I mummy ka Lenin: etotosa. Izikhungo Lenin Mausoleum

Mausoleum kwakhiwa esigcawini main inhlokodolobha Russian, unika ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo lo mummy, eside ngasinda umbuso esungulwe yilabo ababenombono inyama negazi yena wake kwaba. Naphezu kokuxoxa olunzulu isidingo yokungcwaba isidumbu kukaLenin, njengoba mummification alifani yesiko Christian wamanje, ngisho yobuqaba yasendulo, nalokho okukushoyo ngemibono kulahleka, omelela utopia zezombusazwe namanje uhlala khona, lapho yafakwa 1924.

Ukwehlukana okuhambisana nebala anawo umholi

Izinto zokwakha eyanyatheliswa yokwakha kabusha iminyaka, ukuvumela lokuphinda isithombe Ngalezo zinsuku, lapho izwe wayethi Some indoda owakwazi ukutjhugulula inkambo yomlando walo. Kuba kungathembeki okusobala version olusemthethweni, egomela ngokuthi isinqumo ukuze ugcine umzimba kukaLenin sathathwa ngenxa izicelo eziningi kukomidi Central yamaqembu izakhamuzi ngabanye. Bamane wayengekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumelene umholi mummification wasebenza njengomfundisi kubaholi isimo esihlukile, eliholwa L. D. Trotskim, ngaleso sikhathi owayese okuthunyelwe uhulumeni ezibaluleke kakhulu yesibili, nomfelokazi Lenin - N. K. Krupskaya.

I Initiator of idumisa buyafaneleka oFaro kunokuba sokuphathwa XX leminyaka, kwaba I. V Stalin, ababefuna ukwenza nje umphikisi wakhe wangaphambilini we intraparty umzukuzuku ezinye isithonjana nkolo entsha, futhi yokuphumula yakhe indawo ibe uhlobo Mecca lamaKhomanisi. Waphumelela ngokugcwele, kanye Mausoleum eMoscow emashumini liye laba yindawo yokugogobala ngoba izigidi zabahlali.

emngcwabeni ngokuphamazela

Nokho, ebusika 1924 esizayo 'uyise wezizwe "ukufeza kwemvume yomfelokazi umholi oshonile kwadingeka ukuba samqinisekisa ukuthi asikhulumi mayelana ukulondolozwa eside izinsalela. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakudingeka kuphela ukugcina umzimba kukaLenin ekonakaleni ngoba isikhathi kuyadingeka ngivalelise bonke comers. Kwakuthatha nezinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi kuba ngenxa yalesi sizathu kwakudingekile zokwakha ithuna yesikhashana lokhuni.

Umngcwabo, noma kunalokho, umzimba laying in a Mausoleum yesikhashana lenzeka mhlaka 27 Januwari, bese uya ishesha kakhulu, ngoba-ke kwakudingekile ukuba uqede konke ngaphambi kokubuyela isitha main of eCaucasus mummification - Lva Trotskogo. Lapho eqhamukela eMoscow, kwaba accompli fait.

Inkinga ukuthi kudingeka izixazululo ngokushesha

eyayihilelekile iqembu lososayensi zisebenza indlela yabo yokusebenza, akhiwa UProfesa Abrikosov ngoba nokugqumisa emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala, base iqondiswa ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela aorta lalinabashumayeli amalitha ayisithupha utshwala, glycerol futhi formaldehyde. Kwakungisiza okwesikhathi ukufihla izimpawu kwangaphandle yokubola. Kodwa ngokushesha umzimba Lenin laligcwele imifantu. Amandla, ngokweBhayibheli isimo sabo kwakufanele abe engenakonakala, isihlakazeka phambi kwawo wonke umuntu. Kuyadingeka ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu isinyathelo emangalisayo wabonisa ngalesi sikhathi ezinkulu party umsebenzi Krasin. Senzeka kuye ukumisa komzimba umholi enjalo, njengoba kwenzeka ngezidumbu mammoth, ekuhlaleni esekhona. Isiphakamiso samukelwe, kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo akuyona kwenziwe kuphela ngokusebenzisa iphutha ngokuqinile isiJalimane, ukulethwa eside ka ngaphambilini wakhe imishini okokuqandisa.

Ukudalwa iqembu yesayensi Zbarsky

Ukuxazulula le nkinga lalibuswa siqu F. E. Dzerzhinskogo, kuma-oda kukaStalin kwaholela ikhomishana emngcwabeni. Kwakusobala ngempela ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, ososayensi owayengakhokha ngokuphila kwakhe. Isimo sabo kube nzima yokuthi inqubo zasendulo nokugqumisa kulokhu akaphenduli, futhi akekho izindlela aziwayo ezingafanelanga. Kwadingeka bathembele kuphela umqondo wakhe siqu lokudala.

Naphezu kwakho konke izingozi, umholi weqembu UProfesa Boris Zbarskiy waqinisekisa uhulumeni ukuthi, sibonga ekuthuthukiseni umngane wakhe - inhloko yoMnyango of Medicine we Kharkiv Institute UProfesa Vorobiev, yena nozakwabo uzokwazi ukuyeka umsebenzi zokuwohloka. Njengoba umzimba kukaLenin kwaba ngaleso sikhathi esibucayi, futhi kwakungekho ukukhetha, uStalin bavumelana. Lo msebenzi, kusukela iphuzu ngemibono umbono, umsebenzi abaphathiswe Zbarskiy iqembu kanye nabasebenzi bayo, okuyinto ifakiwe futhi lo profesa laseKharkov Vorobyov.

Kamuva wajoyina njengoba umsizi umfundi osakhula yezokwelapha, indodana Borisa Zbarskogo - Ilya. Ekuqaleni yokwakha kabusha lapho vosmidesyativosmiletny Academician, kwasala kuphela umhlanganyeli abahlala izenzakalo, futhi sibonga kuye namuhla sazi imininingwane eminingi yenqubo, okuholele mummy ka Lenin amashumi eminyaka bekulokhu into ekhonzwayo ezigidi zabantu, udakiwe imibono nakancane.

Qala inqubo mummification

Ikakhulukazi umsebenzi ke kwaba ifakwe engaphansi itholakala ngaphansi Mausoleum yesikhashana. Ukugqumisa Isidumbu owaqala ngokuvukela isizinda wamaphaphu, isibindi kanye ubende. Khona-ke odokotela kahle wageza isifuba oshonile. Isinyathelo esilandelayo anikeza kwayo yonke indikimba yezikhonzi ukusikeka okudingekayo ukuze namafutha lingena singene nezicubu. Kwavela ukuthi lo msebenzi kudinga esiyisipesheli leKomiti Central iqembu.

Emva kokuthola futhi yabulala lonke izinqubo ezidingekayo Lenin mummy yafakwa isixazululo ekhethekile sakhiwe glycerol, amanzi kanye potassium acetate ne kwalokho chlorine quinine. ifomula wayo, nakuba cishe lokhu kwakubhekwa ngesikhathi imfihlo, kwavulwa ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka Russian usosayensi-Razvedenkovym Melnikov. Lokhu Ukwakheka yasetshenziselwa kubo ngaleso asike izidumbu zabantu yokwakheka.

I lab entsha

Mausoleum Granite eMoscow lakhiwa ngo-1929. Esikhundleni bangaphambili sokhuni, wakha iminyaka emine ngaphambili. Lapho isakhiwo sayo sathathwa ku-akhawunti kanye sikhona yini isidingo sesakhiwo laboratory ekhethekile, okuyinto manje wasebenza Boris Zbarskiy nozakwethu. Njengoba imisebenzi yabo ibalulekile ikakhulukazi maqondana ubunjalo zezombusazwe, ngokuba ososayensi yasungulwa control esiqinile, wenziwa ama-ejenti elizinikezele NKVD. Mausoleum imodi isethiwe, ikhumbula zonke izinyathelo ezidingekile zobuchwepheshe. Kwakumelwe ke kuphela esigabeni ukuthuthukiswa.

ucwaningo lwesayensi

Ukulondolozwa umzimba kukaLenin yafuna ucwaningo okuqhubekayo, njengoba ubuchwepheshe umkhuba yesayensi leyo minyaka esungulwe akatholakalanga. Ukuze usethe ukusabela komzimba izicubu kulabo noma ezinye izixazululo eziningi eziye zazanywa yayiqhutshelwa phezu nameless efile zilethwe elabhorethri.

Umphumela waba ukwakheka, okuyinto izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto, wamboza ubuso nezandla zakhe mummy. Kodwa etotosa Lenin akuyona esilinganiselwe. Minyaka yonke, kwadingeka ukuvala Mausoleum nengxenye ekucwiliseni umzimba kule okugeza, kahle cwilisa ngayo ukugqumisa umphenyi okhethekile. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba silondoloze inkohliso we nakonakala ka umholi wezwe sabasebenzi.

Ukulungisa ukubukeka ngasekupheleni

Ukuze mummy ka Lenin emehlweni izivakashi kwakufanele ngokwanele sibukeka kahle umsebenzi kuningi osekwenziwe, imiphumela okuyinto bayishaya yonke okokuqala ungena ingaphakathi Mausoleum futhi ayikwazanga qhathanisa lokho akubona nge umfanekiso umholi zokugcina esaphila izithombe zakhe.

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe Ilya Borisovich Zbarsky ukuthi ubuso ukuzibulala mncane kukaLenin yayifihliwe nge fillers ekhethekile injected ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kanye "baphile" umbala wamnika izihlungi obomvu ogibele umthombo wokukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-orbit ifakwe glass ubuhlalu, ugcwalise ezidunjini ezomisiwe yabo ize, enamathiselwe zifana ukuma umholi. Izindebe ngaphansi amadevu akhe abangu ithungwe, futhi wonke Lenin ku Mausoleum, isithombe okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi esifana nesomuntu wasemhlabeni ingalali.

Ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi e Tyumen

Kwabe sekuqala inkathi ekhethekile umsebenzi kukaLenin umzimba ukulondolozwa yaba iminyaka yaze yaphela impi. Lapho amaJalimane eza eMoscow, uStalin ngaphambilini kuhlengwe umholi uhlala Tyumen. Ngalesi sikhathi, iqembu elincane ososayensi ehilelekile ukongiwa ezidunjini ezomisiwe, balahlekelwa ungalungiseki - ngo-1939 ngaphansi kwezimo engaqondakali kakhulu wafa Uprofesa Vorobyov. Ngenxa yalokho, eSiberia ahambe ebhokisini ngomzimba umholi sika kwadingeka Zbarsky - Ubaba nendodana.

Ilya Borisovich wakhumbula ukuthi nobunzima okubangelwa isikhathi impi, njalo kube inkimbinkimbi umsebenzi wonke ukubaluleka mission abaziphathisiwe. Ngo Tyumen, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba uthole hhayi kuphela reagents ezidingekayo, kodwa ngisho amanzi avamile distilled kwadingeka ukuba athumele indiza ekhethekile Omsk. Njengoba iqiniso ukuhlala umzimba kukaLenin eSiberia kwaba ngokuqinile bahlukanisa, elabhorethri ngoba Uzungu zafakwa esikoleni sendawo ezihilelekile ekulungiseleleni abasebenzi wezolimo. Kukhona mummy, ngilibele kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi, lamabutho kuqashelwe of amasosha amane, eholwa Usigaxamabhande wezindawo zezidumbu.

Izinkinga ezihlobene ubuchopho Lenin

Sikhuluma mummy okulondoloziwe emashumini umholi ekhethekile nezindaba indawo ezihlobene ubuchopho kukaLenin. Abantu asebebadala surely khumbula ababehamba ngesikhathi legend of ehlukile yayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi they cha fanele isizathu sangempela ukuntula. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1928 godu umholi ubuchopho ezikhishwe skull wahlukaniswa waba ingxenye ukwabelana ukuthi zigcinwa ephephile Institute USSR ubuchopho, ngaphambili camera nge ungqimba wax ibekwe ku-isixazululo utshwala ne-formaldehyde.

Ukwamukelwa wavalwa, kodwa uhulumeni wenze sokudlulisa usosayensi odumile German Oskar Vogt. umsebenzi walo kwaba ukusungula timphawu tesakhiwo ubuchopho kukaLenin, eyasebenza njengodonga imfuneko umqondo wakhe kwande. Usosayensi wayesebenza esikhumulweni eMoscow Institute iminyaka emihlanu, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi waba izifundo ezinkulu. Nokho, akukho umehluko kwesakhiwo wathola yobuchopho zabantu abavamile.

Ingabe ukuthi gyrus wasenganekwaneni?

Kukholakala ukuthi isizathu okuvela ezinganekwaneni okwalandela kwaba zitatimende ezisolwa esenziwe kuye engqungqutheleni, ukuthi uthole Meander ukuthi idlula Ubukhulu ejwayelekile. Nokho, omunye usosayensi German - inhloko uMnyango Neurology at Berlin University uSolwazi Jordi Servos Navarro ithole ithuba lokuyofunda amasampula ubuchopho kukaLenin ngo-1974 - wathi lapho kuxoxwa uzakwabo, uma futhi wenza isitatimende sakhe ukuthusa, kumane esivuna amaBolshevik, ukuze okuyinto harbored ukuzwelwa.

Nokho, isazi sesayensi efanayo sixoshe kwenye legend ezivamile Lenin kusolakala wahlupheka ugcunsula ukuthi amaKhomanisi uzifihle ngokucophelela. Ngemva kokuchitha Ukutadisha ngokucophelela kakhulu, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu of ngalokhu kugomela, siphawula ukuthi izicubu kobuchopho akachazeki kuphela isibazi encane, esadaleka ngenxa amanxeba awathola ngesikhathi ngomzamo kokubulawa obenziwa Lenin ngo-1918 eserkoy Fanny Kaplan.

Lokho kubulala we mummy

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi mummy kukaLenin ngokwayo kwalokho ngokuphindaphindiwe zaba izisulu ukuhlaselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1934, isakhamuzi Mitrofan Nikitin wafika Mausoleum, wenza umzimba umholi e-isibhamu eziningana ezivela isibhamu, bese wazibulala. Izikhathi eziningana Futhi liye wazama a sarcophagus ingilazi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ukwenza yezinto ezibonakalayo. eliqinile le kakhulu.

Sokungafi ohlwini intengo

Njengoba sekunama-yokwakha kabusha, lapho lahlakazeka aura yobungcwele emhlabeni indoda eyaba ubuhlakani okubi inkathi, i-Mausoleum ngezimfihlakalo elihlobene ne ukugqumisa ubuchwepheshe, steel imfihlo yokuhweba inkampani "Isiko", adalwe ososayensi ukusebenza emzimbeni kukaLenin. Lokhu sikwenza kungaxegi eyingoduso e ukugqumisa nokubuyiselwa ukubukeka izidumbu efile. Inani uhlu yayiphezulu ngakho (ayizinkulungwane 12. Euro sonto emsebenzini) ukuthi kusivumela ukuba basebenzise amasevisi ayo ikakhulukazi ezihlotsheni nakubangane zobugebengu abaphathi Kushone izibhelu wezimpi ezalandela.

Ngo-1995, inani amaklayenti yandile uhulumeni North-Korean, kokuba ikhokhwe ngaphezu kwesigidi euro nokugqumisa izidumbu komholi walo oshonile Kim Il Sung. Iphinde olungiselelwe yokukhulekela okuphakade lwekhanda iCommunist Party of Bulgaria umzimba Georgiya Dimitrova ayekanye nawo ngemibono Choibalsan - lwekhanda lalowo okhethwe Mongolia sezenhlalo. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda ngamunye kubo ekhaya isibe njengenhlangano into ekhonzwayo, efana Lenin ku Mausoleum, isithombe okuyinto hlobo lokukhangisa.

Vula Red Square

Kulezi zinsuku abayeki empikiswaneni okungcwatshwa ngayo le ezidunjini ezomisiwe edume kakhulu emhlabeni. izindleko zokugcina Wonyaka ka Lenin Mausoleum ku izigidi zamadola futhi umthwalo kakhulu isabelomali. Ihlelo lika-umholi yesigaba sabasebenzi, kanye ufinyelelwe ngezabelo cwe, manje kusekelwa kuphela neqembu elincane izivakashi nostalgic kule minyaka lamaKhomanisi. Izimfihlakalo Mausoleum, ngakho ngomhawu egcinwe cishe ematjhumi abunane, baye zitholakale ubani onesithakazelo kulesi sici somlando wethu. Umlando ubeke konke endaweni yayo.

Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke, ku emgqeni Red Square. Mausoleum imodi wokusebenza kulezi zinsuku lilinganiselwe, ukungena izivakashi Kwenziwa kuphela ngoLwezibili, ngoLwezithathu, ngoLwezine, ngeMigqibelo ethile nangezikhathi ngamaSonto kusukela ngo 10:00 kuya 13:00. Siyoba yini isiphetho mummy, kuyocaca ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.