Globular futhi fibrillar amaprotheni: izici eziyisisekelo

Lezinhlobo amane ebaluleke kakhulu organic compounds okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu umzimba: acid nucleic, amafutha, carbohydrate amaprotheni. On the yokugcina uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini amaprotheni?

Lokhu polymer chemical compounds akhiwe kusuka amino acid. Amaphrotheni akheke eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba amaprotheni kwemiqondo?

Lokhu kwenzeka kumaseli umzimba. Kukhona organelles ekhethekile banesibopho le nqubo. Lokhu ribosome. Zakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili: ezincane nezinkulu, ehlangana ngesikhathi organelle. Inqubo Kuhlanganisa emaketangeni polypeptide amino acid ngokuthi wokuhumusha.

Yiziphi amino acid?

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlobonhlobo namaprotheni emzimbeni ezingenakubalwa, amino acid, zingase zimiswe ivela lapho, kukhona amabili kuphela. a Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo amaprotheni ibangelwa inhlanganisela ezahlukene kanye ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu amino acid, kanye ezihlukahlukene yokuhlala chaining emkhathini.

amino acid aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo amakhemikhali izakhiwo ezimbili eziphikisanayo amaqembu obusebenzayo: carboxyl nama-amino iqembu, kanye olukhulu: elimnandi, aliphatic noma heterocyclic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka amaqembu ezengeziwe obusebenzayo lithathwa ezizivelelayo. Lezi kungaba amaqembu carboxylic acid, amaqembu acid, amide, hydroxyl, guanidovye iqembu. Futhi, olukhulu ingaqukatha nesibabule Ukwakheka kwabo.

Nasi uhlu acid kuyiphi amaprotheni kwakhiwe:

• alanine;
• glycine;
• leucine;
• valine;
• isoleucine;
• threonine;
• noSerine;
• glutamic acid ;
• aspartic acid ;
• glutamine;
• asparagine;
• arginine;
• lysine;
• methionine;
• cysteine;
• tyrosine;
• phenylalanine;
• histidine;
• tryptophan;
• proline.

Kulawa, eziyishumi kubalulekile - labo esingenakubalwa kwemiqondo emzimbeni womuntu. Lokhu valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine. Bayobizwa udle ukudla. Eziningi zalezi amino acid ezitholakala inhlanzi, inyama yenkomo, inyama, amantongomane, okusanhlamvu.

Isakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni - kuyini?

Lokhu ukulandelana amino acid lapha. Ukwazi isakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni, kungenza i ngqo chemical ifomula.

isakhiwo yesibili

Kuyinto indlela kuhlanekezela iketango polypeptide. Kukhona izinketho ezimbili ngoba ukucushwa kwe-amaprotheni-alpha-Helix ne-beta-isakhiwo kukhona. Isakhiwo yesibili amaprotheni inikezwa yi-hydrogen isibopho phakathi neyokugqugquzela NH- amaqembu.

Isakhiwo ephakeme amaprotheni

Lokhu ukuma kwendawo Kuvunguza noma indlela ebeka ngezinga elithile. Linikeza disulfide futhi peptide chemical izibopho.

Kuye uhlobo izakhiwo ephakeme khona amaprotheni fibrous futhi globular. Lesi sakamuva abe ukuma eyindilinga. Ukwakheka fibrillar amaprotheni sifana ngentambo ezakhiwe multilayer ukustaka beta izakhiwo noma ilungiselelo okucishe kufane nalokhu eziningana-alpha-izakhiwo okuyinto.

Isakhiwo quaternary

Kuyinto isici amaprotheni okuyinto akhiwa eyodwa, kodwa amaketanga eziningana polypeptide. amaprotheni maKristu abizwa oligomeric. amaketanga ngamunye kufakwe Ukwakheka yabo, ngokuthi protomers. Protomers, okuyinto kwakhiwa kusukela amaprotheni oligomeric ungaba kokubili eyinhloko iyefana nobe yehlukile, lesibili noma isakhiwo ephakeme.

Kuyini denaturation?

Lokhu kubhujiswa lesi quaternary, ephakeme, yesibili amaprotheni izakhiwo, lapho nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa chemical yayo kanye nezimpahla ngokomzimba futhi akasakwazi ukufeza indima yayo emzimbeni. Le nqubo singenzeka ngenxa emazingeni okushisa amaprotheni (kusuka degrees 38 Celsius, kodwa amaprotheni ngamunye, lesi sibalo) noma izinto nolaka ezifana acid kanye alkalis.

Ezinye amaprotheni labo abazokwazi annealing - resumption of isakhiwo yayo yasekuqaleni.

Ukwahlukaniswa amaprotheni

Banikezwe Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, bahlukene zibe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi.

amaprotheni Simple (amaprotheni) - yilezo aqukethe kuphela ama-amino acid.

amaprotheni Complex (proteid) - naleyo esakhiwa iqembu zokufakelwa.

Kuye uhlobo iqembu wokufakelwa amaprotheni zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• Esilula (equkethe lipids);
• nucleoproteins (sakhiwa babe acid nucleic);
• chromoproteids (aqukethe zombala);
• fosfoproteidy (yakhiwa wali band acid);
• metalloproteins (aqukethe izinsimbi);
• glycoproteins (ehlanganisa ukudla carbohydrate).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo globular isakhiwo ephakeme ikhona futhi fibrillary amaprotheni. Bobabili kungaba lula noma ibe yinkimbinkimbi.

Izakhiwo amaprotheni fibrous kanye nendima yabo emzimbeni

Bangakwazi zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu kuye isakhiwo yesibili:

• Alpha-isakhiwo. Lezi zihlanganisa yi-keratin, myosin, tropomyosin nabanye.
• isakhiwo Beta. Ngokwesibonelo, fibroin.
• Collagen. Lokhu amaprotheni, okuyinto has a isakhiwo ekhethekile yesibili, okuyinto futhi alpha-Helix noma i-beta-isakhiwo.

Izakhiwo amaprotheni fibrillar e womathathu la maqembu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi akheke ephakeme filamentary, futhi akuzona oncibilikayo emanzini.

Asikhulume mayelana fibrillar amaprotheni main ngaphezulu ukuze:

• Keratins. Leli qembu wonke amaprotheni ahlukahlukene, okuyizinto Isakhi esiyinhloko izinwele, nail, izimpaphe, uboya, uphondo, izinselo nokunye okunjalo. D. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cytokeratin fibrillar amaprotheni leli qembu siyingxenye ye amaseli obumba cytoskeleton.
• Myosin. Le into, oyingxenye ye imicu kwemisipha. Kanye actin, amaprotheni fibrillar kuyinto contractile futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemisipha.
• Tropomyosin. Lokhu kwaziswa siqukethe ezimbili okwakuthandelene-alpha helices. Libuye ingxenye imisipha.
• Fibroin. Lokhu namaprotheni ezikhishwe izinambuzane eziningi arachnids. Kuyinto ingxenye eyinhloko kuwebhu nosilika.
• Collagen. Lona ezivamile fibrillar amaprotheni emzimbeni womuntu. Kuyinto ingxenye umsipha, uqwanga, imisipha, imithambo yegazi, isikhumba, nokunye. D. Lokhu kwaziswa kunikeza kuyaqina kwezicubu. collagen emzimbeni kuyancipha njengoba ekhula, ngakhoke imibimbi zenzeka esikhumbeni, nemisipha buthaka futhi imisipha, futhi t. d.

Okulandelayo cabanga iqembu amaprotheni yesibili.

amaprotheni Globular: izinhlobo, properties kanye indima yemvelo

Izinto yaleli qembu abe ukuma eyindilinga. Zingaba oncibilikayo emanzini, izixazululo alikhali, acid kanye nosawoti.

Okuvame kakhulu amaprotheni globular emzimbeni yilezi:

• Albumins: ovalbumin, lactalbumin, njll ..
• Globulin: Amaprotheni egazi Futhi abanye (isib, i-hemoglobin, myoglobin.).

Funda kabanzi mayelana ezinye zazo:

• Ovalbumin. Lokhu amaprotheni kuhlanganisa amaphesenti angu-60 iqanda omhlophe.
• Lactalbumin. Isakhi esiyinhloko ubisi.
• I-hemoglobin. Lokhu amaprotheni globular eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezazihlanganisa njengoba iqembu heme wokufakelwa likhona - iqembu lo mbala equkethe yensimbi. I-hemoglobin kuqukethwe amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Lokhu amaprotheni, okuyinto uyakwazi ephonsa umoya-mpilo futhi iyiswa.
• Myoglobin. Kuyinto amaprotheni efana e-hemoglobin. It yenza umsebenzi ofanayo - sokuthwala umoya-mpilo. iprotheni okunjalo eziqukethwe kwemisipha (zenhliziyo striated).

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, fibrillar namaprotheni globular.