I-hydrogen RDS-37: izici, umlando

Eyishumi yokuqala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (WWII) ubeke phansi umthwalo osindayo emahlombe abantu baseSoviet. Ukubuyiselwa izimboni, ezolimo ushintsho esimweni impi emuva civil jikelele kuzothathwa kancane kancane ukucindezelwa izingalo uhlanga futhi le ngxabano buthule phakathi amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali olukhulu isikhathi: eSoviet Union ne-United States.

Engineering wayeyisazi amazwe amabili njalo ngonyaka futhi siqalise e izikhali zensimbi ngaphezulu nelesabekayo ngaphezulu ezibulala uyaca. Kulesi uhlanga amakhaza eSoviet Union bagqekeza phambili ngisho ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, futhi ngeke akuvumele izikhundla zabo kuze kube okuthiwa "i-Cuban missile crisis". Kwakuwusuku ngqa ezweni lethu wabonisa izwe ezimbili isigaba iArmagedoni hydrogen ibhomu umthamo ngaphezu 1 Mt, okungukuthi RDS-37.

izikhali ezintsha

Engineering inhlolovo isikhathi hydrogen ibhomu entsha zihlakaniphe kakhulu zinamandla amakhulu waqala eSoviet Union ngo-1952 endaweni top-secret wavala design bureau KB-11. Nokho, ucwaningo enkulu izifundo theory kanye nama-ukumodeliswa ukusebenza uqale eminyakeni emibili kamuva.

Esikhathini esifanayo 1954 icala exhunywe kwi-izingqondo kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi:. Ya B. Zeldovich futhi A. D. Saharov. RDS-37 - H-ibhomu isizukulwane esisha - ayezokusho igama elisha ngokuphelele emandleni amabutho zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Futhi May 31, 1955 uNgqongqoshe okulingene Machine Isakhiwo kanye neSekela Usihlalo isinqumo USSR Council of Ministers Zavenyaginym A. P. senziwa ukuvumela ezihlongozwayo CB-11 umshayeli Amacebo isikhali entsha.

RDS-37, sokuqonda izifinyezo okuyinto, ngokusho emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuzwakala sengathi: "Russia owenza uqobo" noma "kukaStalin Rocket Engine", kodwa eqinisweni kuba "indiza injini ekhethekile", elaqala yakhe ekuphileni.

design

Savela RDS-3, ubuchwepheshe obusha wathatha wemiqondo eyisisekelo ezincwadini Implosion, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhuma owangaphakathi nciphisa okudonsa izinto. Nokho, ingxenye izibalo wabolekwa kuhlanganise RDS-6s, superbomb parallel athuthukile, uhlobo olulodwa-esiteji, okuyinto ihlolwe ngo-August 1953 ngempumelelo kusayithi isivivinyo Semipalatinsk.

Ukuze uthole ngesisekelo RDS-37 wakhethwa njengosuku isimiso ezimbili-esiteji hydrodynamic Implosion kwenkokhelo. Impela ukubala ezilandelanayo ukuphendula indlela kwakunzima ngaleso sikhathi. Ubunjiniyela Computing amakhono okuqala zamashumi amahlanu ngeke kuqhathaniswe ne ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ekhona. Sekulingisa Imodi kokucindezelwa iyunithi yesibili eduze imodi spherically lesinesitfombe-sibuko (Implosion, kusukela Implosion English -. "Implosion") Kwakuseshwa ku "supercomputer" yasekhaya ngesikhathi - kukhompyutha electronic "Strela".

Umehluko RDS-37

Izici izikhali ezintsha baqhubeka ngokwethembeka oyimfihlo abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Ngisho nanamuhla, ngezinye izikhathi kuba nzima ukuthola izimpahla eziqinile imingcele yayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umehluko oyinhloko kwaba ukusetshenziswa entsha ibhomu lenuzi nokwe-uranium-238 IKhompyuthaYami ezaziwayo. Wabekwa eyenziwe lithium-6 deuterium into asishintshi neze, precluding detonation nokuguqulwa.

amandla yesibili ukuqhuma, esekelwe hydrodynamic izimiso Implosion, akufanele kube ngaphansana amandla ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu kokuqala. Izingqapheli waphawula ukotini double ngesikhathi ndima shock wave nangomsindo efaniswe eziqine futhi abukhali ufa umbani. Ukukhanya ekushayweni umfutho kwakusobala kangangokuthi ngezinye ibanga amakhilomitha amathathu ukusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu kweso luvutha futhi zishiswe ephepheni.

phansi

Ukuhlola RDS-37 entsha ibhomu iArmagedoni, amandla okulinganiselwa cishe 3 Math, kukhethwe 2nd State Central Test Site (2 GTSIP) ivaliwe Kurchatov edolobheni, 130 km enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye emzini Semipalatinsk (ensimini ka Kazakhstan yesimanje) . Kwezinye amabalazwe kanye izinto ezizwelayo, lo muzi ubizwa okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi "Moscow-400", "Beach" (olandelayo wabe Irtysh River), "Semipalatinsk-21," "Qeda" (e g / igama esiteshini), kanye "Moldary" (emzaneni ezahlanganiswa emzini Kurchatov). ukushaja amandla phakathi ukuhlolwa kwanqunywa ukuba ukunciphisa ngesigamu, kuya cishe ku-1.6 Mt

ukuqeqeshwa

Ukuze kuncishiswe yokuchayeka emisebeni ye ingqalasizinda ezizungezile, kwanqunywa ukuba kusebenze RDS-37 icala endaweni engamamitha 1500 amamitha ngaphezu eliphansi. Ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela eyingozi ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu phezu othwala izindiza selithathe izinyathelo ukwandisa uhla futhi lezinyathelo zokunciphisa umthelela ukushisa kuye. I TU-16 sikhethwe njengoba izindiza yenethiwekhi. Kusukela phansi fuselage sagezwa ukuvenisha, zonke evele amnyama abangu ababethi umbala omhlophe, izimvu zamanzi indawo ngomlilo ngaphezulu ukumelana. Samu ibhomu inabasebenzi parachute ukunciphisa okukhiphayo ukuphakama okuhloswe ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu.

ESoviet Union ibhalwe kahle ukuhlola ibhomu entsha RDS-37. Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa avaliwe isikhala lotnom, izindiza-yenethiwekhi unogada MIG-17, indiza imishini elawulwa kanye efundelwa VS umyalo amaphuzu.

Ukuqoqa amasampula emoyeni emiphumeleni kubona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu bagcine ukuhamba efwini enemisebe iye ngqo labelwe eziningana IL-28. Novemba 20, 1955, ekuseni, 9 amahora angaba mane nemizuzu engu-30, indiza nge ukumiswa ekhethekile igibele ibhomu umkhankaso kusukela airfield Jean-Imindeni. Nokho, izinto azihambanga njengoba kwakuhleliwe.

isimo esiphuthumayo

Ukuze uthole isifinyezo sezulu kulindeleke nesikhathi umuntu test ophethe umbikezeli wezulu omkhulu ezweni EK Fedorov. Usuku kwadingeka ukuba kube sobala futhi libalele. Nokho, isimo le nkokhelo ayehlela lalo. Phakathi run-up kokungenzi lutho sezulu waphenduka okubi, futhi isibhakabhaka empunga phezu. Kwanqunywa ukuba lelisu ukuqondiswa ukufakwa radar ku ndiza, kodwa uphumile emgqeni. Ukuze zonke izicelo dispatcher isikhungo ithumela umyalo eyodwa vo: "Linda."

Kube nesimo esingathi sína eziphuthumayo. Akukaze kwenziwe ngenkani kokufika indiza nge ibhomu iArmagedoni ebhodini. Centre ecabangela izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ukudedelwa RDS-37 kude nemizana ezintabeni, "hhayi nge bang", ie. E. Ngaphandle nokucupha yenuzi warhead ukuqhuma. Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, bonke ngothi lwabo zenqatshiwe.

Lapho fuel kwaba kakade cishe at zero, ukufika indiza wavunyelwa. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kuphela ngemva Zel'dovich futhi Sakharov mathupha usayine umbono obhalwe kuyi ukuphepha kokufika ne-hydrogen ebhodini.

ukuqhuma

Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili ukuhlolwa ziye esephumelele ukufeza. Nge izindiza yenethiwekhi endaweni engamamitha angu-12 km iye ngempumelelo kabusha RDS-37, okuyinto yamila endaweni engamamitha 1550 amamitha. Moving ngesivinini 870 km / h, TU-16, kwaba at ibanga 15 km kusuka ukuqhuma, kodwa wave shock ifinyelele yayo ncamashi 224 imizuzwana. Amatilosi wazizwa nethonya eqinile ezishisayo ezindaweni edalulwa.

Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-7 ngemva ukuqhuma RDS-37 ububanzi "amakhowe" bafinyelela izinga elingakaze 30 km, ukuphakama kwalo 14 km.