umxhwele. Of Russian owathola uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi Prize - abalobi ezinhlanu. Funda kabanzi mayelana ngamunye kubo, bheka ngezansi.

UMklomelo KaNobel ngo nezincwadi zokufunda 2014 waklonyeliswa izikhathi 107, kwaba Patrick Modiano, umbhali French futhi screenwriter. Okungukuthi, kusukela 1901, abanikazi Lemiklomelo 111 abalobi (ngoba kane yena waklonyeliswa abalobi ababili ngesikhathi esifanayo).

Ukuze kwenziwe uhlu lwazo zonke abawinile futhi simazi kangcono ngamunye kubo - kungcono impela isikhathi eside. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke futhi wavakashela uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa izincwadi, kanye nemisebenzi yabo oluwanikeza ukunakwa kwakho.

1. uWilliam Golding 1983

William Golding wathola umklomelo amanoveli yakhe edumile, okuyinto emsebenzini wakhe, kukhona 12. kunazo owaziwa, "iNkosi Izinambuzane" nesithi "izindlalifa" aphakathi kwamazwi bezincwadi ezithengwa ubuthaphuthaphu eyabhalwa abazuza izindondo zikaNobel. Le noveli "iNkosi Izinambuzane", eyakhululwa ngo-1954, naye waletha udumo ngamazwe ukuba umbhali. Abagxeki ngokuvamile ukuqhathanise noveli "umzingeli ku Rye" by JD Salinger degree of nekubaluleka kwalo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo futhi ukucabanga wesimanje jikelele.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

UMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa izincwadi - amadoda nje kuphela kodwa futhi abesifazane. Lezi zihlanganisa Toni Morrison. Lokhu umbhali American ozalwa emndenini isigaba sabasebenzi e-Ohio. Ukubhalisa Howard University, lapho wafunda izincwadi kanye ngolimi lwesiNgisi, waqala ukubhala imisebenzi yakhe. Le noveli lokuqala, "I Bluest Eye" (1970), yalotshwa ngesisekelo indaba wenza wakhe umbuthano university of abalobi. Ungomunye imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu Toni Morrison. Omunye inoveli yakhe, "Sula," olwanyatheliswa ngo-1975, waqokelwa National Book Award-United States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

imisebenzi Steinbeck edume kakhulu - "East yase-Edene," "I Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo," "Of Amagundane Namadoda." Ngo-1939, inoveli "I Amagilebhisi Yentukuthelo" waba ethengwa kakhulu, ukuthengisa amakhophi kuka 50,000, futhi namuhla inombolo yabo ingaphezu 75 million. Kuze 1962, umlobi waqokelwa umklomelo izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi wayezibheka bangakufanelekeli imiklomelo ezinjalo. Futhi abaningi US baxgeki kuqashelwe ukuthi amanoveli akhe kamuva mancane kakhulu kunaleyo yangaphambili, futhi basabela kabi lo mkhosi. Ngo-2013, lapho abangu declassified amanye amadokhumenti IsiSwidi Academy (okuyinto agcinwa imfihlo zigadiwe iminyaka engu-50), kwaba sobala ukuthi umbhali waklonyeliswa ngoba lalinjalo kulo nyaka "okuhamba phambili inkampani embi."

4. U-Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Lokhu umlobi kwakungomunye omunye abawinile ayisishiyagalolunye umklomelo izincwadi, okuyinto yena waklonyeliswa hhayi umsebenzi sisonke kanye umkhiqizo othize, okungukuthi noveli "The Old Man noLwandle." Kuyinto umsebenzi eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1952, naye waletha umbhali elandelayo, ngo-1953, futhi omunye umklomelo ohlonishwa - the Pulitzer Prize.

Ngawo lowo nyaka ikomidi kaNobel Hemingway afakwe ohlwini ukhetho, kodwa owaphuma phambili umklomelo baba ngaleso sikhathi, uWinston Churchill, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi lase kakade waphenduka engu-79 ubudala, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwanqunywa hhayi ukuqhubeka umklomelo we Prize. Futhi u-Ernest Hemingway kwaba winner esizifanele indondo nakwesilandelayo, 1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1982

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ngo-1982, kufakwe izinombolo Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Wayengumuntu umbhali wokuqala kusukela Colombia ngubani yaklonyeliswa Swedish Academy. Izincwadi zakhe, phakathi lapho kufanele ukugqamisa "Chronicle we Ukufa Ezabikezelwa", "Autumn Umbhishobhi" nesithi "uthando Esikhathini Ikholera," waba imisebenzi ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo abhalwe iSpanishi, emlandweni walo. Le noveli "Eminyakeni Eyikhulu ka Solitude" (1967), okungenye winner owazuza uMklomelo, Pablo Neruda, ngokuthi kufike komkhulu wabo ngemva "Don Quixote" ekudalweni inoveli Cervantes 'ngeSpanishi, liye lahunyushelwa ezilimini ezingaphezu kuka-25, futhi kunyatheliswa esivamile somkhiqizo kwaba ezingaphezu kuka-50 amakhophi angaphezu kwesigidi e.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ngo-1969, waklonyeliswa kuSamuweli Beckett. Umlobi Irish ingenye abameleli edume kunazo yesimanjemanje. Nguye, kanye Ezhenom Ionesku wasungula adumile "yaseshashalazini the okungenangqondo." Semyuel Bekket wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngezilimi ezimbili e - IsiNgisi nesiFulentshi. Ingane edume kakhulu ngepeni baKhe kwaba play "Ilinde Godot", abhalwe French. Isebenza elandelayo ngesakhiwo. Izinhlamvu main kulo lonke play kulindeleke we Godot, okumele enze umqondo abanye e khona kwabo. Nokho, akazange avele, ngakho umfundi noma isibukeli kumelwe anqume ukuthi kwaba yesithombe.

Beckett asithandayo ukudlala chess, bajabulela impumelelo nabesifazane, kodwa lokho kwaholela ekuphileni kunalokho esekusithekeni. Ngisho ukuza emcimbini, akazange uyavumelana uMklomelo KaNobel, ukuthumela esikhundleni sakhe umshicileli wakhe uJerome ULindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ngo-1949, waya uWilliam Faulkner. Wabuye ekuqaleni enqaba ukuya Stockholm for indondo, kodwa ekugcineni athonya indodakazi kuso. UMengameli waseMelika Dzhon Kennedi wamthumela isimemo dinner ihlelwe udumo uMklomelo KaNobel. Nokho, Faulkner, ukuphila kwakhe azi- "nesazi umlimi", ngamazwi akhe, wenqabile wamukela isimemo, omema nokuguga.

Amanoveli edume kakhulu futhi ethandwa nombhali kukhona "Sound kanye Ukufutheka" futhi "Njengoba ngangifunda Lay Dying." Kodwa impumelelo le misebenzi azenzekanga ngokushesha, isikhathi eside, kuba- ithengiswe. Le noveli "The Sound kanye Ukufutheka," eshicilelwe ngo-1929, phakathi neminyaka engu-16 ngemuva kokushicilelwa iye ithengiswe kunyatheliswa amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Nokho, ngo-1949, ngesikhathi kokuthola umbhali uMklomelo KaNobel, le noveli bekulokhu umfuziselo nezincwadi zakudala of America.

Ngo-2012 e-UK kwaphuma elithile nomagazini okhethekile we lo msebenzi, lapho umbhalo yanyatheliswa ngo imibala ehlukene 14 ukuthi kwakwenziwa ngesicelo umbhali umfundi ukuqaphela ezahlukene isikhathi izindiza. Limited edition inoveli zaba amakhophi 1.480 kuphela futhi ithengiswe ngokushesha emva kokukhululwa. Manje izindleko lokhu ezingavamile encwadini edishini balinganiselwa ku ruble ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 115.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ngo-2007, waklonyeliswa Doris Lessing. Lokhu umbhali kanye imbongi kusukela UK wathola umklomelo eneminyaka engu-engu-88 ubudala, waba ngumnikazi kwalo. Wabuye waba owesifazane nanye (13), iwine uMklomelo KaNobel.

Lessing akazange ithandwa kakhulu phakathi a baxgeki kusukela wayengayi wabhala ngezihloko ezihlobene ngokucindezela izindaba zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ngisho ngokuthi inkolelo-ze yamaBhunu Sufi izimfundiso, renunciation ngezinto zezwe wokushumayela. Nokho, umagazini i-Times, lo mbhali uthatha indawo yesihlanu ohlwini lwalaba babhali 50 enkulu British, eshicilelwe ngemva kuka-1945.

Umsebenzi ethandwa iningi Doris Lessing kubhekwe noveli "The-Notebook Golden", eyakhishwa ngo-1962. Abanye abagxeki baxhumanisa lokho amasampuli classical temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane, kodwa umbhali langempela isisebenzisa lo mbiko engavumelani.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi, futhi wathola abalobi French. Omunye wabo, umlobi, intatheli, umlobi, odabuka Algeria, Alber Kamyu, kuyinto "unembeza waseNtshonalanga." umsebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke ishicilelwe ngo-1942 e-France, indaba "The Inyumbazane". yesiNgisi, yokuthengisa waqala senziwa ngo-1946, futhi kakade eminyakeni embalwa, inani lamakhophi ithengiswe kwaba ngaphezu 3.5 million.

Albera Kamyu uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi abameleli existentialism, kodwa akazange bayavumelana nalokhu futhi kakhulu kwenqaba definition ezinjalo. Ngakho, ngo-inkulumo uMklomelo KaNobel, waphawula ukuthi emsebenzini wakhe wafuna "ukugwema amanga ingcaca futhi simelane nokucindezelwa."

10. Elis Manro 2013

Ngo-2013, abaqokiwe uMklomelo KaNobel sezincwadi kufakwe ohlwini yayo Elis Manro. Olubonisa eCanada, lesi novellistka abadumile uhlobo indaba emfushane. Nokho, Zibhale, waqala ekuqaleni, nge iminyaka yokweva eshumini nambili, iqoqo lokuqala wakhe usebenza ngaphansi kwegama "umdanso elijabulisayo izithunzi," esanyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1968, lapho umlobi wayephendukele engu-37 ubudala kakade. Ngo-1971 yabonakala ukuqoqwa elilandelayo, "ukuphila zamantombazane nabesifazane," okuyinto abacusumbuli baye ngokuthi "zokuthumela imfundo". eminye imisebenzi yakhe etemibhalo zihlanganisa izincwadi: "Ngubani ingabe, eqinisweni, lokho?" "lo mbaleki," "iziphuphutheki Jupiter sika", "injabulo omningi." Ngokusho komunye amaqoqo zayo, "Le nzondo, ubungani, nothile, uthando, umshado," esanyatheliswa kuyi-2001, wahamba ngisho ifilimu eCanada wabiza "Kude Yakhe" umqondisa Sara Polli. incwadi okudume kakhulu nombhali njenge "Road of Life", eyanyatheliswa ngo-2012.

Munro evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Canadian laseChekhov", njengoba izitayela alaba babhali ngokufanayo. Thanda umbhali waseRussia, it libhekene okwangempela ezingokwengqondo ukucaciseleka.

Nobel nezincwadi zokufunda Prize Russia

Kuze kube manje, imicengezi indondo laba babhali basezingeni ezinhlanu Russian. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba Prize I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Kuyinto umbhali odumile Russian futhi imbongi, okuyinhloko nephrozi enengqondo, uyilungu zokuhlonipha we Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Ngo-1920, u-Ivan bethuthele France, nalapho enikeza umklomelo kuqashelwe ukuthi Swedish Academy wabonisa isibindi kakhulu, ukunikeza umbhali-abakwamanye amazwe. Phakathi abazobhapathizwa sasitholakala futhi omunye umlobi isiRashiya, Maxim Gorky Nokho, kubangelwe ikhishwe ukuphrinta ngesikhathi incwadi ethi "The Life of Arseniev" okulinganiswa esikalini namanje maqondana Ivan umklomelo walo nyaka.

izinkondlo Okokuqala Bunin waqala ukubhalela eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 7-8. Kamuva, aphume imisebenzi yakhe edumile: noveli "The Village", iqoqo "Suhodol", incwadi "John Rydalets", "The Gentleman kusuka San Francisco", njll Esikhathini 20s zalotshelwa. "Rose zaseJeriko" (1924) kanye " ukuguliswa yilanga "(1927). Futhi ngo-1943 kwathi ukukhanyisa phezulu lokusungula ka-Ivan Alexandrovich, iqoqo lezindatshana ezimnandi "ezizungezile Dark". Le ncwadi sanikezelwa isihloko esisodwa nje - love it "emnyama" futhi obubi, njengoba umbhali wabhala kwenye yezincwadi zakhe.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

UMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi ezivela eRussia ngo-1958 kufakwe ohlwini yayo Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. Imbongi waklonyeliswa umklomelo kulesi sikhathi esinzima. Waphoqwa ukuba ziwushiye ngaphansi usongo izixhumanisi Russian. Nokho, iKomiti kaNobel echazwe ukwehluleka Pasternak njengoba bephoqeleka, ngo-1989, wanikeza indondo futhi diploma ngemva kokufa komlobi indodana yakhe. Le noveli yodumo "Doctor Zhivago" kuyinto kweqiniso itestamente kwezobuciko Pasternak. Lo msebenzi yabhalwa ngo-1955. Alber Kamyu, winner ngo-1957, wathi lokhu inoveli uncoma.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

Ngo-1965 M. A. Sholohovu waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi. Russia usekufakazele futhi emhlabeni ukuthi unakho abalobi abanamakhono. Waqala inkambo yakhe etemibhalo nommeleli okwangempela, esibonisa kuwukuphikisana ngokujulile ekuphileni, Sholokhov Nokho, kwezinye imisebenzi ishuthiwe imisinga sezenhlalo. Phakathi KaNobel Mihail Aleksandrovich inkulumo Prize, eyaphawula ukuthi emibhalweni yakhe zafuna ukuba adumise "zesizwe abasebenzi, abakhi namaqhawe."

Ngo-1926 waqala inoveli yakhe enkulu "Futhi epholile Flows Don", futhi kuqedwe ngo-1940, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel Emkhakheni Wezincwadi. imisebenzi Sholokhov sika yashicilelwa izingcezu, kuhlanganise "epholile Flows Don". Ngo-1928, omunye wabantu abasiza ingxenye ukukhuthaza A. S. Serafimovicha, umngane wabathelisi uMikayeli uzasukuma, isiphathamandla cindezela kwadingeka yokuqala yani. Lona umthamo yesibili eyanyatheliswa ngonyaka owalandela. Esesithathu yanyatheliswa kuyi iminyaka 1932-1933, ine, ngosizo nozime Gorky. Eyesine nezokugcina, esashicilelwa ngo-1940. Lokhu inoveli sibaluleke kakhulu isiRashiya, futhi izincwadi emhlabeni. Kuye lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi, kwaba isisekelo sokuthethelelwa opera abadumile Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, kanye imikhiqizo waseshashalazini eziningi namafilimu.

Nokho, abanye abasolwa ngokuqhuba umqondo womunye Sholokhov (kuhlanganise A. I. uSolzhenitsyn), uma ucabangela ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi iye sitlolwe kusuka imibhalo yesandla F. D. Kryukova, umlobi Cossack. Abanye abacwaningi waqinisekisa ukuthi zabhalwa Sholokhov.

Ngaphezu lo msebenzi, wadala futhi Sholokhov "Virgin Soil sokutakula" ngo-1932, umsebenzi ukulanda umlando collectivization ku Cossack imvelo. Ngo-1955 kwafika esahlukweni sokuqala ivolumu yesibili, futhi eseqedile zokugcina ngasekuqaleni 1960.

inoveli lwesithathu yanyatheliswa ngo ngasekupheleni 1942, "Balwa ngenxa yezwe lakubo."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich uSolzhenitsyn, 1970

UMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-e-1970, waklonyeliswa A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich anilamukelanga njengezwi labantu, kodwa ngaleso Emcimbini ukuba khona akazange alinge, ngokuba wayemesaba uhulumeni wamaSoviet, eyayibheka isinqumo leKomiti kaNobel ngokuthi "nobutha kwezombusazwe." USolzhenitsyn wesaba ukuthi abakwazanga ukubuyela ekhaya ngemuva lolu hambo, nakuba uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1970, wathola, ukukhulisa isithunzi ezweni lethu. Encwadini yakhe ethi, wathinta abukhali nezindaba setepolitiki, ngenkuthalo walwa emelene ubukhomanisi imibono yayo kanye nemigomo amandla Soviet.

Phakathi imisebenzi esemqoka ye Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna zihlanganisa: "Ngolunye usuku Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), indaba "Matryona", inoveli "OwokuQala Circle" (ebhaliwe evela 1955 kuya ku-1968), "I Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). Umsebenzi wokuqala eshicilelwe kwaba indaba emfushane "One Day ku-internet Ivana Denisovicha" ezavela umagazini "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha". Le ncwadi wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu futhi izimpendulo eziningi ezivela kubafundi, okuyinto waphefumulela umlobi ukudala "The Gulag Archipelago." Ngo-1964, indaba yokuqala Aleksandra Isaevicha waklonyeliswa Lenin Prize.

Nokho, esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, walahlekelwa indawo iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, nemisebenzi yakhe uvinjelwe ukuphrinta. inoveli yakhe "The Gulag Archipelago", "OwokuQala Circle" futhi "Umdlavuza Lesigceme" yashicilelwa phesheya, okuyiwona 1974 okwakushiwo umlobi bancishwa yisakhamuzi, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba bathutha. iminyaka engu-20 kuphela kamuva, wakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya. Ngo 2001-2002, kukhona umsebenzi omkhulu uSolzhenitsyn sika "Iminyaka Angamakhulu Amabili Ndawonye". Aleksandr Isaevich wafa ngo-2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Abanikazi of uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1987, zahlangana I. A. Brodskim. Ngo-1972, umlobi waphoqeleka yathuthela US, ngakho-encyclopedia emhlabeni wonke ngisho liwubiza American. Phakathi abalobi abaye bathola uMklomelo KaNobel, nguye omncane. isosha esihlatshelelwayo yaKhe, conceptualized emhlabeni njengoba ibhizinisi kwamasiko kanye elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo, futhi ukhombise bezibona elilinganiselwe indoda njengoba isihloko ulwazi.

Iosif Aleksandrovich wabhala hhayi kuphela ngesiRashiya kodwa futhi izinkondlo English, ema-eseyi, kwemibhalo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokushicilelwa eNtshonalanga sencwadi yakhe yokuqala, ngo-1965, Brodsky wafika udumo ngamazwe. Phakathi izincwadi ezingcono kakhulu kumbhali yilezi: "Quay ezingelapheki", "Ingxenye Yokukhuluma '," Landscape ngozamcolo "" Ukuphela Kwezinto a Beautiful Era "," Yekani ehlane "nabanye.