Endotoxin - a ... Exotoxins futhi endotoxins

Kwelinye imibuso imvelo siqukethe eziphilayo owumphumela, ama-bacterium ahlukanisa semajukujukwini emnyangweni. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ukukhiqiza ekhethekile chemical compounds - exotoxins futhi endotoxins. ngezigaba zabo, izakhiwo kanye nethonya emzimbeni womuntu sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko.

Yiziphi ubuthi

Izinto (ikakhulukazi amaprotheni nemvelo noma lipopolysaccharide), ethakwa iseli webhaktheriya ku uketshezi extracellular ngemva kokushona komkakhe - kuyinto endotoxin virus. Uma umzimba bukhoma prokaryotic ukhiqiza into enobuthi esitokisini aphethe, e-microbiology, compounds zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi exotoxins. Sinenkosi nethonya elilimaza kakhulu izicubu womuntu futhi izitho, okuyilezi: okunqanda uhlelo enzyme emangqamuzaneni, ukuphazamisa umzimba. Endotoxin - ushevu, ukuhlinzeka zilimaze ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, kanye okuhlushwa yayo kungaba elincane kakhulu. Ngo-microbiology eyaziwa compounds mayelana 60 abelwe amaseli virus. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

Lipopolysaccharide ubunjalo ubuthi webhaktheriya

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi endotoxin - isungulwe cleavage of kubanda ulwelwesi olungaphandle -bacterium igremu-HIV. Kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa carbohydrate eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye lipid ukuthi kuwuthinta oluthile cell receptor. Lokhu uxhumano inezingxenye ezintathu: A lipid, antigen futhi i-molecule oligosaccharide. Kuyinto ingxenye yokuqala, engene ukusakaza igazi, okubangela umphumela olimazayo kakhulu, kulandele zonke izimpawu ubuthi Inzima imihlola dyspeptic, komzimba, izilonda isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Isifo endotoxin igazi kwenzeka ngokushesha, ukuze umzimba eba ukushaqeka ukonakala.

Esinye isici kwesakhiwo kungokwalabo endotoxin - kuyinto oligosaccharide ehlanganisa heptose - C ₇ H ₁₄ O _7. Kokuqhubeka esegazini, le disaccharide emaphakathi ingabagulisa ukudakwa, kodwa onomoya omnene ngaphandle uma ukuxhumana A. igazi lipid

Imiphumela ukuchayeka endotoxins emzimbeni womuntu

Imiphumela ezivame kakhulu isenzo ubuthi webhaktheriya phezu amaseli syndrome trombogemorragichesky futhi ukushaqeka ukonakala. Uhlobo lokuqala zokugula kuphakama angangeni izinto igazi - ubuthi ukunciphisa coagulation yayo. Lokhu kuholela umonakalo isitho amaningi, ehlanganisa ezicutshini - parenchyma, ezifana wamaphaphu, isibindi, nezinso. parenchyma zabo zenzeke ukopha amaningi, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu - ukopha. Olunye uhlobo lwesifo kwenzeka ngenxa yesenzo ubuthi webhaktheriya - kuyinto ukushaqeka ukonakala. It kuholela ukwephulwa igazi lymph kwegazi, imiphumela yalo ukwephula ukuthuthwa mpilo nezakhi kwezitho ezibalulekile nezicubu: ubuchopho, amaphaphu, izinso, isibindi.

Umuntu ngiphakamisa ngokucijile izimpawu ezisongela ukuphila njenge iconsi okusheshayo wegazi, komzimba kanye ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa acute esingamahlalakhona senhliziyo. kokungenela kokulashwa okusheshayo (ebambe i-hormone kanye therapy-antibiotic) suppresses endotoxin umphumela futhi ngokushesha usisusa emzimbeni.

exotoxins Otherness

Singakezwa ukuthi imininingwane yalolu hlobo ubuthi webhaktheriya, sikhumbula ukuthi endotoxin - lokhu ingenye yezingxenye we lysate odongeni cell-bacterium igremu-negative bafile. Exotoxins kwemiqondo ngokuphila amaseli prokaryotic: kokubili igremu-HIV futhi igremu-HIV. Mayelana netakhiwo chemical, zingabantu amaprotheni ezincane ngesisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Omunye ongathi ukubonakaliswa okukhulu emitholampilo ezenzeka ngesikhathi izifo ezithathelwanayo okubangelwa exotoxins ngokunembile lethality okuyinto akhiwa ngenxa umzimba amagciwane kakhulu.

izifundo microbiological zikufakazela ayanda virulence kwalesi uhlobo ubuthi webhaktheriya, njengoba kuqhathaniswa endotoxin. I-ejenti causative of ngqi, ukukhwehlela whooping, idiphtheria ukukhiqiza ezinobuthi wamaprotheni nemvelo. Bona abonise thermolability futhi ubhujiswe Ukushisa ku ezahlukene kusukela degrees 70 kuya 95 Celsius imizuzu 12-25.

izinhlobo exotoxins

Ukwahlukanisa uhlobo ubuthi webhaktheriya eyakhelwe isimiso nethonya lazo isakhiwo cell. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlukanisa membranotoksiny, bona ukuphazamisa aphethe cell ulwelwesi noma kwephule okusheshayo futhi ezokuthutha asebenzayo ion edabula bilayer ulwelwesi. Kukhona futhi cytotoxins. It ubuthi ayisukumele amaseli hyaloplasm futhi ziphazamise ukusabela nokwenziwa kanye dissimilation okwenzeka umzimba amaselula. Okunye compounds - ubuthi "umsebenzi" njengoba enzyme, isib, hyaluronidase (neuraminidase). Bona nesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela lomuntu, ukuthi inactivated ekukhiqizeni lama-lymphocyte, monocytes futhi macrophage e-lymph. Njengoba protease ibulala amasosha omzimba avikelayo, futhi Lecithinase uhlaba lecithin, ingxenye izinzwa. Lokhu kuholela ukuphazamiseka bioimpulsov, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze baye bancipha abantu innervation lezitho nezicubu.

Cytotoxins bangase benze njengokungathi insipho, ngaleyo ndlela kukhona ukubhujiswa ubuqotho ulwelwesi lipid ungqimba yeseli aphethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi sokudiliza, njengoba amangqamuzana ngamanye emzimbeni kanye nebangani bawo - izicubu okubangela kumiswa ama biogenic, okuyizinto imikhiqizo ukusabela umzimba futhi bembonisa izakhiwo anobuthi.

Lo mshini wezenzo ubuthi webhaktheriya

izifundo microbiological batholé ukuthi endotoxin - isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa isikhungo yamangqamuzana ezimbili. Umsuka into enobuthi inamathela kuseli yokwamukela ethize, kanti eyesibili eqhekeza ulwelwesi kube amaseli hyaloplasm ingena ngqo. It ushevu amabhlogo ukusabela umzimba: amaprotheni biosynthesis ezazenzeka ribosomes, zamagama ATP okuyinto eyenziwa mitochondria, ukufanisana of acid nucleic. I virulence eliphezulu peptides webhaktheriya, ngokombono isakhiwo amakhemikhali-molecule awo ahlangane, ngenxa yokuthi ezinye loci ushevu okucashile isakhiwo kwezendawo izinto kuseli, ezifana neurotransmitters, amahomoni kanye enzyme. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo ushevu "ukugwema yeselula yesimiso sokuzivikela" futhi ngokushesha ukungena cytoplasm yayo. Ngakho, iseli disarmed phambi isifo esibangelwe igciwane, ngoba ikhono ukwakha ilahlekelwa siqu izinto olwawuvikele: interferon, gamma-globulin, amasosha omzimba. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izakhiwo endotoxins futhi exotoxins zifana ngalolo zombili izinhlobo ubuthi webhaktheriya isinyathelo amaseli ethize emzimbeni, okungukuthi, abe ngokucacile eliphezulu.