Igama elithi "Drang nach Osten" ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "Drang nach Osten". "Drang nach Osten": inani, ukusetshenziswa kanye nomlando Inkulumo

"Drang nach Osten" - nkulumo iye yasetshenziselwa ngekhulu le-19 ukuba ubheke inqubomgomo expansionist German ukunwetshwa "isikhala ephilayo" emzabalazweni nezinye izizwe, ikakhulukazi lwamaSlav. Lo mqondo lalisetshenziswa Kaiser sika eJalimane nemibuthano ubuzwe ukusekela Inqubomgomo wezangaPhandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli gama siqine mlando yasekhaya.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Umqondo "Drang nach Osten" saqala ukuvela emlandweni German Kudala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ekhulwini 8-13, lapho amaJalimane umkhankaso wokuhlasela yabo emhlabathini we Baltic lwamaSlav. Babefuna ukuthola isizinda kuleli, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli Baltic ogwini, lapho kwakukhona khona nempi enkulu phakathi kwabo naseLithuania, Latvians futhi abantu base-Estonia, kanye Finno-Ugric abantu. Ngamagama theory, lo mqondo lithole nomklamo walo wokugcina wangekhulu le-12, phakathi nokubusa Frederick Barbarossa. Lo mbusi waphishekela Inqubomgomo empumalanga asebenzayo, ukuhlela uhambo North East. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, yena waba Germanized kwezizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise lwamaSlav futhi Balts. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubomgomo efanayo waqalwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi European, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini Austria. Nokho, kulesi siqondiso inqubo Germanizing ayiphumelelanga.

izigaba

Meaning of "Drang nach Osten" elisuka zomlando ukuthi ubuyele emuva kwesikhathi ukunyakazisa abantu eMpumalanga Yurophu. Izazi-mlando ezinqumela ukwaba ezinye ukufuduka kwabantu nokungabi amagagasi okuhlaselayo. Eyokuqala lezi zinyathelo ezihlobana ngayo wangekhulu lesi-9, lapho East-Frankish izinduna ihlelwe ukunwebeka eCzech namazwe Croatian. Isikhathi esilandelayo - inkathi ovuthiwe Ephakathi (10-11 ekhulwini th), lapho ababusi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma abangu ethuthuka phezu aseBaltic nasengxenyeni endaweni Polish. Isigaba sesithathu - kuhlasela eziningi izinduna nezikhulu ku izizwe Slavic. Lesi sikhathi, kungenzeka kwaba olwaba ingqophamlando emlandweni ukunqoba kuka amaJalimane. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi zamaJalimane kanye Livonian Order kanye Order of the Sword wafuna ukunweba igunya lawo vostochnopribaltiyskuyu ndawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babekhona hhayi kuphela Knights isiJalimane, kodwa futhi abathengisi isiJalimane, ngubani kulesi siqondiso baphumelele abanye, edlulele abahwebi Russian eLatvia.

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla

osten Drang nach isetshenziswa ukunwetshwa amaJalimane emazweni East lwamaSlavic namakhulu eminyaka 16-18. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakheka umbuso omusha eYurophu - the Habsburg ohlanga, owawengame eCzech, Saxon, Hungarian nakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-House of Brandenburg enamathiselwe ngokwayo ingxenye ezindaweni Polish emva ukwahlukanisa kwezintathu yePoland. Nokho lokhu kwanda is ngezikhathi ehlile ngenxa ukumelana izizwe Slavic. Phakathi izimpi edume kunazo - Battle of the Ice kanye Battle of Grunwald. Indlela yokuthi amaJalimane lapho besebenzisa leli gama ukuchaza ezinye izinto ezivelile isidingo ubunye uthi German ngaphansi kobuholi Prussia.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 Drang nach Osten yesibili - uhlobo imfundiso ethile yokucabanga, ezazihlanganisa umzabalazo ezivamile ngobunye isimo ngesikhathi ehlasela emazweni Slavic. Ekuqaleni kwaba umbuzo sokukhula komnotho kanye nokuqiniswa ithonya aseJalimane emazweni umbuso. imibono enjalo imane iye yahlanganiswa yokuthi umbuso sezizwe ezihlukahlukene yaqinisa yavelonkhe yenkhululeko, futhi ngenxa yokuphatheka kwaphakama nomqondo Pan. Lo mbono omusha osekelwe yiziphathimandla ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa nguHulumende Kaiser ekuqa- namakhulu eminyaka ukuze bathethelele ukwelulwa umzabalazo ayezozibusa.

ukusabalala

Igama elithi "Drang nach Osten" lalisetshenziselwa journalism kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ezweni lethu, it is kabanzi kusukela 1865, okwakumele Ukuwohloka ubudlelwane phakathi uhulumeni waseRussia kanye Baltic amaJalimane. Kamuva lo mqondo wayiswa journalism kanye nezinye izincwadi (ePoland, eCzech Republic, France). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nkulumo iye yasetshenziswa ososayensi nezazi-mlando.

neminyaka yempi

Igama elithi "Drang nach Osten" got a umbala omusha futhi ukubaluleka ngokuqondene kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II. Okwamanje nokho, zivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa lapho ukhuluma ngani ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi Hitler yakhe "Mein Kampf," wagomela isidingo amaJalimane ukunweba isikhala ephilayo ngezithukuthuku emazweni Slavic. Wabhala ukuthi uhulumeni wabo unelungelo ukuthatha indawo yomunye ngoba izwe wazibonela eliphezulu kakhulu kwenani labantu ukuthi kwakudingeka ondle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukhonjwa ukuba ayiyeke le nqubomgomo wokwandisa ukuhweba izibopho futhi ugxile ngokuwina ingcindezelo German zaleli zwekazi. Ngakho-ke, izazi-mlando zendawo, kanye eziningi abacwaningi babo abavela eMpumalanga Yurophu lapho besebenzisa leli gama ukuze ubheke izinqubomgomo nolaka yamaNazi.

isicelo yesimanje

Umlando eziseMpumalanga Yurophu iye yazuza notoriety German ukuhlaselwa. East (Drang nach Osten e version German) isibe isiqondiso eyinhloko ukunwetshwa, okuyinto ubephelezelwa kokubili ukuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kanye nezimpi eziningi. Kodwa kulezi zinsuku, igama elithi ilahlekelwe nencazelo yalo, ikakhulukazi ngokuqondene isimo kwayibhebhethekisa ezifundeni Slavic. Futhi ososayensi zezombusazwe zanamuhla zisebenzisa leli gama kuphela abantu Slavic, kodwa futhi esiqondisweni empumalanga nhlobo. Ochwepheshe abaningi baye owaqamba igama elithi "I-American Drang nach Osten", uma kuziwa US inqubomgomo angaphandle namuhla. Laba balobi baphawula ukuzibophelela kukarhulumende ukubamba iqhaza izenzakalo e-Ukraine, Syria nakwamanye amazwe. Kule ndaba, leli gama linencazelo entsha futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi akubonayo njengoba ukunwetshwa German emazweni Slavic. Nokho, amazwi yokugcina osebenza ku wezifundo zezombusazwe.

Isayensi kanye nezombusazwe

Ngo historiography nesayensi zomlando kuseseyingcenye gama lisetshenziswe ngomqondo yendabuko. Lezi zinkinga zivela yokuthi isiqondiso empumalanga bekulokhu omunye izinkomba esemqoka kunqubomgomo kwamazwe aseYurophu. Lesi simo kusaqhubeka nanamuhla, naphezu izingcingo ukuthula imizamo ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso zanqwabelana izindlela zokubonisana, isimo uhlala acute kakhulu kule ndawo. Amazwe inkinga empumalanga wahlala efanele ikakhulukazi njalo, futhi yingakho namuhla kubhekwe umqondo kuhlanganise kule ndawo. Yamanje isimo geopolitical kangangokuthi inkulumo ethi "Drang nach Osten" futhi iqala ukuba ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe isichazamazwi zezombusazwe.