U-Preobrazhensky uprofesa kusuka encwadini ethi "Inja Yenhliziyo": izingcaphuno zomlingisi, uhlamvu lomlingisi kanye nesibalo sokulinganisa

Ukuqala izingxabano zakhe mayelana noProfesa Preobrazhensky, iqhawe lomsebenzi othi "Inhliziyo Yenja," ngingathanda ukuhlala kancane ngamaqiniso e-biography yomlobi - uMikhail Afganasievich uBulgakov (15.05.1891 Kiev - 10.03.1940, eMoscow), umbhali waseRussia, umculi wezemidlalo futhi Umqondisi. Konke lokhu ukuze udwebe ukufana, okuzohlanganisa ngokuyinhloko umbhali kanye neqhawe lakhe lokucabanga.

Okuncane mayelana ne-biography yomlobi

U-Bulgakov wazalelwa emndenini womfundisi ophakeme we-Kiev Theological Academy, kodwa ngokushesha waba umfundi we-University of Kiev. EMpini Yezwe Lokuqala wasebenza njengomdokotela wangaphambili. Ngentwasahlobo ka-1918 wabuyela eKiev, lapho ayehlala khona njengendawo yokuzimela yangasese. Empi yombango ka-1919, uBulgakov wayengudokotela wezempi ebutho lasezempi lase-Ukraine, ngaleso sikhathi e-Armed Forces yaseNingizimu yaseRussia, i-Red Cross, iVolunteer Army, njll. Wayegula nge-typhus ngo-1920, waphathwa eVladikavkaz, futhi kamuva kwavela ikhono lomlobi. Umzala wakhe, uyobhala lokho, ekugcineni waqonda: ibhizinisi lakhe ukuloba.

Isibonelo sikaProfesa Preobrazhensky

Ngomfanekiso womlingiswa oyinhloko, ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa iBulgakov, bafana kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukukholelwa ukuthi u-Preobrazhensky (uprofesa) njengomfanekiso wabhalwa ngumalume kaMikhail Afanasyevich - udokotela odumile waseMoscow, isazi sezinkinga sokubeletha uNM Pokrovsky.

Ngo-1926, i-OGPU yasesha umlobi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imibhalo yesandla ye "Inhliziyo Yenja" kanye nedayari yathathwa.

Le ndaba yayiyingozi kulo mlobi ngokuthi yaba yingqungquthela emandleni aseSoviet ngawo-1920 no-1930. Iklasi elisha le-proletariat lapha limelelwa ngamaqhawe afana noShvond no-Sharikov abakhulu kakhulu namagugu we-tsarist eRussia ebhujisiwe.

Bonke baphikisana noProfesa Preobrazhensky, okukhulunywe ngaye okufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Lo dokotela ohlinzayo nososayensi, omelela ukukhanya kwezesayensi yaseRashiya, ubonakala okokuqala ngesikhatsi lapho endabeni inja, uShakov, ezayo, ephefumula esangweni lomuzi - elambile futhi ebandayo, ngecala lokushisa. Uprofesa uvela emahoreni amahloni kakhulu ngenja. Imicabango yenja "izwi" Preobrazhensky njengenkosi yamasiko, enezintshe ezihlakaniphile namadevu, njengamaqhawe aseFrance.

Ukuhlolwa

Into eyinhloko kaProfesa Preobrazhensky ukuphatha abantu, ukufuna izindlela ezintsha zokufezekisa isikhathi eside kanye nezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuvuselelwa. Yiqiniso, njenganoma isiphi isosayensi, wayengenakuphila ngaphandle kokuhlola. Ukhetha inja, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ekhanda likadokotela uhlelo luzalelwa: unquma ukwenza umsebenzi wokufakelwa umgogodla we-pituitary. Lokhu kuzama ngenja ayenayo ethembeni lokuthola indlela ephumelelayo yokuthola "intsha yesibili". Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokusebenza yayingalindelekile.

Kwaphela amasonto ambalwa inja, eyayibizwa ngeSharik, iba indoda futhi ithola imibhalo yegama elithi Sharikov. UProfesa Preobrazhensky nomsizi wakhe uBormental bazama ukumnika imikhuba ehloniphekile nehloniphekile yabantu. Noma kunjalo, "ukukhuliswa" kwabo akulethi imiphumela ebonakalayo.

Ukuguqulwa kube ngumuntu

U-Preobrazhensky ubonisa umbono wakhe kumsizi u-Ivan Arnoldovich Bormental: kubalulekile ukuqonda konke okwesaba ukuthi uShakov akasaseyena inja yenhliziyo, kodwa inhliziyo yomuntu, futhi "unomusa kakhulu kunabo bonke abakukhona."

U-Bulgakov wadala i-revolution ye-socialist revolution, wachaza ukuphikisana kwamakilasi amabili lapho uFiliphu Philipovich Preobrazhensky - uprofesa nomuntu ohlakaniphile, kanye nesigaba sokusebenza - uShakov nokunye okufana naye.

I-Bormental icebisa lo profesa ukuthi angafundi amaphephandaba aseSoviet ngaphambi kokudla kwasekuseni, futhi uma engekho abanye, akusizi ngalutho ukufunda. Futhi uyavuma ngokukhululekile: "Yebo, angithandi i-proletariat."

Uprofesa, njengendodana yenkosi yangempela, ejwayele ukunethezeka, ehlala endlini yokuhlala e-7 futhi zonke izinsuku ezidla izidlo ezinhlobonhlobo ezifana ne-salmon, ama-eels, ama-turkeys, izinkomo ezigcobe, nakho konke lokhu nge-cognac, i-vodka newayini, ngokuzumayo kwawela esimweni esingalindelekile. Ekuphileni kwakhe okuthula futhi okulinganayo, uchitha uShakov noSvvard abangenakuqhathaniswa nokuzikhukhumeza.

I-Domkom

I-Shvonder iyinkokhelo ehlukile yomkhakha we-proletarian, yena nenkampani yakhe benza ikomidi lezindlu endlini lapho uPreobrazhensky, uprofesa wokuhlola, ehlala khona. Kodwa-ke, bathatha ukulwa naye ngobuqotho. Kodwa lokho nakho akulula, lo mfundisi weProfesa Preobrazhensky mayelana nokubhujiswa ekhanda lakhe kubonisa ukuthi i-proletariat kanye nezithakazelo zayo zizondwa kuye kuphela, kanti ngenkathi enethuba lokuzidela emsebenzini wakhe oyintandokazi (isayensi), ngeke abe nesithakazelo kubadlali abanobugebengu abathandekayo nabangqingili Shvonder.

Kodwa ngelungu lomndeni wakhe uShakov, uyangenela umzabalazo omkhulu. Uma uSvonder eqoqa ngaphandle, khona-ke kusuka ku-Sharikov kalula ngeke ukwazi ukuphika, ngoba nguye owenza umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi kanye nesizukulwane sokuzama ukuphumelela. U-Sharikov uletha endlini yakhe lokho okuphazamisekayo nokubhubhisa kangangokuba okwamaviki amabili lo profesa wabhekana nokucindezeleka okungaphezu kwayo yonke iminyaka yakhe ephila.

Isithombe

Noma kunjalo, isithombe sikaProfesa Preobrazhensky sinomqondo omkhulu. Cha, akayena ubuhle bokuziphatha. Unezinkinga ezifanayo njenganoma imuphi umuntu, ubugovu obukhulu, u-narcissistic, ongenalutho, kodwa ophilayo nomuntu wangempela. I-Preobrazhensky yaba umfanekiso wezingqondo zangempela, yedwa elwa nokubhujiswa okwenziwa isizukulwane sobheja lwe-Sharikovs. Ingabe lokhu akufanelekile ukuzwelana, inhlonipho nesihawu?

Isikhathi sokuguqula

Indaba ethi "Inhliziyo Yenja" ibonisa ukuthi i-1920 yamaqiniso ekhulwini lama-20. Kuchazwe imigwaqo engcolile, lapho izibonakaliso zishaywa yonke indawo nezithembiso zekusasa eliqhakazile kubantu. Umzwelo ocindezelayo nakakhulu ubangelwa isimo sezulu esibi, esibanda kakhulu kanye nesithombe esingenasici senja, njengabantu abaningi baseSoviet ezweni elisha elakhiwe, ngokuyisisekelo lisinda futhi lihlala lifuna ukufudumala nokudla.

Lapha kulesi chaos omunye wabasindile abambalwa ngesikhathi esiyingozi futhi esinzima se-intelligentsia, u-Preobrazhensky, uprofesa ongobuhle, uvela. Umlingisi uShakovkov, osengumzimba wakhe we-canine, wamdumisa ngokuthi: "Udla kakhulu futhi angabe, ngeke ahambe ngezinyawo zakhe, futhi akamesabi muntu, ngoba uhlale egcwele".

Izinhlangothi ezimbili

Isithombe se-Preobrazhensky - njenge-ray ekhanyayo, njengesiqhingi sokuzinza, ukuzondla nokuchuma emangalisweni embi ye-post-war. Ngempela uyamjabulisa. Kodwa abaningi abayithandi indoda, ngokuvamile, yonke into ehamba kahle, kodwa ongenamakamelo ayisikhombisa - ufuna enye, yesishiyagalombili, ukwenza umtapo kuyo.

Kodwa-ke, umninindlu waqala umzabalazo omkhulu ngokumelene noprofesa futhi wayefisa ukuthatha indawo yakhe. Ekugcineni, emva kwakho konke, abalandeli behluleka ukulimaza lo profesa, ngakho-ke umfundi akazange akwazi ukujabula ngaleli qiniso.

Kodwa lokhu kungenye yezindondo zokuphila kwe-Preobrazhensky, futhi uma uhlolisisa ngokujulile okubalulekile kwalolu daba, ungabona isithombe esingathandeki kakhulu. Leyo ngcebo, ene-protagonist uBulgakov, uProfesa Preobrazhensky, yena, kumele ngithi, futhi akazange awele ngokuzumayo ekhanda lakhe futhi akazange azuze njengezihlobo ezicebile. Ucebile wakhe yena ngokwakhe. Futhi manje likhonza abantu abaye bathola amandla, ngoba manje yisikhathi sabo sokujabulela zonke izinzuzo.

Ama-parasites

Izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zizwakala ngenye yamaklayenti ase-Preobrazhensky: "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubiwe, konke kuhamba emzimbeni wesifazane, i-champagne" Abrau-Durso "nezinsipho zomdlavuza." Kodwa lo profesa, naphezu kwakho konke ukuziphatha kwakhe okuphakeme, ukuhlakanipha nokuzwela, akazami ukucabanga ngesiguli sakhe, ukuphinde afundise noma akhulume ukungathandeki. Uyaqonda ukuthi udinga imali ukusekela indlela yakhe yokuphila engavamile ngaphandle kwezidingo: nazo zonke izinceku ezidingekayo endlini, netafula eligcwele zonke izinhlobo zama-sausage izinhlobo, hhayi kuMosselprom noma caviar, enziwe ngesinkwa esisha esiphundu.

Uma uhamba ngokunengqondo, u-Preobrazhensky utshontshwa yizikhulu zemali futhi uzama ukubanika intsha ende. Kubonakala sengathi u-Preobrazhensky uphazamisa ukwebiwa kweziphathimandla ezaza. Imicabango eyithakazelisayo no-Sharikov: "Ifulethi lingcolile, kodwa kuhle kangakanani!"

Iqiniso lejaji

Emsebenzini uProfesa Preobrazhensky inja yenhliziyo isebenzisa ukuzama kwakhe. Akukhona ngenxa yothando lwezilwane ukuthi ukhetha inja egqamile ukudla noma ukufudumala, kodwa ngoba ekhanda lakhe, kubonakala sengathi, kuye kwavela uhlelo olumangalisayo kodwa oluhle kakhulu. Futhi-ke lokhu kusebenza kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe encwadini, okubangela imizwelo engathandeki kuphela. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuvuselelwa, lo profesa unomuntu "osanda kuzalwa" ezandleni zakhe. Yingakho, hhayi ngeze, uBulgakov unikeza igama lakhe nesimo sakhe eqenjini lakhe - u-Preobrazhensky, uprofesa ofaka inja ephethe kuye i-cerebellum yecala le-recidivist Klimka. Lokhu kwanikeza izithelo, lo profesa akazange alindele imiphumela enjalo.

Imisho kaProfesa Preobrazhensky iqukethe imicabango mayelana nemfundo, okungathi, ngokombono wakhe, ingenza u-Sharikov avele ilungu elitholakalayo noma elincane elitholakalayo lomphakathi. Kodwa akukho ithuba elinikezwa uShakov. U-Preobrazhensky wayengenazo izingane, futhi wayengenazo izinto eziyisisekelo zokufundisa. Mhlawumbe-ke, ukuhlolwa akuhambanga ngendlela efanele.

Futhi bambalwa abantu abakhathalela amazwi kaShakov ukuthi yena, njengezilwane empofu, wabanjwa, wadutshulwa futhi manje uyanyanyiswa, futhi yena, ngendlela, akazange anikeze imvume yakhe yokusebenza futhi angafaka isicelo. Futhi, okuthakazelisayo kakhulu, akekho oqaphela iqiniso ngemuva kwamazwi akhe.

Teacher and Teacher

U-Preobrazhensky waba nguthisha wokuqala wezincwadi zikaShakov, nakuba ayeqonda ukuthi ukufundisa ukukhuluma - akusho ukuthi ube ngumuntu ogcwele. Wayefuna ukwenza ubuntu obusungulwe kakhulu esilo. Phela, lo uprofesa ngokwakhe encwadini iyizinga lemfundo kanye namasiko aphezulu kanye nomsekeli wezindala zakudala, zangaphambi kokuguqula. Wachaza ngokucacile isikhundla sakhe, ekhuluma ngencithakalo ezayo kanye nokuhluleka kwe-proletariat ukubhekana nayo. UProfesa ukholelwa ukuthi abantu kudingeka baqale ukufundisa isiko lokuqala, uqiniseke ukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, akukho lutho oluzokwenza emhlabeni. Uqaphela ukuthi wadala isidalwa ngomphefumulo ofile, futhi uthola indlela kuphela yokuphuma: ukwenza umsebenzi ohlukile, ngoba izindlela zakhe zemfundo azisebenzanga uShakov, ngoba wathi enkulumeni encekwini uZina: "Akekho umuntu ongaziqhaqhazela ... Ngomuntu nangesilwane Ungenza kuphela ngokusikisela. "

Kodwa amakhono okuthiwa yi-demagogy, njengoba kwenzeka, athola kalula futhi ngokushesha kunamakhono okwenza umsebenzi wokudala. Futhi uSvonder uphumelela emfundweni yeShakov. Akafundisi uhlelo lwakhe lolimi kanye nezibalo, kodwa uqala ngokushesha nge-Engels 'incwadi noKautsky, ngenxa yalokho uShakov, ngesigaba sakhe esincane sokuthuthukiswa, naphezu kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwesihloko lapho "aqhube khona khona", weza esiphethweni: "Thatha konke Hlukana! "Lo mbono wobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle wawuqondwa kangcono ngamandla abantu kanye nesakhamuzi esisha esenziwe uShakov.

UProfesa Preobrazhensky: "Gwema ekhanda"

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "Inhliziyo Yenja" evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ibonisa konke ukungenangqondo nokungahlali kwenqubo entsha yomphakathi owavela emva kuka-1917. Lokhu kwaqondwa kahle nguProfesa Preobrazhensky. Ukucaphuna komlingiswa mayelana nokubhujiswa okusezingqondweni kuhlukile. Uthi uma udokotela esikhundleni sokusebenza, uqala ukuhlabelela e-chorus, uzoba nenhlekelele. Uma eqala ukuvuthwa esidlule endlini yangasese, futhi zonke izinceku zakhe ziyokwenza, khona-ke ukubhujiswa kuzoqala endlini yokudlela. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubhujiswa - hhayi ema-closets, kodwa ezingqondweni.

Ukucaphuna okuvelele kukaProfesa Preobrazhensky

Ngokuvamile, incwadi ethi "Inhliziyo Yenja" - lokhu kungukuqamba kwangempela. Izinkulumo eziyinhloko nezamangalo zikaprofesa ziye zachazwa embhalweni ongenhla, kodwa kunezinye ezimbalwa ezifanele ukunakekelwa komfundi futhi ziyoba ezithakazelisayo ngezizindlo ezahlukene.

- "Wonke umuntu usesikhathini ongasheshe asheshe noma kuphi."

"Kungani bekhipha le carpet esiteshini sangaphambili? Yini, uKarl Marx enqabela ukugcina amathepathi ezitebhisini? "

- "Ubuntu buzinakekela lokhu kanye nokuhlelwa kwemvelo minyaka yonke ngenkani ngenxa yobuningi bazo zonke izinhlobo zokungcola kubangela amashumi ezinhle ezivelele ezihlobisa umhlaba."

"Iyini le ncithakalo yakho, owesifazane osekhulile onenduku?" Uloyi owakhupha zonke izibuko, waqeda zonke izibani? "